Old Virginia and Her Neighbours, Vol. 1 (of 2)

CONTENTS.

VOLUME I.

CHAPTER I.

THE SEA KINGS.

	PAGE
Tercentenary of the Discovery of America, 1792	1
The AbbÉ Raynal and his book	2
Was the Discovery of America a blessing or a curse to
mankind?	3
The AbbÉ Genty's opinion	4
A cheering item of therapeutics	4
Spanish methods of colonization contrasted with English	5
Spanish conquerors value America for its supply of precious
metals	6
Aim of Columbus was to acquire the means for driving the
Turks from Europe	7
But Spain used American treasure not so much against Turks
as against Protestants	8
Vast quantities of treasure taken from America by Spain	9
Nations are made wealthy not by inflation but by production	9
Deepest significance of the discovery of America; it opened
up a fresh soil in which to plant the strongest type of
European civilization	10
America first excited interest in England as the storehouse
of Spanish treasure	11
After the Cabot voyages England paid little attention to
America	12
Save for an occasional visit to the Newfoundland fisheries	13
Earliest English reference to America	13
Founding of the Muscovy Company	14
Richard Eden and his books	15

John Hawkins and the African slave trade	15, 16
Hawkins visits the French colony in Florida	17
Facts which seem to show that thirst is the mother of invention	18
Massacre of Huguenots in Florida; escape of the painter Le
Moyne	18
Hawkins goes on another voyage and takes with him young
Francis Drake	19
The affair of San Juan de Ulua and the journey of David
Ingram	20
Growing hostility to Spain in England	21
Size and strength of Elizabeth's England	21, 22
How the sea became England's field of war	22
Loose ideas of international law	23
Some bold advice to Queen Elizabeth	23
The sea kings were not buccaneers	24
Why Drake carried the war into the Pacific Ocean	25
How Drake stood upon a peak in Darien	26
Glorious voyage of the Golden Hind	26, 27
Drake is knighted by the Queen	27
The Golden Hind's cabin is made a banquet-room	28
Voyage of the half-brothers, Gilbert and Raleigh	28
Gilbert is shipwrecked, and his patent is granted to Raleigh	29
Raleigh's plan for founding a Protestant state in America
may have been suggested to him by Coligny	30
Elizabeth promises self-government to colonists in America	31
Amidas and Barlow visit Pamlico Sound	31
An Ollendorfian conversation between white men and red men	32
The Queen's suggestion that the new country be called in
honour of herself Virginia	32
Raleigh is knighted, and sends a second expedition under
Ralph Lane	32
Who concludes that Chesapeake Bay would be better than
Pamlico Sound	33
Lane and his party on the brink of starvation are rescued by
Sir Francis Drake	33
Thomas Cavendish follows Drake's example and circumnavigates
the earth	34
How Drake singed the beard of Philip II.	34
Raleigh sends another party under John White	35
The accident which turned White from Chesapeake Bay to
Roanoke Island	35
Defeat of the Invincible Armada	36, 37

The deathblow at Cadiz	38
The mystery about White's colony	38, 39
Significance of the defeat of the Armada	39, 40

CHAPTER II

A DISCOURSE OF WESTERN PLANTING

Some peculiarities of sixteenth century maps	41
How Richard Hakluyt's career was determined	42
Strange adventures of a manuscript	43
Hakluyt's reasons for wishing to see English colonies planted
in America	44
English trade with the Netherlands	45
Hakluyt thinks that America will presently afford as good a
market as the Netherlands	46
Notion that England was getting to be over-peopled	46
The change from tillage to pasturage	46, 47
What Sir Thomas More thought about it	47
Growth of pauperism during the Tudor period	48
Development of English commercial and naval marine	49
Opposition to Hakluyt's schemes	49
The Queen's penuriousness	50
Beginnings of joint-stock companies	51
Raleigh's difficulties	52, 53
Christopher Newport captures the great Spanish carrack	53
Raleigh visits Guiana and explores the Orinoco River	54
Ambrosial nights at the Mermaid Tavern	54
Accession of James I	55
Henry, Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's friend, sends
Bartholomew Gosnold on an expedition	55
Gosnold reaches Buzzard's Bay in what he calls North Virginia,
and is followed by Martin Pring and George
Weymouth	55, 56
Performance of "Eastward Ho," a comedy by Chapman and
Marston	56
Extracts from this comedy	57-59
Report of the Spanish ambassador ZuÑiga to Philip III	59
First charter to the Virginia Company, 1606	60
"Supposed Sea of Verrazano" covering the larger part of the
area now known as the United States	61
Northern and southern limits of Virginia	62
The twin joint-stock companies and the three zones	62, 63

