Military Manners and Customs

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I. THE LAWS OF WAR.
	PAGE
The prohibition of explosive bullets in war	2
The importance of the Declaration of St. Petersburg of 1868	3
The ultimate triumph of more destructive methods	4
Illustrated by history of the crossbow or the musket	5
Or of cannons, torpedoes, red-hot shot, or the bayonet	5
Numbers slain in modern and earlier warfare	8
The laws of war at the Brussels Conference of 1874	10
Do the laws of war tend to improve?	13
A negative answer suggested from reference	13
?1. To the use of poison in war	14
?2. To the bombardment of towns	15
?3. To the destruction of public buildings	16
?4. To the destruction of crops and fruit-trees	16
?5. To the murder of prisoners or the wounded	17
?6. To the murder of surrendered garrisons	18
?7. To the destruction of fishing-boats	19
?8. To the disuse of the declaration of war	19
?9. To the torture and mutilation of combatants and non-combatants	20
10. To the custom of contributions	20
The futile attempts of Grotius and Vattel to humanise warfare	21
The rights of war in the time of Grotius	24
The futility of international law with regard to laws of war	26
The employment of barbarian troops	26
The taking of towns by assault	27
The laws of war contrasted with the practice	28
War easier to abolish than to humanise	30
CHAPTER II. WARFARE IN CHIVALROUS TIMES.
Delusion about character of war in days of chivalry	32
The common slaughter of women and children	33
The Earl of Derby’s sack of Poitiers	34
The massacres of Grammont and Gravelines	35
The old poem of the Vow of the Heron	36
The massacre of Limoges by Edward the Black Prince	37
The imprisonment of ladies for ransom	38
Prisoners of war starved to death	39
Or massacred, if no prospect of ransom	41
Or blinded or otherwise mutilated	42
The meaning of a surrender at discretion	44
As illustrated by Edward III. at Calais	44
And by several instances in the same and the next century	45
The practice of burning in aid of war	182
Civilised and barbarian warfare	183
No real distinction between them	184
CHAPTER VII. WAR AND CHRISTIANITY.
The war question at the time of the Reformation	185
The remonstrances of Erasmus against the custom	186
Influence of Grotius on the side of war	187
The war question in the early Church	188
The Fathers against the lawfulness of war	190
Causes of the changed views of the Church	192
The clergy as active combatants for over a thousand years	193
Fighting bishops	193
Bravery in war and ecclesiastical preferment	196
Pope Julius II. at the siege of Mirandola	197
The last fighting bishop	197
Origin and meaning of the declaration of war	198
Superstition in the naming of weapons, ships, &c.	200
The custom of kissing the earth before a charge	201
Connection between religious and military ideas	202
The Church as a pacific agency	204
Her efforts to set limits to reprisals	207
The altered attitude of the modern Church	208
Early Reformers only sanctioned just wars	208
Voltaire’s reproach against the Church	210
Canon Mozley’s sermon on war	212
The answer to his apology	214
CHAPTER VIII. CURIOSITIES OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE.
Increased severity of discipline	218
Limitation of the right of matrimony	219
Compulsory Church parade and its origin	219
Atrocious military punishments	221
Reasons for the military love of red	223
The origin of bear-skin hats	223
Different qualities of bravery	225
Historical fears for the extinction of courage	225
The conquests of the cause of Peace	227
Causes of the unpopularity of military service	228
The dulness of life in the ranks	228
The prevalence of desertion	230
Articles of war against Malingering	231
Military artificial ophthalmia	233
The debasing influence of discipline	234
Illustrated from the old flogging system	235
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CHAPTER I.

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER VII.

CHAPTER VIII.