In writing this work I have endeavored to provide a text-book suited to more advanced pupils. My idea of such a work was, that it should present the essential facts of history in due order, and in conformity to the best and latest researches; that it should point out clearly the connection of events and of successive eras with one another; that through the interest awakened by the natural, unforced view gained of this unity of history, and by such illustrative incidents as the brevity of the narrative would allow to be wrought into it, the dryness of a mere summary should be, as far as possible, relieved; and that, finally, being a book intended for pupils and readers of all classes, it should be free from sectarian partiality, and should limit itself to well-established judgments and conclusions on all matters subject to party contention. Respecting one of the points just referred to, I can say that, in composing this work, I have myself been more than ever impressed with the unity of history, and affected by this great and deeply moving drama that is still advancing into a future that is hidden from view. I can not but hope that this feeling, spontaneous and vivid in my own mind, may communicate itself to the reader in his progress through these pages.

The most interesting object in the study of history is, to quote Dr. Arnold's words, "that which most nearly touches the inner life of civilized man, namely, the vicissitudes of institutions, social, political, and religious." But, as the same scholar adds, "a knowledge of the external is needed before we arrive at that which is within. We want to get a sort of frame for our picture….And thus we want to know clearly the geographical boundaries of different countries, and their external revolutions. This leads us in the first instance to geography and military history, even if our ultimate object lies beyond." Something more is aimed at in the present work than the construction of this "frame," without which, to be sure, a student wanders about "vaguely, like an ignorant man in an ill-arranged museum." By the use of different sorts of type, it has been practicable to introduce a considerable amount of detail without breaking the main current of the narrative, or making it too long. By means of these additional passages, and by appending lists of books at the close of the several periods, the attempt has been made to aid younger students in carrying forward the study of history beyond the usual requirements of the class-room. I make no apology for the sketches presented of the history of science, literature, art, and of moral and material decline or improvement. Professor Seeley, in his interesting book on The Expansion of England, is disposed to confine history to the civil community, and to the part of human well-being which depends on that. "That a man in England," he tells us, "makes a scientific discovery or paints a picture, is not in itself an event in the history of England." But, of course, as this able writer himself remarks, "history may assume a larger or a narrower function;" and I am persuaded that to shut up history within so narrow bounds, is not expedient in a work designed in part to stimulate readers to wide and continued studies.

One who has long been engaged in historical study and teaching, if he undertakes to prepare such a work as the present, has occasion to traverse certain periods where previous investigations have made him feel more or less at home. Elsewhere at least his course must be to collate authorities, follow such as he deems best entitled to credit, and, on points of uncertainty, satisfy himself by recurrence to the original sources of evidence. Among the numerous works from which I have derived assistance, the largest debt is due, especially in the ancient and mediÆval periods, to Weber's Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte, which (in its nineteenth edition, 1883) contains 2328 large octavo pages of well-digested matter. Duruy's Histoire du Moyen Age (eleventh edition, 1882), and also his Histoire des Temps Modernes (ninth edition), have yielded to me important aid. From the writings of Mr. E. A. Freeman I have constantly derived instruction. In particular, I have made use of his General Sketch of European History (which is published in this country, under the title, Outlines of History), and of his lucid, compact, and thorough History of European Geography. The other writings, however, of this able and learned historian, have been very helpful. Mr. Tillinghast's edition of Ploetz's Epitome I have found to be a highly valuable storehouse of historical facts, and have frequently consulted it with advantage. The superior accuracy of George's Genealogical Tables is the reason why I have freely availed myself of the aid afforded by them. Professor (now President) C. K. Adams's excellent Manual of Historical Literature, to which reference is repeatedly made in the following pages, has been of service in preparing the lists of works to be read or consulted. Those lists, it hardly need be said, aim at nothing like a complete bibliography. No doubt to each of them other valuable works might easily be added. As a rule, no mention is made of more technical or abstruse writings, collections of documents, and so forth. The titles of but few historical novels are given. Useful as the best of these are, works of this class are often inaccurate and misleading; so that a living master in historical authorship has said even of Walter Scott, who is so strong when he stands on Scottish soil, that in his Ivanhoe "there is a mistake in every line." With regard, however, to historical fiction, including poems, as well as novels and tales, the student will find in Mr. Justin Winsor's very learned and elaborate monograph (forming a distinct section of the catalogue of the Boston Public Library), the most full information up to the date of its publication. Most of the historical maps, to illustrate the text of the present work, have been engraved from drawings after Spruner, Putzger, Freeman, etc. Of the ancient maps, several have been adopted (in a revised form) from a General Atlas. That the maps contain more places than are referred to in the text, is not a disadvantage.

