THE OLD FRANKS AND THE PRESENT FRENCH.

To any one who takes note of the large proportion of French Christian names which are of German origin, the question, one would think, might naturally suggest itself—If such be the case with Christian names, may it not also be the case with regard to surnames? The Christian names Albert, Adolphe, Alfonse, Charles, Claude, Edouard, Edmonde, Ferdinand, Gerard, Henri, Louis, Philibert, Robert, Richarde, Rudolfe, Guillaume, and the women's AdÈle, Clotilde, Louise, Mathilde, HÉlÖise, and many others, serve to remind us that the French have come of the Franks. That the same holds good also of French surnames I have in a previous work endeavoured to prove in considerable detail, and I will not go over the ground again further than at the end of this chapter to present as an illustration of my views upon the subject one or two stems complete with their branches.

The Franks being a branch of a High German, and the Saxons of a Low German stock, it follows that French names, as compared with English, should, in names of Teutonic origin, exhibit High German forms in comparison with our Low German. One of these differences is, for instance, au for ea, as in German auge, Anglo-Saxon, eage, English, eye. Thus the Anglo-Saxon ead, happiness, prosperity, so common in men's names, is in Frankish represented by aud, or od—hence the name of the Norman bishop Odo is the counterpart of an Anglo-Saxon Eada or Eda, and the name of the Lombard king Audoin (Audwin), is the counterpart of the Anglo-Saxon Eadwin. It will be seen then that the French Christian name Edouard is not a true Frankish form—the proper form is shown in two French surnames, Audouard and Audevard. I cannot account for the particular case of this Christian name on any other ground than that simply of euphony. The corresponding Italian Christian name, Odoardo, come to them through the Franks or the Lombards, represents, it will be seen, the proper High German form. The High German forms, then, that appear in English names may be taken to a great extent to represent Old Frankish names that have come to us through the Normans. But the number of such names appears to be greater than could reasonably be thus accounted for, and moreover we seem, as I have noted at p. 75, to have had such forms even in Anglo-Saxon times, e.g. both the forms ead or ed, and aud or od, in the names of our early settlers. And it appears to me therefore that Lappenberg's theory that Franks, Lombards, and Frisians were among the early settlers, is one that deserves most careful consideration. And I propose at present to deal with the subject, so far as the Franks are concerned, and to trace out to the best of my ability, the Frankish forms that seem to present themselves in Anglo-Saxon times, and also in our existing surnames. In so doing, I wish to disclaim any assumption of philological knowledge such as might be implied by dealing with the niceties of ancient dialects. All that I proceed upon is this—I find from German writers that certain forms prevailed in Frankish names, and I compare them with certain forms apparently of the same kind which I find in Anglo-Saxon times.

Now the ancient Frankish speech, along with the ordinary characteristics of a High German dialect, had some special peculiarities of its own, and it is through these that we have the best chance of obtaining satisfactory indications. Of these there are three forms in particular, with each of which I propose to deal in turn, placing at the head the group of surnames which I take to owe their origin to this source. And as assisting to throw light upon the subject I have in some cases introduced the present French names corresponding.

CHAD, CHATTO, CHATTING, CHADDOCK, CHABOT, CHADBORN, CHADMAN, CHADWICK, CHATTOWAY, CHATWIN, CHATWOOD, CHARD, CHART, CHARTER, CHAIN, CHANEY, CHILDAR, CHILDREN, CHILL, CHILLMAN, CHILLMAID, CHUBB, CHUBBACK, CHOPPIN.

One of the peculiarities of the Frankish dialect especially during the Merovingian period, was the prefix of c before names beginning with h, as in Childebert and Childeric for Hildebert and Hilderic. Of this there seem to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times, as will be seen from the following:—

Chad for had, war.

A.S. Chad, bishop of Lichfield—Ceada, found in Ceadanford—Cedda, found in Ceddanleah—Frankish, Chaddo. Eng. Chad, Chatto.

Diminutive.

Frnk. Chadichus. Eng. Chaddock.

Patronymic.

Eng. Chatting.

Compounds.

(Bad, war), Frnk. Chadbedo, Chabedo—Eng. Chabot.[47] (Wine, friend), Frnk. Chaduin—Eng. Chadwin, Chatwin. (Wig, war), A.S. Chatewe (wi for wig) found in Ceatewesleah—Eng. Chadwick, Chattoway.