The three zones in American history	63
The kind of government designed for the two colonies	64
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the first colony
known as the London Company	65-67
Some of the persons chiefly interested in the second colony
known as the Plymouth Company	67, 68
Some other eminent persons who were interested in western
planting	68-70
Expedition of the Plymouth Company and disastrous failure
of the Popham Colony	70, 71
The London Company gets its expedition ready a little
before Christmas and supplies it with a list of instructions	71, 72
Where to choose a site for a town	72
Precautions against a surprise by the Spaniards	73
Colonists must try to find the Pacific Ocean	73
And must not offend the natives or put much trust in them	74
The death and sickness of white men must be concealed from
the Indians	75
It will be well to beware of woodland coverts, avoid malaria,
and guard against desertion	75
The town should be carefully built with regular streets	75, 76
Colonists must not send home any discouraging news	76
What Spain thought about all this	76, 77
Christopher Newport starts with a little fleet for Virginia	77
A poet laureate's farewell blessing	77-79

CHAPTER III

THE LAND OF THE POWHATANS

One of Newport's passengers was Captain John Smith, a
young man whose career had been full of adventure	80
Many persons have expressed doubts as to Smith's veracity,
but without good reason	81
Early life of John Smith	82
His adventures on the Mediterranean	83
And in Transylvania	84
How he slew and beheaded three Turks	85
For which Prince Sigismund granted him a coat-of-arms
which was duly entered in the Heralds' College	86
The incident was first told not by Smith but by Sigismund's
secretary Farnese	87

Smith tells us much about himself, but is not a braggart	88
How he was sold into slavery beyond the Sea of Azov and
cruelly treated	88, 89
How he slew his master and escaped through Russia and
Poland	89, 90
The smoke of controversy	90
In the course of Newport's tedious voyage Smith is accused
of plotting mutiny and kept in irons	91
Arrival of the colonists in Chesapeake Bay, May 13, 1607	92
Founding of Jamestown; Wingfield chosen president	93
Smith is set free and goes with Newport to explore the James
River	93, 94
The Powhatan tribe, confederacy, and head war-chief	94
How danger may lurk in long grass	95
Smith is acquitted of all charges and takes his seat with the
council	96
Newport sails for England, June 22, 1607	96
George Percy's account of the sufferings of the colonists from
fever and famine	97
Quarrels break out in which President Wingfield is deposed
and John Ratcliffe chosen in his place	99
Execution of a member of the council for mutiny	100
Smith goes up the Chickahominy River and is captured by
Opekankano	101
Who takes him about the country and finally brings him to
Werowocomoco, January, 1608	102
The Indians are about to kill him, but he is rescued by the
chief's daughter, Pocahontas	103
Recent attempts to discredit the story	103-108
Flimsiness of these attempts	104
George Percy's pamphlet	105
The printed text of the "True Relation" is incomplete	105, 106
Reason why the Pocahontas incident was omitted in the
"True Relation"	106, 107
There is no incongruity between the "True Relation" and
the "General History" except this omission	107
But this omission creates a gap in the "True Relation," and
the account in the "General History" is the more intrinsically
probable	108
The rescue was in strict accordance with Indian usage	109
The ensuing ceremonies indicate that the rescue was an ordinary
case of adoption	110
The Powhatan afterward proclaimed Smith a tribal chief	111

The rescue of Smith by Pocahontas was an event of real historical
importance	111
Captain Newport returns with the First Supply, Jan. 8, 1608	112
Ratcliffe is deposed and Smith chosen president	113
Arrival of the Second Supply, September, 1608	113
Queer instructions brought by Captain Newport from the
London Company	113
How Smith and Captain Newport went up to Werowocomoco,
and crowned The Powhatan	114
How the Indian girls danced at Werowocomoco	114, 115
Accuracy of Smith's descriptions	116
How Newport tried in vain to search for a salt sea behind the
Blue Ridge	116
Anas Todkill's complaint	117
Smith's map of Virginia	118

CHAPTER IV.

THE STARVING TIME.

CHAPTER V.

BEGINNINGS OF A COMMONWEALTH.