I wish to express my obligation to a number of friends who have kindly lent me aid in the revisal of particular portions of the proof-sheets of this volume. My special thanks are due, on account of this service, to Professor Francis Brown of the Union Theological School; to Professors W. D. Whitney, Tracy Peck, T. D. Seymour, W. H. Brewer, and T. R. Lounsbury, of Yale College; to Mr. A. Van Name, librarian of Yale College; and to Mr. W. L. Kingsley, to whose historical knowledge and unfailing kindness I have, on previous occasions, been indebted for like assistance. To other friends besides those just named, I am indebted for information on points made familiar to them by their special studies.

G. P. F.

PREFACE TO REVISED EDITION.

The characteristics of this work are stated in the Preface to the First Edition, which may be read on page v and the next following pages of the present volume.

The work has been subjected to a careful revision. The aim has been to make whatever amendments are called for by historical investigations in the interval since it was published. Besides corrections, brief statements have been woven here and there into the text. The revision has embraced the bibliography connected with the successive periods or chapters. Titles of books which are no longer of service have been erased. Titles of select recent publications, as well as of meritorious writings of a remoter past, have been inserted.

In preparing this edition for the press I have not been without the advantage of aid from friends versed in historical studies. Professor Henry E. Bourne, of Western Reserve University, besides particular annotations, has prolonged the history so far as to include in its compass, in Chapter VII, the last decade of the nineteenth century and events as recent as the close of the South African War and the accession of President Roosevelt. Professor Charles C. Torrey, Ph.D., of Yale University, has placed in my hands notes of his own on Oriental History, a portion of history with which, as well as with the Semitic languages, he is conversant. It will not be for lack of painstaking if any part of the new edition fails, within the limits of its plan, to correspond to the present state of historical knowledge.

G. P. F.
Yale University, January, 1904.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION

PART I. ANCIENT HISTORY.

From the Beginning of Authentic History to the Migrations of the Teutonic Tribes (A.D. 375)

DIVISION I. ORIENTAL HISTORY.

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I. CHINA AND INDIA.

CHAPTER I.—CHINA

CHAPTER II.—INDIA

SECTION II. THE EARLIEST GROUP OF NATIONS.

CHAPTER I.—EGYPT

CHAPTER II.—ASSYRIA AND BABYLON

CHAPTER III.—THE PHOENICIANS AND CARTHAGINIANS

CHAPTER IV.—THE HEBREWS

CHAPTER V.—THE PERSIANS

DIVISION II. EUROPE.

INTRODUCTION

SECTION I. GRECIAN HISTORY.

INTRODUCTION

PERIOD I. GREECE PRIOR TO THE PERSIAN WARS.

CHAPTER I.—THE PREHISTORIC AGE

CHAPTER II.—THE FORMATION OF THE PRINCIPAL STATES

PERIOD II. THE FLOURISHING ERA OF GREECE.

CHAPTER I.—THE PERSIAN WARS

CHAPTER II.—THE ASCENDENCY OF ATHENS

CHAPTER III.—THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

CHAPTER IV.—RELATIONS WITH PERSIA: THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN HEGEMONY

PERIOD III. THE MACEDONIAN ERA.

CHAPTER I.—PHILIP AND ALEXANDER

CHAPTER II.—THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER

SECTION II. ROMAN HISTORY.

INTRODUCTION

PERIOD I. ROME UNDER THE KINGS AND THE PATRICIANS (753-304 B.C.).

CHAPTER I.—ROME UNDER THE KINGS (753-509 B.C.)

CHAPTER II.—ROME UNDER THE PATRICIANS (509-304 B.C.)

PERIOD II. TO THE UNION OF ITALY (304-264 B.C.).

CHAPTER I.—CONQUEST OF THE LATINS AND ITALIANS (304-282 B.C.)

CHAPTER II.—WAR WITH PYRRHUS AND UNION WITH ITALY (282-264 B.C.)

PERIOD III. THE PUNIC WARS.

To the Conquest of Carthage and of the Greek States (264-146 B.C.)

CHAPTER I.—THE FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (264-202 B.C.)

CHAPTER II.—CONQUEST OF MACEDONIA: THE THIRD PUNIC WAR: THE DESTRUCTION OF CORINTH (202-146 B.C.)

PERIOD IV. THE ERA OF REVOLUTION AND OF THE CIVIL WARS (146-3l B.C.).

CHAPTER I.—THE GRACCHI: THE FIRST MITHRIDATIC WAR: MARIUS AND SULLA (146-78 B.C.)

