Acadians, 205.
Adams, Herbert B., 192.
Adams, John, arrives in Paris, 22;
his indignation at the pusillanimous instructions from Congress, 36;
condemns the Cincinnati, 116;
tries in vain to negotiate commercial treaty with Great Britain, 139–141;
negotiates a treaty with Holland, 155;
obtains a loan there, 156, 157;
his interview with the envoy from Tripoli, 161;
absent from the United States at the time of the Federal Convention, 223;
elected vice-president of the United States, 348.
Adams, Samuel, his devotion to local self-government, 57, 318;
his committees of correspondence, 92;
opposes Washington's proposal for pensioning officers, 106;
but at length supports the Commutation Act, 114;
condemns the Cincinnati, 116, 118;
approves the conduct of the Massachusetts delegates, 143;
opposes pardoning the ringleaders in the Shays insurrection, 184;
not a delegate to the Federal Convention, 225;
"the man of the town meeting," 318;
in the Massachusetts convention, 324, 326–328;
why not selected for the vice-presidency, 347.
Albany, riot in, 339.
Amendments to Constitution, 302, 330, 338.
Ames, Fisher, 319, 326, 348.
Amis, North Carolinian trader, 210.
Amphiktyonic council, 249.
Annapolis convention, 216.
Antagonisms between large and small states, 244–252;
between east and west, 255;
between north and south, 256–267.
Antifederalist party, 309;
in Pennsylvania, 310;
in Massachusetts, 317, 324;
in South Carolina, 334;
in Virginia, 335–337;
in New York, 340, 341, 346.
Antipathies between states, 62.
Aranda, Count, his prophecy, 19.
Aristides, pseudonym, 312.
Aristocracy, 283.
Aristotle, 225.
Arkwright, Sir Richard, 267.
Armada, the Invincible, 235.
Armstrong, John, 109, 150.
Army, dread of, 105, 321.
Arnold, Benedict, 28, 106, 151.
Asbury, Francis, 85.
Ashburton, Lord, 5.
Ashburton treaty, 26.
Assemblies, 65.
Assunpink Creek, 349.
Augustine, 158.
Backus, Rev. Isaac, 322.
Bagehot, Walter, 291.
Baldwin, Abraham, 251.
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 213.
Baptists persecuted in Virginia, 80.
Barbary pirates, 157–161.
BarrÉ, Isaac, 41.
Bedford, Gunning, 249.
Bennington, 321.
Bernard, Sir Francis, 298.
Biennial elections, 327.
Bill of rights demanded, 329.
Blackstone, Sir William, 290, 291, 297.
Bossuet on slavery, 72.
Boston Gazette, quoted, 328.
Boundaries of United States as settled by the treaty, 25.
Bowdoin, James, 143, 180–184, 319, 324.
Boyd, Lieutenant, 122.
Braddock, Edward, 305.
Bradshaw's Railway Guide, 171.
Brearley, David, 229, 246.
Bribery, charges of, 328.
British army departs, 51.
British Constitution compared with American, 290–298.
Buff and blue colours, 2.
Burgesses, House of, in Virginia, 65.
Burke, Ædanus, 116.
Burke, Edmund, his sympathy with the Americans, 2;
could not see the need for parliamentary reform, 6;
his invective against Shelburne, 17;
on the slave-trade, 72.
Butler, Pierce, 258.
Cabinet, the president's, 299.
Cabinet government, growth of, in England, 296.
Camden, Lord, 5.
Canada, Franklin suggests that it should be ceded to the United States, 9, 14.
Carleton, Sir Guy, 50, 131.
Carlisle, Pa., disturbances at, 315.
Carpet-bag governments, 270.
Carr, Dabney, 92.
Carrington, Edward, 204, 307.
Carroll, Daniel, 228.
Carrying trade, 163, 263.
Cartwright, Edmund, 267.
Catalonian rebels indemnified, 29.
Catholics in the United States, 87.
Cato, pseudonym, 312.
Cavendish, Lord John, 5, 16.
Censors, council of, in Pennsylvania, 150.
Centinel, pseudonym, 313.
Cervantes, Miguel de, 159.
Charles II., 29.
Chase, Samuel, 322.
Chatham, Lord, 188.
Cherry Valley, 122.
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 213.
Chittenden, Thomas, 121.
Cincinnati, order of the, 114–118.
Cincinnati, the city, original name of, 197.
Cincinnatus, pseudonym, 312.
Clan system, 62.
Clergymen in the Massachusetts convention, 319;
their liberal spirit, 322.
Cleveland, Grover, his tariff message, 294.