(We have also the other form Hathaway, O.G. Hathuwi, to compare with Chattaway.)

Then we have a stem chard, chart, which it seems to me may be a similar Frankish form of hard or hart, durus, fortis, a very common stem for men's names.

Chard for hard.

A.S. Cerda (Cherda) found in CerdanhlÆw. Ceorta, found in Ceortan stapol. Ceort, found in Ceortesege, now Chertsey. Eng. Chard, Chart.

Diminutive.

A.S. Cerdic, king of Wessex. Also Ceardic, found in Ceardices beorh.

Compound.

(Har, warrior), Frnk. Charterius—Eng. Charter.

In the next group, child for hild, war, the Anglo-Saxon names seem rather uncertain, and though the Franks had many names from it, I only find one to compare in that form.

Child for hild, war.

A.S. Cild, found in Cildeswic—Cilta found in Ciltancumb, now Chilcomb in Hants—Frnk. Childi, Cheldio, Chillo—Eng. Child, Chill.

Compounds.

(Hari, warrior), O.G. Hilder—Eng. Childar. (Man, vir), O.G. Hildman—Childman, Hund. Rolls—Eng. Chillman, French, Chilman. (Mod, courage), O.G. Hildemod—Eng. Chillmaid. (Ran, raven), Frnk. Childerannus—Eng. Children.

We have a number of other names beginning with ch, which might with more or less certainty be brought in here, as Chaine comparing with an A.S. Chen, found in Chenestun, and with a Frankish Chaino for Chagno (Hagen-spinosus). Also Chubb and Choppin comparing with the Ceopingas (Chopingas) in Kemble's list. He has also Hoppingas and Upingas, different forms I take it, of the same name, and upon these might be formed by the prefix in question, the form Ceopingas. Compare also the present French names, Choupe, Chopin, Chopard.

CLAUDE, CLOADE, CLODD, CLOUD, CLOUT, CLUCAS, CLOUDMAN, CLOUTMAN, CLOTHIER. CROAD, CROWD, CROWDY, CRUTE, CROTTY, CRUDEN, CROWDER, CROGER. CROKE, CROCK, CROOKE, CROTCH, CRUTCH, CROKER. CREED, CREEDY, CRIDDLE.

Another peculiarity of the Frankish dialect was the change of hl at the beginning of a name into cl or chl, and hr into cr or chr. Hence the names of the Frankish kings Clothar, Chlodomir, and Clodowich, for Hlothar, Hlodomir, and Hlodowich. Of this form there appear to be considerable traces in Anglo-Saxon times; there are three names in Kemble's list of early settlers which may find a place here, the Crangas, the Cramlingas, and the Crucgingas. The name Crangas, as it stands, is difficult to deal with, and I should suppose it to be properly either Cringas or Craningas—in the former case from hring, circle, perhaps in the sense of shield—in the latter from chrann, as a Frankish form of raban or raven, Cf. Chrannus in the genealogy of the Merovingian kings. Cramlingas again compares with a Frankish name Chramlin from the same stem, while Crucgingas seems to be a Frankish form of Rucingas, also on Kemble's list.

The first group of names, Claude, Cloud, &c., are referred to O.H.G. laut, loud, in the supposed sense of famous.

Clod for hlod, fame.

A.S. Clodd (found in Cloddes heal), Clott (found in ClottismÔr), Clud (found in Cludesleah)[48]—Frnk. Chlodio, Cludio, 5th cent.—Eng. Claude, Cloade, Clodd, Cloud, Clout.

Compounds.

(Gis or kis, hostage), O.G. Hludokis—Eng. Clukas (for Cludkis?). (Hari, warrior), Frnk. Clothar, Chluthar—Eng. Clothier, Clutter. (Man, vir), Eng. Cloudman, Cloutman (for which no ancient equivalents as yet turn up.)

The next group, Croad, Crowd, &c., may be referred to hrod, glory, the stem from which are formed Robert, Roland, Roger, &c.

Crod for hrod.

A.S. Cruda, found in Crudan sceat—Frnk. Chrodo, Crodio—Eng. Croad, Crowd, Crowdy, Croot, Crout.

Ending in en, p. 27.

Frnk. Chrodin—Eng. Cruden.

Compounds.