CHAPTER II.—POMPEIUS AND THE EAST: TO THE DEATH OF CRASSUS (78-53 B.C.)

CHAPTER III.—POMPEIUS AND CAESAR: THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE.

PERIOD V. THE IMPERIAL MONARCHY.

To the Migrations of the Teutonic Tribes (375 A.D.)

CHAPTER I.—THE REIGN OF AUGUSTUS

CHAPTER II.—THE EMPERORS OF THE AUGUSTAN HOUSE

CHAPTER III.—THE FLAVIANS AND THE ANTONINES

CHAPTER IV.—THE EMPERORS MADE BY THE SOLDIERS: THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY: THE TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIANITY

PART II. MEDIAEVAL HISTORY.

From the Migrations of the Teutonic Tribes to the Fall of Constantinople (A.D. 375-1453).

INTRODUCTION

PERIOD I. TO THE CARLOVINGIAN LINE OF FRANK RULERS (A.D. 375-751).

CHAPTER I.—CAUSES OF THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE: THE TEUTONIC CONFEDERACIES

CHAPTER II.—THE TEUTONIC MIGRATIONS AND KINGDOMS

CHAPTER III.—THE EASTERN EMPIRE

CHAPTER IV.—MOHAMMEDANISM AND THE ARABIC CONQUESTS

PERIOD II. FROM THE CARLOVINGIAN LINE OF FRANK KINGS TO THE ROMANO-GERMANIC EMPIRE (A.D. 751-962).

CHAPTER I.—THE CARLOVINGIAN EMPIRE TO THE DEATH OF CHARLEMAGNE (A.D. 814)

CHAPTER II.—DISSOLUTION OF CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE: RISE OF THE KINGDOMS OF FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY

CHAPTER III.—INVASIONS OF THE NORTHMEN AND OTHERS: THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

PERIOD III. FROM THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ROMANO-GERMANIC EMPIRE TO THE END OF THE CRUSADES (A.D. 962-1270).

CHAPTER I.—THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE: PREDOMINANCE OF THE EMPIRE: TO THE CRUSADES (A.D. 1096)

CHAPTER II.—THE CHURCH AND THE EMPIRE: PREDOMINANCE OF THE CHURCH: TO THE END OF THE CRUSADES (A.D. 1270)

CHAPTER III.—ENGLAND AND FRANCE: THE FIRST PERIOD OF THEIR RIVALSHIP (A.D. 1066-1217)

CHAPTER IV.—RISE OF THE BURGHER CLASS: SOCIETY IN THE ERA OF THE CRUSADES

PERIOD IV. FROM THE END OF THE CRUSADES TO THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (A.D. 1270-1453): THE DECLINE OF ECCLESIASTICAL AUTHORITY: THE GROWTH OF THE NATIONAL SPIRIT AND OF MONARCHY.

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—ENGLAND AND FRANCE: SECOND PERIOD OF RIVALSHIP: THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR (A.D. 1339-1453)

CHAPTER II.—GERMANY: ITALY: SPAIN: THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES: POLAND AND RUSSIA: HUNGARY: OTTOMAN TURKS: THE GREEK EMPIRE

CHAPTER III.—THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN ASIA

PART III. MODERN HISTORY.

From the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Present Time

INTRODUCTION

PERIOD I. FROM THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO THE REFORMATION (1453-1517).

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—FRANCE: ENGLAND: SPAIN: GERMANY: ITALY: THE OTTOMAN TURKS: RUSSIA: THE INVASIONS OF ITALY

CHAPTER II.—INVENTION AND DISCOVERY: THE RENAISSANCE

PERIOD II. THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION (1517-1648).

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY: TO THE TREATY OF NUREMBERG (1517-1532)

CHAPTER II.—THE REFORMATION IN TEUTONIC COUNTRIES: SWITZERLAND, DENMARK, SWEDEN, ENGLAND

CHAPTER III.—THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, FROM THE PEACE OF NUREMBERG TO THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG (1532-1555)

CHAPTER IV.—CALVINISM IN GENEVA: BEGINNING OF THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION

CHAPTER V.—PHILIP II., AND THE REVOLT OF THE NETHERLANDS

CHAPTER VI.—THE CIVIL WARS IN FRANCE, TO THE DEATH OF HENRY IV. (1610)

CHAPTER VII.—THE THIRTY-YEARS' WAR, TO THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1618-1648)

CHAPTER VIII.—SECOND STAGE OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND: TO THE DEATH OF ELIZABETH (1547-1603)

CHAPTER IX.—THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION AND THE COMMONWEALTH (1603-1658)

CHAPTER X.—COLONIZATION IN AMERICA: ASIATIC NATIONS: CULTURE AND LITERATURE (1517-1648)

PERIOD III. FROM THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1648-1789).