Clinton, George, favours persecution of Tories, 123;
an enemy to closer union of the states, 145;
defeats impost amendment, 220;
opposes the Constitution, 340;
entertains President Washington at dinner, 350.
Clinton, Sir Henry, 322.
Clymer, George, 311.
Coalition ministry, 38–46.
Coeur-de-Lion and Saladin, 161.
Coinage, 165.
Coke, Thomas, 86.
Columbia College, 125.
Commerce, control of, given to Congress, 263.
Common law in the United States, 69.
Commons, House of, in England, 68, 290–298;
in North Carolina, 65.
Compromises of the Federal Constitution, 250–267.
Confederation, articles of, 92–98.
Congress, Continental, its instructions to the commissioners at Paris, 35;
its weakness, 56, 98, 102–113, 234;
its anomalous character, 92;
its presidents, 96;
driven from Philadelphia by drunken soldiers, 112;
flees to Princeton, 113;
unable to enforce the provisions of the treaty, 119–131, 154;
unable to regulate commerce, 140–144;
afraid to interfere openly in the Shays rebellion, 185;
passes ordinance for government of northwestern territory, 203–206;
refuses to recommend a convention for reforming the government, 218;
reconsiders its refusal, 221;
in some respects a diplomatic rather than a legislative body, 237;
its migrations, 271, 306;
debates on the Constitution, 307;
submits it to the states, 308;
comes to an end, 345.
Congress, Federal, powers granted to, 270;
choice of president by, 282–284;
counting electoral votes in, 284, 285, 289.
Connecticut, government of, 65;
quarrels with New York and Pennsylvania, 146–151;
keeps almost entirely clear of paper money, 172;
western claims of, 189, 194;
ratifies the Constitution, 316.
Connecticut compromise, the, 250–255.
Conservative character of the American Revolution, 64.
Constitution, emblematic federal ship, 339, 344.
Convention, the Federal, 154, 222–305.
Conway, Gen. Henry, 5.
Cooper, Dr. Myles, 126.
Cornwallis, Lord, 22, 51, 349.
Council, privy, 299.
Cowardice of American politicians, 231.
Crawford, William, 51.
Curtis, B.R., 276.
Cutler, Manasseh, 203.
Dane, Nathan, 204, 217, 307.
Dayton, Jonathan, 225, 229.
Debt, imprisonment for, 173.
Debts to British creditors, 27, 131.
Delaware, government of, 65;
ratifies the Constitution, 314.
Democratic-Republican party, 309.
Dickinson, John, 93, 112, 228, 242, 243, 281, 283, 299, 312.
Dissolution of Parliament, 298.
Dollar, the Spanish, 165.
Dunmore, Lord, 298.
Election by lot, 281;
first presidential, 346–348.
Electoral college in Maryland, 66;
device adopted for choosing the president, 281–287;
its practical working, 288.
Elliot, Sir Gilbert, 3.
Ellsworth, Oliver, 228, 249, 250, 267, 269, 274, 276, 280, 300.
Embargo acts, 142.
Eminent domain, 194.
Episcopal church, 77–85.
Erie Canal, 212, 228.
Executive, federal, 241, 277;
length of term, 279;
how elected, 279–285;
corresponds to sovereign, not to prime minister, 290, 299.
Exports not to be taxed, 264, 270.
"Federal," the word preferred to "national," 254.
Federal city under federal jurisdiction, 271, 320.
"Federal Farmer" (letters by R.H. Lee), 314.
Federal Street in Boston, 331.
"Federalist," the, 235, 341–343.
Federalist party, 238, 309.
Field, S.J., 275.
Fisheries, question of, 20, 26, 37, 139, 210;
why not sent as delegate to Federal Convention, 225;
supports the Constitution in New York convention, 340;
contributes articles to the "Federalist," 341;
receives nine electoral votes for the vice-presidency, 348.
Jefferson, Thomas, opposed to slavery, 72;
favours religious freedom, 81;
minister to France, 138, 155;

assists Gouverneur Morris in arranging our decimal currency, 166;
his plan for the government of the northwestern territory, 196;
wishes to prohibit slavery in the national domain, 198, 205;
his purchase of Louisiana, 207;
absent from United States at the time of the Federal Convention, 225;
his faith in the people, 226, 337;
his opinion of the Constitution, 309;
approves the action of the Massachusetts convention, 331.
Johnson, W.S., 229.
Johnston, Alexander, 223.
Jones, Paul, 339.
Jonesborough, convention at, 200.
Judiciary, elective, 69;
federal, 242, 300, 301.