(Har, warrior), Frnk. Chrodohar—Eng. Crowder. (Gar, spear), Frnk. Crodeger—Eng. Croger (=Roger). (Mar, famous), A.S. Cruddemor, found in Cruddemores lacu—Frnk. Chrodmar—Eng. Cromar.

The next group, Croke, Crock, &c., are from a stem hroc, the root-meaning of which seems to be the same as Eng. croak, and the idea of which, as in some other stems (see im in voce Emma), may probably be that of strength, fierceness, or huge stature, derived from a harsh and gruff voice. Cf. O.N. hrokr, vir fortis et grandis.

Crock for hroc.

A.S. Crucga, found in Crucgingas; Croch, found in Crochestun, now Croxton in Norf.—Frnk. Crocus, Cruccus—Eng. Croke, Crock, Crooke, Crotch, Crutch.

Compounds.

(Her, heri, warrior), O.G. Roacheri—Eng. Croker, Crocker. Eng. Crockett might represent a Frankish Crochad or Crochat (had, war), not turned up.

Perhaps from a similar origin may be the name of Crida or Creoda, king of Mercia, as representing a stem, hrad, or hred (O.H.G. hradi, celer), whence probably the HrÆda in the Traveller's Song. Kemble has two tribe-names, Creotingas and Cridlingas (the latter, derived from a place in Yorkshire, being perhaps doubtful so far as regards the tribe, though a man's name all the same).

Crad for hrad.

A.S. Creoda, found in Creodan Âc, Creodan hyl, Creodan treow—Cridda, found in Criddan wyl—Cridd, found in Criddes hÔ—Creota, found in Creotingas—Cretta, lib. vit.—Eng. Creed, Creedy.

Ending in el.

A.S. Cridel, found in Cridlingas—Eng. Criddle.

Perhaps the most characteristic peculiarity of the Frankish dialect is the prefix of g, or its sharper form c, before names beginning with w.[49] Hence it is that the French have such a word as guerre (=gwerre) which is g prefixed to a German wer or war. And such names as Guillaume, Gualtier, and Guiscard, which are from g prefixed to Wilhelm, Walter, and Wiscard (our Wishart). Hence, also, such a place-name as Quilleboeuf in Normandy, being, with a c prefixed, the same, I take it, as an English Willaby (boeuf, as Mr. Taylor has shown, representing the Danish by). I have referred, p. 75, to the name Cwichelm for Wighelm or Wichelm as a strongly-marked Frankish form, but I cannot say that I find such forms generally prevalent in Anglo-Saxon times. Kemble has three tribe-names in this form, CwÆdringas, CwÆringas, and Queningas. The CwÆdringas answer to the WÆtringas, and the Wedringas, both also on Kemble's list, and both, I take it, different forms of the same name; the CwÆringas to the WÆringas and the Werringas, also different forms of the same name; the Queningas to the Weningas or the Winingas. One or two of our names beginning with gw, as Gwilliams, Gwatkin, and perhaps Gwalter, are probably due to the Welsh, of which this prefix is also a characteristic. As representing the Frankish form, we have more names in the sharper form cw, which is represented by q. Under the present head comes the name of the highest lady in the land, Guelph (further referred to in next chapter), being a Frankish form of Welf (O.H.G. hwelf; Eng. whelp). The names Welp, Whelps, and Guelpa, appear in Suff. Surn., but whether English or not does not appear.

QUARE, QUARY, QUARRY, QUEAR, QUERY, QUARRIER, QUARMAN. QUIDDY, QUITMAN, QUITTACUS. QUIG, QUICK, QUY, QUIGGLE, GWYER, QUIER, QUIRE. GUILLE, GUILY, QUILL, QUILKE, GWILLAM, QUILLMAN, QUILLINAN. GUINEY, QUIN, QUEEN, QUEENEY, GUINAN, QUINAN, QUEENAN, QUINER. QUAIL, QUALEY, QUINT. QUAINT, QUANTOCK. GWILT, QUILT, QUILTY, QUILTER, QUAKER, QUASH.

The meaning of the stem war is very uncertain; Foerstemann proposes five different words, without including O.H.G. werra, Eng. war, and it seems very probable that there may be a mixture of different words.

Gwar, cwar, for war.

A.S. Cwara, found in CwÆringas—Frnk. Guario—Eng. Quare, Quary, Quarry, Quear, Query—French Querrey.