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—THE PREPONDERANCE OF FRANCE: FIRST PART OF THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV. (TO THE PEACE OF RYSWICK, 1697): THE RESTORATION OF THE STUARTS: THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION OF 1688

CHAPTER II.—WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION (TO THE PEACE OF UTRECHT, 1713): DECLINE OF THE POWER OF FRANCE: POWER AND MARITIME SUPREMACY OF ENGLAND

CHAPTER III.—THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR: THE FALL OF SWEDEN: GROWTH OF THE POWER OF RUSSIA

CHAPTER IV.—WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION: GROWTH OF THE POWER OF PRUSSIA: THE DESTRUCTION OF POLAND

CHAPTER V.—CONTEST OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE IN AMERICA: WAR OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE: THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES

CHAPTER VI.—LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND RELIGION

PERIOD IV. THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1815).

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—FROM THE ASSEMBLING OF THE STATES-GENERAL TO THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. (1789-1793)

CHAPTER II.—FROM THE EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI. TO THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE (JAN. 21, 1793-JULY 27, 1794)

CHAPTER III.—FROM THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE TO THE EMPIRE OF NAPOLEON (1794-1804)

CHAPTER IV.—FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE EMPIRE TO THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN (1804-1812)

CHAPTER V.—FROM THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN (1812) TO THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-15)

CHAPTER VI.—AMERICAN HISTORY IN THIS PERIOD (1789-1815)

CHAPTER VII.—LITERATURE, ART, AND SCIENCE (1789-1815)

PERIOD V. FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) TO THE PRESENT TIME.

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I.—EUROPE, FROM THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1815) TO THE FRENCH REVOLUTION OF 1830

CHAPTER II.—EUROPE, FROM THE REVOLUTION OF 1830 TO THE REVOLUTIONARY EPOCH OF 1848

CHAPTER III.—EUROPE, FROM THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 TO THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR (1866)

CHAPTER IV.—EUROPE, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE AUSTRO-PRUSSIAN WAR TO THE END OF THE FRANCO-GERMAN WAR (1866-1871)

CHAPTER V.—EUROPE, FROM THE THIRD FRENCH REPUBLIC, AND THE UNION OF ITALY (1871)

CHAPTER VI.—THE UNITED STATES SINCE 1815: THE SOUTH AMERICAN STATES: EASTERN ASIA

CHAPTER VII.—THE LAST DECADE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

CHAPTER VIII.—DISCOVERY AND INVENTION: SCIENCE AND LITERATURE: PROGRESS OF HUMANE SENTIMENT: PROGRESS TOWARDS THE UNITY OF MANKIND

LIST OF MAPS.

THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE ANCIENTS

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF ASIA

ANCIENT EGYPT

ANCIENT PALESTINE

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE

ANCIENT GREECE AND THE AEGEAN ISLANDS

GREEK AND PHOENICIAN COLONIES

EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT

KINGDOMS OF THE SUCCESSORS OF ALEXANDER

ANCIENT ITALY (NORTHERN PART)

ANCIENT ITALY (SOUTHERN PART)

ANCIENT ROMAN EMPIRE

THE NEW NATIONS AFTER THE GREAT MIGRATIONS (ABOUT A.D. 500)

EMPIRE OF THE SARACENS (ABOUT A.D. 750)

EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE

EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE A.D. 843

EMPIRE OF CHARLEMAGNE A.D. 887

CENTRAL EUROPE ABOUT A.D. 980

MEDITERRANEAN LANDS AT THE TIME OF THE CRUSADES

FRANCE AND ENGLAND, A.D. 1154-1189

CENTRAL EUROPE, A.D. 1360

CENTRAL EUROPE, A.D. 1660

ITALY ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF IHE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

EUROPE AT THE TIME OF NAPOLEON'S GREATEST POWER (ABOUT A.D. 1810)

CENTRAL EUROPE IN 1815

EUROPE AFTER 1878

AUSTRO-HUNGARY SINCE 1878

FRANCE SINCE 1871

GERMAN EMPIRE SINCE 1871

TURKISH EMPIRE, GREECE, ETC., SINCE 1878

TERRITORIAL GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES

ASIA AT THE PRESENT TIME