Juilliard vs. Greenman, 275.
Kentucky, 18, 189, 199, 202, 209, 210.
Keppel, Lord, 5, 16, 45.
King, Rufus, 217, 221, 228, 246, 249, 250, 256, 261, 276, 279, 282, 324, 326.
King's Mountain, 28, 200, 321.
Kings, election of, in Poland, 279.
Know Ye men and Know Ye measures, 177, 243.
Knox, Henry, 114.
Lafayette, 50, 54.
Langdon, John, 229, 269, 274, 276, 283, 346.
Lansing, John, 225, 242, 244, 246, 254, 340, 341.
Laurens, Henry, 2, 22.
Lecky, W., 103.
Ledyard, Isaac, 128.
Lee, Henry, 307, 337.
Lee, Richard Henry, 57, 143, 204, 205, 225, 307, 313, 318, 328, 336, 337, 347.
"Letters from a Federal Farmer," by R.H. Lee, 314.
Lexington, 50, 321.
Lincoln, Abraham, 72, 198, 207.
Lincoln, Benjamin, 181–183, 319, 332.
Livingston, Robert, 36, 340, 350.
Livingston, William, 171, 229.
Locke, John, 64, 225.
Long Lane becomes Federal Street, 331.
Long Parliament, 92, 235.
Lords, House of, 66, 68;
contrasted with Senate, 295.
Lowndes, Rawlins, 332–334.
Loyalists, compensation of, 28–33;
persecution of, 120–130;
did not form, in any proper sense of the word, an opposition party, 308.
Luzerne, Chevalier de, 35, 54.
Lykian League, 249.
Macdougall, Alexander, 107.
McDuffle, George, 60.
McKean, Thomas, 316.
McMaster, J.B., 151.
Madison, James, and the Religious Freedom Act, 81;
on right of coercion, 100;
advocates five per cent. impost, 104;
on the ordinance of 1787, 206;
moves that a convention be held to secure a uniform commercial policy, 214;
succeeds in getting delegates appointed, 220;
his character and appearance, 226, 227;
his journal of the proceedings, 229;
chief author of the Virginia plan, 233, 267;
one of the first to arrive at the fundamental conception of our partly federal and partly national government, 239;
approves at first of giving Congress the power to annul state laws, 241;
opposes the New Jersey plan, 246;
declares that the real antagonism is between slave states and free states, 249, 256;
author of the three fifths compromise, 260, 261;
condemns paper money, 275;
disapproves of election of the executive by the legislature, 279;
approves of a privy council, 299;
supports the Constitution in Congress, 307;
called a boy by the Antifederalists, 313;
supports the Constitution in the Virginia convention, 337;
part author of the "Federalist," 341, 342;
denies that there can be a constitutional right of secession, 344.
Maine as part of Massachusetts, 317.
Manchester, Duke of, 45.
Marbois, FranÇois de BarbÉ, 22, 35.
Marion, Francis, 122.
Marshall, John, 82, 276, 301, 337.
Martin, Luther, 229, 242–244, 246, 249, 250, 254, 275, 322.
Maryland, government of, 65;
insists upon cession of northwestern lands, 93, 192, 195;
paper money in, 170;
message to Virginia, 215;
ratifies the Constitution, 332.
Mason, George, 229, 243, 252, 264, 265, 275, 276, 277, 279, 281, 282, 283, 299, 303, 304, 335, 337.
Massachusetts, government of, 67;
abolishes slavery, 75;
religious bigotry, 76;
on the five per cent. duty, 104;
tries to propose a convention for increasing the powers of Congress, 142;
lays claim to a small part of Vermont, 152;
paper money in, 172–179;
western claims of, 189;
changes her attitude, 221;
local self-government in, 317;
debates on the Constitution, 320–330;
ratifies it, suggesting amendments, 331.
Massachusetts Chronicle, quoted, 120.
Massacre, Boston, 321.
Mayhew, Jonathan, 92.
Meade, William, 79, 83.
Mentor and Phocion, 128.
Mercer, J.F., 274.
Methodists, 85.
Middletown convention, 113.
Mifflin, Thomas, 52.
Minisink, 122.
Mirabeau, Count de, 116.
Mississippi River, attempt to close it, 209–211, 335;
valley of the, 18, 188.
Monroe, James, 216.
Montesquieu, C., 225, 291.
Moonshiners, 334.
Morris, Gouverneur, 108, 166, 228, 242, 251, 261, 264, 269, 273, 276, 279, 282, 303.
Morris, Robert, 108, 167, 228, 312.