To the first English settlers in America a supply of Indian
corn was of vital consequence, as illustrated at Jamestown
and Plymouth	156
Alliance with the Powhatan confederacy was of the first importance
to the infant colony	157

Smith was a natural leader of men	157
With much nobility of nature	158
And but for him the colony would probably have perished	159
Characteristic features of Lord Delaware's administration	160
Death of Somers and cruise of Argall in 1610	161
Kind of craftsmen desired for Virginia	162
Sir Thomas Dale comes to govern Virginia in the capacity of
High Marshal	163
A Draconian code of laws	164
Cruel punishments	165
How communism worked in practice	166
How Dale abolished communism	167
And founded the "City of Henricus"	167, 168
How Captain Argall seized Pocahontas	168
Her marriage with John Rolfe	169
How Captain Argall extinguished the Jesuit settlement at
Mount Desert and burned Port Royal	170
But left the Dutch at New Amsterdam with a warning	171
How Pocahontas, "La Belle Sauvage," visited London and
was entertained there like a princess	171, 172
Her last interview with Captain Smith	172
Her sudden death at Gravesend	173
How Tomocomo tried to take a census of the English	173
How the English in Virginia began to cultivate tobacco in
spite of King James and his Counterblast	174
Dialogue between Silenus and Kawasha	175
Effects of tobacco culture upon the young colony	176, 177
The London Company's Third Charter, 1612	177, 178
How money was raised by lotteries	178
How this new remodelling of the Company made it an important
force in politics	179
Middleton's speech in opposition to the charter	180
Richard Martin in the course of a brilliant speech forgets
himself and has to apologize	181
How factions began to be developed within the London Company	182
Sudden death of Lord Delaware	183
Quarrel between Lord Rich and Sir Thomas Smith, resulting
in the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as treasurer of the
Company	184
Sir George Yeardley is appointed governor of Virginia while
Argall is knighted	185
How Sir Edwin Sandys introduced into Virginia the first
American legislature, 1619	186

How this legislative assembly, like those afterwards constituted
in America, were formed after the type of the
old English county court	187
How negro slaves were first introduced into Virginia, 1619.	188
How cargoes of spinsters were sent out by the Company in
quest of husbands	189
The great Indian massacre of 1622	189, 190

CHAPTER VI.

A SEMINARY OF SEDITION.

Summary review of the founding of Virginia	191-194
Bitter hostility of Spain to the enterprise	194
Gondomar and the Spanish match	195
Gondomar's advice to the king	196
How Sir Walter Raleigh was kept twelve years in prison	197
But was then released and sent on an expedition to Guiana	198
The king's base treachery	199
Judicial murder of Raleigh	200
How the king attempted to interfere with the Company's
election of treasurer in 1620	201
How the king's emissaries listened to the reading of the
charter	202
Withdrawal of Sandys and election of Southampton	203
Life and character of Nicholas Ferrar	203-205
His monastic home at Little Gidding	205
How disputes rose high in the Company's quarter sessions	206, 207
How the House of Commons rebuked the king	207, 208
How Nathaniel Butler was accused of robbery and screened
himself by writing a pamphlet abusing the Company	208
Some of his charges and how they were answered by Virginia
settlers	209
As to malaria	209
As to wetting one's feet	210
As to dying under hedges	211
As to the houses and their situations	211, 212
Object of the charges	212
Virginia assembly denies the allegations	213
The Lord Treasurer demands that Ferrar shall answer the
charges	214
A cogent answer is returned	214, 215

Vain attempts to corrupt Ferrar	215, 216
How the wolf was set to investigate the dogs	216
The Virginia assembly makes "A Tragical Declaration"	217
On the attorney-general's advice a quo warranto
is served	217, 218
How the Company appealed to Parliament, and the king refused
to allow the appeal	217, 218
The attorney-general's irresistible logic	219
Lord Strafford's glee	220
How Nicholas Ferrar had the records copied	221, 222
The history of a manuscript	221, 222

CHAPTER VII.

THE KINGDOM OF VIRGINIA.