Compounds.

(Hari, warrior), O.G. Warher—Eng. Quarrier. (Man, vir), O.G. Warman—Eng. Quarman—French Guermain.

The stem wid, on which is formed guid and cwid, may perhaps be referred to O.H.G. wid, wood, in the sense of weapon (see next chapter in voce Guido), though in this case also there may probably be a mixture of words.

Gwid, cwid, for wid.

Frnk. Guid, Guido, Quido—Eng. Quiddy—French, GuidÉ.

Compounds.

(Man, vir), O.G. Witman—Eng. Quitman. (Gis, hostage), O.G. Witichis—Eng. Quittacus (Suff. Surn.).

The stem wig or wic, on which are formed gwig and cwic, may be taken to be from wig, war.

Gwig, cwic, for wig, wic.

Frnk. Gwigo—Eng. Quig, Quick, Quy—Fr. Guiche, Quyo.

Ending in el.

O.G. Wigilo—Eng. Quiggle.

Compound.

O.G. Wigger, Wiher—Eng. Gwyer, Quier, Quire.

The stem will, on which are formed guill and cwill, may be referred to Goth. wilya, will, perhaps, in the sense of resolution.

Guil, cwil, for will.

Frnk. Guila—Eng. Guille, Guily, Quill—Fr. Guille, Quille.

Diminutive

O.G. Willic—Eng. Quilke—Fr. Quillac.

Compounds.

(Helm, helmet), Frnk. Guilhelm—Eng. Gwillam—Fr. Guillaume. (Man, vir), O.G. Wilman—Eng. Quillman—Fr. Guillemain. (Nand, daring), O.G. Willinand—Eng. Quillinan.

I am inclined, from the way in which the names run into each other, to take cwen and cwin to be one and the same stem, and to refer them to A.S. wine, friend.

Gwin, cwin, cwen, for win.

A.S. Cwena, found in Cweningas; Quena, found in Quenanden—Frnk. Guuine, Quino—Eng. Guiney, Quin, Queen, Queeney—Fr. Gueneau, Quenay, Quineau.

Ending in en, p. 27.

A.S. Cwenen, found in CwenenabrÔc—Eng. Guinan, Quinan, Queenan—Fr. Guenin.

Compounds.

(Hari, warrior), O.G. Winiheri—Eng. Quiner—Fr. Guinier, Guinery, Quinier. (Bert, famous), Frnk. Quinabert—Eng. Guinibert.

From the Ang.-Sax. wealh, stranger, foreigner, may be the following stem:

Gual, cwal, for wal.

Frnk. Gualo, Guala—Eng. Quail, Qualey—Fr. Guala.

Then there are some other stems not sufficiently represented to make it worth while to put them into a tabular form, as Quint, a Frankish form of Wind (the stem being supposed to mean Wend), with the present French, Quinty. Also Quaint and Quantock, representing Old German names, Wando and Wendico, the stem being perhaps as in the previous case. And Gwilt, Quilt, Quilty, and Quilter, which seem to be formed similarly on Wild (ferus) and Wilder. Also Quart for Ward or Wart, and perhaps Quaker for Waker and Quash for Wass (as in Washington from Wassingation).

With regard to this last Frankish peculiarity, which I conceive not to be of such ancient date as the preceding ones, I am inclined to suppose that the greater part of the English names in which it appears have come to us through the Normans. And with regard to the others I would venture the general remark that inasmuch as the Anglo-Saxons in all probability more or less aspirated an initial h, it would perhaps be going too far to conclude that, in all cases where it has been hardened into a c, Frankish influence is necessarily to be presumed. Still, I think that the general result of the comparison which I have instituted, more especially considering the comparatively limited area from which the Anglo-Saxon examples have been drawn, is such as to give considerable support to the theory that Franks were among the early settlers.