Moultrie, William, 143, 334.
Muley Abdallah, 158.
Mutiny act, 321.
Names of persons and places, fashions in, 197.
Nantucket, 163.
Nason, Samuel, 321.
Naval eminence of New England, 20, 139.
Navigation acts, 138–143, 164.
Negroes carried away by British fleet, 131.
Nelson, Samuel, 276.
New Connecticut, 152.
New Hampshire lays claim to Vermont, 151–153;
riots in, 183;
hesitates to ratify the Constitution, 331;
ratifies it, 338.
New Jersey quarrels with New York, 146;
paper money in, 171;
opposes the attempt to close the Mississippi, 211;
instructs her delegates to the Annapolis convention, 217;
her plan for amending the articles of confederation, 245;
ratifies the Constitution, 315.
New Roof, 338.
New York passes navigation and tariff acts directed against neighbouring states, 146;
lays claim to Vermont, 151–153;
paper money in, 170;
western claims of, 190, 193;
defeats the impost amendment, 218–220;
debates on the Constitution, 340–344;
ratifies it, 344;
asks for a second convention, 344;
fails to choose electors, 346.
New York Central Railroad, 212.
Newburgh address, 108–112, 118.
Nicola, Louis, his letter to Washington, 107, 118.
Non-importation agreement, 142.
North, Frederick, Lord, fall of his ministry, 1;
coalition with Fox, 38–42;
his blindness, 41;
his proposals after Saratoga, 91;
his subservience to the king, 297.
North Carolina issues paper money, 169;
cedes her western lands to the United States, 199;
repeals the act of cession, 201;
delays her ratification of the Constitution, 345.
Ohio, 203–206.
Old Sarum, 249.
Old South Church, 321.
Onslow, George, 2.
Ordinance of 1787, 199, 203–206.
Oregon, 60.
Oswald, Richard, 9–14, 122, 319.
Self-government, 57, 63, 88.
Senate, federal, made independent of lower house, 253;
contrasted with House of Lords, 295.
Senates, origin of, 66.
Seven Years' War, 13, 188.
Sevier, John, 200.
Shattuck, Job, 180.
Shays rebellion, 180–182, 218, 243, 316, 319, 325.
Sheffield, Lord, protectionist,

137;
on the Barbary pirates, 160.
Shelburne, William, Earl of, his character, 4;
his memorandum on proposed cession of Canada, 11;
prime minister, 16;
approached by Rayneval and Vaughan, 22;
misjudged by Fox, 40;
defends the treaty, 43;
resigns, 44;
his conduct justified by his enemies, 45;
understood the principles of free trade, 4, 134.
Shepard, William, 180, 181.
Sherman, Roger, 229, 243, 250, 255, 267, 274, 276, 279, 283, 299, 313;
his suggestion as to relations of the executive to the legislature, 278, 280, 298.
Shillings, 165.
Ship-building in New England, 137–139.
Shute, Rev. Daniel, 322.
Sidney, Algernon, 64.
Singletary, Amos, 322, 324, 325.
Six Nations, 190, 203.
Slave-trade, foreign, permitted for twenty years, 264, 323, 333.
Slavery in the several states, 72–75, 266;
prohibited in northwestern territory, 205;
discussions about it in Federal Convention, 257–267;
condemned by George Mason, 264.
Slaves, representation of, 258–262;
numbers of, in the several states, 266.
Small states converted to federalism by the Connecticut compromise, 255, 315.
Smith, Adam, 125, 134, 135.
Smith, Capt. John, 191.
Smith, Jonathan, 324–326.
Smith, Melanchthon, 340, 343, 344.
Smugglers, 135.
South Carolina, Episcopal church in, 78, 82;
revokes five per cent. impost, 108;
issues paper money, 169;
absolute need of conciliating her, 259, 260;
makes bargain with New England states, 262–267;
debates on the Constitution, 332–334;
ratifies it, 334.
Sovereignty never belonged to separate states, 90.
Spain, treaty of 1783 with Great Britain, 36;
attempts to close Mississippi River, 208–211, 218, 335.
Spanish dollar, why it superseded English pound as unit of value in America, 166.
Spermaceti oil, 139, 163.
Springfield arsenal, 181, 185.
States, powers denied to, 272.
Stormont, Lord, 45.
Story, Joseph, 276.
Strachey, Sir Henry, 22.
Strong, Caleb, 228, 252, 279, 324, 327.
Succession disputed, 289.
Suffrage, limitations upon, 70.
Sugar trade, 138.
Temple, Lord, 44, 46.
Tennessee, 18, 189, 199.