A retrospect	223
Tidewater Virginia	224
A receding frontier	224, 225
The plantations	225
Boroughs and burgesses	226
Boroughs and hundreds	227, 228
Houses, slaves, indentured servants, and Indians	229
Virginia agriculture in the time of Charles I	230
Increasing cultivation of tobacco	231
Literature; how George Sandys entreated the Muses with
success	232
Provisions for higher education	233
Project for a university in the city of Henricus cut short by
the Indian massacre	234
Puritans and liberal churchmen	235
How the Company of Massachusetts Bay learned a lesson
from the fate of its predecessor, the London Company
for Virginia	236,237
Death of James I	238
Effect upon Virginia of the downfall of the Company	238-240
The virus of liberty	240
How Charles I. came to recognize the assembly of Virginia	241-243
Some account of the first American legislature	243, 244
How Edward Sharpless had part of one ear cut off	245
The case of Captain John Martin	245
How the assembly provided for the education of Indians	246
And for the punishment of drunkards	246

And against extravagance in dress	246
How flirting was threatened with the whipping-post	247
And scandalous gossip with the pillory	247
How the minister's salary was assured him	247
How he was warned against too much drinking and card-playing	248
Penalties for Sabbath-breaking	248
Inn-keepers forbidden to adulterate liquors or to charge too
much per gallon or glass	249
A statute against forestalling	249, 250
How Charles I. called the new colony "Our kingdom of
Virginia"	251
How the convivial governor Dr. Pott was tried for stealing
cattle, but pardoned for the sake of his medical services	253
Growth of Virginia from 1624 to 1642	253, 254

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MARYLAND PALATINATE.

The Irish village of Baltimore	255
Early career of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore	255, 256
How James I. granted him a palatinate in Newfoundland	256
Origin of palatinates	256, 257
Changes in English palatinates	258, 259
The bishopric of Durham	259, 260
Durham and Avalon	260
How Lord Baltimore fared in his colony of Avalon in Newfoundland	261
His letter to the king	262
How he visited Virginia but was not cordially received	263, 264
How a part of Virginia was granted to him and received the
name of Maryland	265
Fate of the Avalon charter	266
Character of the first Lord Baltimore	267
Early career of Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore	268
How the founding of Maryland introduced into America a
new type of colonial government	269, 270
Ecclesiastical powers of the Lord Proprietor	271
Religious toleration in Maryland	272
The first settlement at St. Mary's	273
Relations with the Indians	274

Prosperity of the settlement	275
Comparison of the palatinate government of Maryland with
that of the bishopric of Durham	275-285
The constitution of Durham; the receiver-general	276
Lord lieutenant and high sheriff	276
Chancellor of temporalities	277
The ancient halmote and the seneschal	277
The bishop's council	278
Durham not represented in the House of Commons until
after 1660	278
Limitations upon Durham autonomy	279
The palatinate type in America	280
Similarities between Durham and Maryland; the governor	281
Secretary; surveyor-general; muster master-general; sheriffs	282
The courts	282, 283
The primary assembly	283
Question as to the initiative in legislation	284
The representative assembly	284, 285
Lord Baltimore's power more absolute than that of any king
of England save perhaps Henry VIII	285

CHAPTER IX.

LEAH AND RACHEL.

William Claiborne and his projects	286
Kent Island occupied by Claiborne	287
Conflicting grants	288
Star Chamber decision and Claiborne's resistance	289
Lord Baltimore's instructions	290
The Virginia council supports Claiborne	290, 291
Complications with the Indians	291, 292
Reprisals and skirmishes	293
Affairs in Virginia; complaints against Governor Harvey	293, 294
Rage of Virginia against Maryland	294, 295
How Rev. Anthony Panton called Mr. Secretary Kemp a
jackanapes	295
Indignation meeting at the house of William Warren	296
Arrest of the principal speakers	296
Scene in the council room	296, 297
How Sir John Harvey was thrust out of the government	297

How King Charles sent him back to Virginia	298
Downfall of Harvey	299
George Evelin sent to Kent Island	299
Kent Island seized by Leonard Calvert	300
The Lords of Trade decide against Claiborne	301
Puritans in Virginia	301, 302
The Act of Uniformity of 1631	303
Puritan ministers sent from New England to Virginia	303
The new Act of Uniformity, 1643	304
Expulsion of the New England ministers	304
Indian massacre of 1644	305
Conflicting views of theodicy	306
Invasion of Maryland by Claiborne and Ingle	306-308
Expulsion of Claiborne and Ingle from Maryland	308
Lord Baltimore appoints William Stone as governor	308
Toleration Act of 1649	309-311
Migration of Puritans from Virginia to Maryland	312
Designs of the Puritans	313
Reluctant submission of Virginia to Cromwell	314
Claiborne and Bennett undertake to settle the affairs of
Maryland	315
Renewal of the troubles	316
The Puritan Assembly and its notion of a toleration act	316
Civil war in Maryland; battle of the Severn, 1655	317
Lord Baltimore is sustained by Cromwell and peace reigns
once more	318

MAPS.

Clyx.com