Besides the names of Old Frankish, i.e. German origin, which have come to us through the Normans, we have also received from them some names, mostly of a religious character, from the Latin, and from the Hebrew. I have even ventured to suggest, in the next chapter, that it is to the Franks that the Italians are indebted for the name of Dante (Durante) from Lat. durans. More certainly it is from them that the corresponding name Durand has come to us. The early Frankish Christians adopted several such names, some from the Latin, as Stabilis, Clarus, Celsus, Electus (perhaps in some cases from the names of Roman saints), some from the Hebrew, not only scriptural names of men and women, but also such words as Pasc (passover), Seraphim, Osanna, &c., and these they often mixed up with the Old German words to which they had been accustomed, the names of the Apostles Peter and Paul being so dealt with, and even the name of Christ himself. This probably arose from the desire of parents to connect the names of their children with their own, as seems clearly shown in the case of a woman called Electa, who gives to her two children the same name with a German addition, calling one Electard, and the other Electrudis. From one of these hybrid Frankish names, Clarembald, come our Claringbold and Claringbull and the French ClÉrambault. From the above word, pasc, we have Pascoe, Paske, and Pash, and the French have Pasquin, corresponding with a Frankish Pascoin (Pascwin). There is one Richard Osannas, a witness to an acquittance in the later Anglo-Saxon times, the name being probably from the Frankish Osanna, which seems, however, to have been originally a woman's name. In the same charter occurs also Jordan, another of these old Frankish names, taken presumably from the river—whence I take to be our Jordan, and the French Jordan, Jourdan, and Jourdain, probably also the name of the Dutch painter Jordaens. The name Crist, which seems most probably from this origin (Cristeus in the Pol. Irm.) is not very uncommon in France; it occurs also in Germany, and though I have not met with it in England, yet Bowditch gives it as the name of a member of the New York legislature, where it may, however, possibly be German. It is rather amusing to see how the learned Germans are occasionally a little mystified by these Old Frankish Scriptural names. Stark, for instance, sets down Elisaba (Elischeba, the Hebrew form, I take it, of Elisabeth) as Celtic, and Foerstemann, excusably perhaps, is posed with Erispa (Rispah, the daughter of Aiah?), though I think he might have guessed Osanna.

Before concluding this chapter I may refer to the Roll of Battle Abbey, containing the names of the principal Normans who came over with the Conqueror. This has been severely impugned by some excellent antiquaries on the ground that some of the names are, on the face of them, regular English names, and such as could not reasonably be supposed to have been borne by Normans. And hence it has been supposed that interpolations must have been made to gratify the vanity of certain families who wished their names to appear in the Roll. This in itself does not seem an improbable suspicion, and I do not desire to go into the question further than to express the opinion that so far as the names themselves are concerned, there is not one that might not be a genuine Norman name. Indeed, the undisguised English form of some of them is to me rather a proof of the honesty of the scribe, for it would have been so easy to have given them a thin Norman disguise. The suspicious-seeming names are of two kinds, names which appear to be from English place-names, as Argentoune, Chaworth, Newborough, Sanford, Valingford, Harewell; and names which seem to be from English surnames of occupation, or description, as Hayward, Archere, Loveday. The former did present a genuine difficulty, and did justify suspicion till now that Mr. Taylor's discovery of an area in the north of France full of regular Anglo-Saxon place-names, and no doubt settled by Anglo-Saxons, has disclosed the source from which they could be derived. I opine then that the English scribe has done nothing more in the case of such names than restore them to the original form from which they had been more or less corrupted. Nor indeed has he done it to as great an extent as he might have done, for I find several others which may be brought back to an Anglo-Saxon form, and it may be of some little interest to take a few of these Norman surnames derived from place-names of the kind discovered by Mr. Taylor, and compare them with corresponding Anglo-Saxon place-names in England. I will take the names ending in uil, "well," of which the scribe has Anglicised one (Harewell), and show how many more there might have been. We have Bereneuile and Boranuile, corresponding with A.S. Bernewell (now Barnwell, in Northamptonshire), from A.S. brune, brook, of which the well might be the source. Then we have Rinuuill, corresponding with an A.S. Runawel (now, Runwell in Essex), i.e. a running or flowing well, Berteuilay corresponding with A.S. Beorhtanwyl (now Brightwell, in Oxfordshire), and Vauuruile with an A.S. Werewell (now Wherwell, in Hants), an inclosed well; from A.S. w[^oe]r, inclosure. Then we have Beteruile comparing with an A.S. Buterwyel (Butterwell, butter and honey being used apparently to describe sweet waters), Greneuile (Greenwell), and Glateuile, probably from A.S. glade, brook, and so same as Bernewell.