Thayendanegea, 50.
Thomas, Isaiah, 165.
Thompson, Gen., in Massachusetts convention, 324.
Thurlow, Lord, 5.
Thurston, member of Virginia legislature, 144.
Tithing-men in New England, 76.
Tobacco as currency in Virginia, 165.
Tories, American; see Loyalists.
Tories, British, 42.
Townshend, Thomas, 17.
Trade, barbarous superstitions about, 134.
Travelling, difficulties of, a century ago, 61.
Treaty of 1783, difficulties in the way of, 8;
strange character of, 24;
provisions of, 25–33;
a great diplomatic victory for the Americans, 34, 189;
secret article relating to Florida boundary, 33, 208;
adopted, 45;
news arrives in America, 50;
Congress unable to carry out its provisions, 119–132, 154.
Trespass Act in New York. 123–128.
Trevett vs. Weeden, 176.
Tucker, Josiah, 58, 141.
Tyler, John, the elder, 214, 337.
Union, sentiment of, 55.
Unitarianism, 86.
University men in Federal Convention, 224.
Vaughan, Benjamin, 22, 35.
Vergennes, Count de, 12;
wishes to satisfy Spain at the expense of the United States, 18–21;
thwarted by Jay, 22;
accuses the Americans of bad faith, 33;
tired of sending loans, 104.
Vermont, troubles in, 151–153;
riots in connection with the Shays rebellion, 183.
Vice-presidency, 282.
Victoria, Queen, 293.
Vincennes, riot in, 210.
Violence of political invective, 39.
Virginia, church and state in, 78–85;
on five per cent. impost, 104;
paper money in, 170;
takes possession of northwestern territory, 188–191;
cedes it to the United States, 194;
plan for new federal government, 233–242;
its reception by the convention, 242;
compromise as to representation of slaves, 259–262;
resents the compromise between South Carolina and the New England states, 265;
debates on the Constitution, 335–337;
ratifies it, 337.
"Visionary young men," i.e., Hamilton, Madison, Gouverneur Morris, etc., 318.
Waddington, Joshua, 127.
Walpole, Horace, 16.
Walpole, Sir Robert, 296.
War, the Civil, 55, 256, 262;
contrast with Revolutionary, 101–103;
cost of Revolutionary, 166.
Washington, George, marches from Yorktown to the Hudson River, 51;
disbands the army, 51;
resigns his command, 52;
goes home to Mount Vernon, 53;
his "legacy" to the American people, 54;
on the right of coercion, 100;
urges half-pay for retired officers, 106;
supposed scheme for making him king, 107;
his masterly speech at Newburgh, 110;
president of the Cincinnati, 115;
on the weakness of the confederation, 162;
wishes to hang speculators in bread-stuffs, 164;
disapproves of Connecticut's reservation of a tract of western land, 193;
approves of Ohio Company, 203;
his views on the need for canals between east and west, 212;
important meeting held at his house, 214;
is chosen delegate to the Federal Convention, 221;
president of the convention, 229;
his solemn warning, 231, 303;
his suggestion as to the basis of representation, 252;
asks if he shall put the question on the motion of Wilson and Pinckney, 277;
disapproves of electing executive by the legislature, 279;
sends draft of the Constitution to Congress, 307;
called a fool by the Antifederalists, 313;
approves of amendments, but opposes a second convention, 329;
unanimously chosen president of the United States, 346;
his journey to New York, 349;
his inauguration, 350.
Washington, William, 334.
Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, 83.
Watt, James, 60, 267.
Wayne, Anthony, 50.
Wealth as a basis of representation, 257.
Webster, Daniel, 56, 206, 276.
Webster, Pelatiah, 101, 222.
Weems, Mason, 83.
Wesley, John, 85.
West, Rev. Samuel, 322.
West India trade, 138, 164.
Whigs, British, sympathize with revolutionary party in America, 2.
Whiskey as currency in North Carolina, 165.
White, Abraham, 324.
Whitefield, George, 85.
Whitehill, Robert, 313.
Whitney, Eli, 267.
William the Silent, 55.
Wilson, James, 228, 243, 246, 248, 251, 261, 274, 277, 279, 281, 282, 299, 300, 312, 313, 316.
Witenagemot, 66.
Worcester Spy, 165.
Wraxall's Memoirs, 2.
Wyoming, troubles in, 148–150.
Wythe, George, 228.
Yates, Robert, 225, 242, 244, 246, 254, 340, 341.
Yazoo boundary, 33, 208.

[1] In recent years Georgia has been one of the first states to abandon this bad practice.