With respect to the second class of suspected names, such as Hayward, Archere, and Loveday, these are all Old Frankish names, and the resemblance to anything English is only an accident. Hayward represents an ancient Agward or Egward, and would be more properly Ayward, though we find it as Hayward (see p. 99) even in Anglo-Saxon times. So also Archere (see p. 42) and Loveday (p. 57) fall into their places as ancient Frankish names. Such names again as Brown and Gray, though a little Anglicised in spelling, are names common to the whole Teutonic system, and, as far as we are concerned, both came in with the Saxons, being found in Kemble's list of original settlers.

I do not think it necessary to go more at length into the ancient Frankish names contained in that Roll, but before leaving the subject I would call attention to some of the names derived from the Danish place-names of Normandy. There are four names, Dabitott, Leuetot, Lovetot, and Tibtote (our name Tiptoft), from the ending tot, which, as Mr. Taylor has shown, represents the Scandinavian toft. And two names, Duilby and Linnebey, representing the Danish by; house, habitation, village, so common in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire; also two more, Braibuf and Olibef, with the ending buf or boeuf, which, as Mr. Taylor has shown, also represents the Danish by, Olibef being, perhaps, Olafby, from the Danish name Olaf. Seeing this to be the case, I venture to hint a suspicion as to the redoubtable name Front-de-boeuf, and to suggest that it may after all be properly nothing more than one of these Norman place-names ending in boeuf. Such a name as, for instance, Frodeboeuf, from a Danish man's name, Frodi, might give it. On the other hand, the plebeian-looking name Chasseboeuf, which Volney is said to have changed rather than have it supposed that any one of his ancestors had been a cow-boy, is, I doubt not, from a similar origin. Such a name as Shaftsby (from the Anglo-Saxon man's name Shaft) would, when by became corrupted into boeuf, naturally be made into Chasseboeuf. I take, however, the name Leboeuf to be from a different origin, viz. from a Frankish Libolf or Liubolf. There is yet one more name, Lascales (our Lascelles), which I think may be also from a Danish place-name, the word scale (O.N. skali, a wooden hut) being common, particularly in the Lake District—in Cumberland and Westmoreland.

I purpose to conclude this chapter with a few stems illustrative of the common Teutonic element in French, English, and German names, including such Italian names as I have been able to fall in with. The first stem, from A.S. til, bonus, prÆstans, seems to have been more common among the Saxons than among the Franks, and there are, consequently, more names corresponding in English than in French.

Dill, till, bonus.

A.S. Dilla, Tilla, in Dillingas and Tillingas—O.G. Dilli, Tilli, Thilo; Tilli, Lib. Vit.; Dill, Tilly, TillÉ, Hund. Rolls—Eng. Dill, Dilley, Dillow, Till, Tilley—Germ. Dill, Till, Tilo—Fr. Dilly, DillÉ, Tilly, TillÉ—Ital. Tilli.

Ending in ec, probably diminutive.

A.S. Tilluc—Eng. Dillick, Dilke, Tillick, Tilke—Fr. Dilhac.

Patronymic.

Eng. Tilling—Germ. Dilling.

Ending in en, p. 27.

Tilne, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Dillon—Germ. Dillen—Fr. Dillon, Tillon.

Compounds.

(Fred, peace), Tilfred, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Tilford. (Gar, spear), A.S. Tilgar—Dilker, Hund. Rolls—Eng. Dilger, Dillicar. (Had, var), Tilhaed, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Tillott—Fr. Dillet, Tillot. (Man, vir), A.S. Tillman—Tilmon, Lib. Vit.—Tileman, Hund. Rolls—Eng. Dillman, Tillman, Tileman—Germ. Dillemann, Tilmann—Dutch. Tillemans—Fr. Tilman. (Mar, famous), O.G. Tilemir—Eng. Dillimore. (Mund, protection), A.S. Tilmund—Fr. Tilmant. (Wine, friend), Tiluini, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Dillwyn. (Her, heri, warrior), A.S. Tilhere (Bishop of Worcester)—Eng. Diller, Tiller, Tillier—Fr. Dillery, Tillier.

The following stem may be taken to be from A.S. hyge; O.H.G. hugu, mind, thought; A.S. hogian, to study, meditate. The form hig, which seems to be more particularly Saxon, intermixes considerably in the English names.

Hig, hog, hug, thought, study.

A.S. Hig, Hicca, Hocg—O.G. Hugo, Hug, Huc, Hughi, Hogo—Eng. Hugo, Hug, Hugh, Huie, Huck, Hogg, Hodge, Hoe, Hick, Hickie—Germ. Huge, Hugo, Hucke, Hoge—Fr. Hugo, HugÉ, Hug, Huc, Hue, Hua—Ital. Ugo.

Ending in el, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hicel—O.G. Hugila, Huckili—Eng. Hugall, Huckell, Whewell, Hickley—Germ. HÜgel—Fr. Hugla, Huel—Ital. Ughelli.

Ending in lin, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hugelin (Chamberlain to Edward the Confessor)—Hugelinus, Domesday—Hueline, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Huelin, Hicklin—Fr. Huguelin, Higlin—Ital. Ugolino.

Ending in et, probably diminutive.

A.S. Hocget—O.G. Huetus, thirteenth century—Hueta, Domesday—Eng. Huggett, Howitt, Hewitt—Fr. Hugot, Huet—Ital. Ughetti.

Ending in es, probably diminutive.

O.G. Hugizo—Eng. Hughes, Hewish, Hodges—Fr. Hugues.

Kin, diminutive.

Hogcin, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Hodgkin.

Ending in en, p. 27.

A.S. Hyeken—Hygine, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Hoggin, Hucken, Higgen—Fr. Hugan, Hogan, Huan, Hoin, Hienne.

Compounds.

(Bald, fortis), A.S. Higbald (Bishop of Lindisfarne), Hibald—O.G. Hugibald, Hubald—Eng. Hibble, Hubble—Fr. Hubault—Ital. Ubaldo, Ubald(ini). (Bert, famous), A.S. Higbert (Bishop of Worcester)—O.G. Hugubert, Hubert—Eng. Hibbert, Hubbard—Germ. Hubert—Fr. Hubert. (Hard, fortis), O.G. Hugihart, Hugard—Eng. Huggard, Heward—Fr. Hugard, Huard, Huart. (Laic, play), A.S. Hygelac—O.G. Hugilaih—O.N. Hugleikr—Eng. Hillock, Hullock—Fr. Hulek. (Lat, terrible,?), Hugolot, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Hewlet, Higlet. (Lind, mild), O.G. Hugilind—Eng. Hewland. (Man, vir), A.S. Hiccemann—Eng. Hugman, Hughman, Human, Higman, Hickman—Germ. Hieckmann—Fr. Humann. (Mot, courage), O.G. Hugimot—Eng. Hickmot. (Mar, famous), A.S. Hykemer—O.G. Hugimar—Eng. Hogmire, Homer, Highmore. (Wald, power), O.G. Hugold—Fr. Huault. Perhaps also, from noth, bold, though I do not find an ancient name to correspond—Eng. Hignett, and Fr. Hugnot, Hognet.

I will take for the last example the stem magin, main; A.S. mÆgin, strength, force; Eng. main, which is rather better represented in French names than in English. There are names, Maianus and Meinus on Roman pottery, which might, however, be either German or Celtic.

O.G. Magan, Main—Main, Lib. Vit.—Eng. Magnay, Mayne—Germ. Mehne—Fr. MagnÉ, Magney—Ital. Magini.

Compounds.

(Bald, fortis), O.G. Meginbold—Fr. Magnabal. (Burg, protection), O.G. Meginburg—Fr. Mainbourg. (Frid, peace), O.G. Maginfrid—Fr. Mainfroy. (Gald, value), O.G. Megingald—Fr. Maingault. (Ger, spear), O.G. Meginger—Eng. Manger. (Gaud, Goth), O.G. Megingaud Fr. Maingot. (Had, war), O.G. Magenad—Fr. Maginot—(Hard, fortis), O.G. Maginhard, Mainard—Eng. Maynard—Germ. Meinert—Fr. Magnard, Maynard—Ital. Mainardi—(Hari, warrior), O.G. Maganhar, Mayner—Germ. Meiner—Fr. Magnier, Maynier—Ital. Maineri.

Perhaps also to this stem (with nant, daring) we may put Magnentius, the name of a German who usurped the imperial purple and was slain A.D. 353, also the Fr. Magnan and Maignan.

These three stems, in one of which the Anglo-Saxon predominates, and in another the Frankish or High German, while in a third there are two parallel forms, Anglo-Saxon and Frankish, running side by side, may be taken as fairly representative of the system upon which Teutonic names are formed.