The Geography of Strabo, Volume 2 (of 3) / Literally Translated, with Notes

FOOTNOTES:

1 The ancient Tanais.

2 These words are interpolated. Casaubon.

3 ????e?, pe??p???, pe???d?? ???

4 The territory of the Acarnanes is still called Carnia, south of the Gulf of Arta. The rest of the countries mentioned by Strabo no longer retain the ancient divisions, Boeotia is the modern Livadhia. G.

5 The Gulf of Lepanto.

6 Makedunea.

7 The ancient Thessaly is the modern Vlakea.

8 The neighbourhood of the Gulf of Zeitun—the ancient Maliac Gulf.

9 In Asia Minor, and founded the cities Miletus, Smyrna, PhocÆa, &c.

10 The word Ægialus (????a???) signifies sea-shore. The name was given to this part of the Peloponnesus (afterwards called Achaia) from the towns being situated generally along the coast. Others, however, give a different explanation to the word.

11 1113 before the Christian era. G.

12 Taking the reverse order in which these peninsulas are described, the fifth and last contains all the rest, the fourth all but the difference between the fourth and fifth, and so on in order until we come to the Peloponnesus, properly so called, which is thus the least of the peninsulas. Strabo himself seems to admit the term peninsula to be improperly applied to these subdivisions, by first describing Greece to be divided into two great bodies, viz. that within and that without the Isthmus of Corinth.

13 For the same reason, at a subsequent period, it obtained the name of Morea, in Greek (????a) which signifies mulberry, a species or variety of which tree bears leaves divided into five lobes—equal in number to the five principal capes of the Peloponnesus. See book ii. ch. i. 30.

14 Cape Papa.

15 Zante.

16 Cephalonia.

17 Theaki.

18 Cape Matapan.

19 Basilico.

20 Gulf of Coron.

21 Gulf of Colochina.

22 Gulf of Napoli.

23 Gulf of Castri.

24 Gulf of Egina.

25 Fidari.

26 Aspro-potamo.

27 Drepano.

28 Castle of Roumelia.

29 Patras.

30 Vostitza.

31 The words in brackets are inserted according to the suggestion of Groskurd. The Gulf of Corinth is, in other passages, called by Strabo the CrissÆan Gulf.

32 Od. xv. 298.

33 Il. v. 545.

34 Od. iii. 4.

35 Igliaco.

36 Chiarenza, in ruins.

37 Cape Tornese.

38 Il. ii. 650.

39 Il. xv. 531.

40 Od. i. 261.

41 Od. ii. 328.

42 Il. xi. 738.

43 I read ?? ?a?, as Meineke suggests, but the whole passage from “there is” to “Ephyra,” is, as he also remarks, probably an interpolation. Strabo has already enumerated four cities of the name of Ephyra, viz. the Eliac, the Thesprotic, the Corinthian, and the Thessalian; yet here two others are presented to our notice, the Sicyonian and the Ætolian, of which Strabo makes no mention in his account of Ætolia and Sicyonia.

44 Il. xxiv. 78.

45 Il. ii. 730.

46 Il. ii. 591.

47 This is supposed to be the modern Navarino. The Coryphasium is Mount St. Nicholas. G.

48 ????? ????, or Coele-Elis.

49 Il. ii. 615.

50 Il. xxiii. 630.

51 Od. i. 344.

52 Od. ii. 496.

53 Il. ix. 529.

54 Il. ii. 625.

55 Il. ii. 756.

56 This passage in brackets is an interpolation to explain the subsequent inquiry who the Caucones were. Kramer.

57 Il. iii. 636.

58 Book vii. ch. vii. 2.

59 Il. vii. 135.

60 This passage is transposed from the following section, as proposed by Groskurd.

61 ?????, the meaning of this word is uncertain; Meyer in his “Botanische erklarung” of Strabo does not attempt to explain it.

62 Od. iii. 4.

63 Book xii. c. 3, 4. Little, however, can be obtained of their history, which is buried in the same obscurity as the Pelasgi and Leleges.

64 This passage is an interpolation by the same hand probably as that in s. 11. Cramer.

65 Dardanus was the son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the seven daughters of Atlas, surnamed Atlantides.

66 Il. ii. 591.

67 Il. ii. 721.

68 Hercules, after killing the Hydra, dipped the arrows which he afterwards made use of against the Centaurs, in gall of this monster. Pausanias, however, speaks of one Centaur only, Chiron, or, according to others, Polenor, who washed his wounds in the Anigrus.

69 The daughters of Proetus. According to Apollodorus, Melampus cured them of madness, probably the effect of a disease of the skin.

70 Alphi, Lepra alphoides. Leuce, white tetter or common leprosy. Leichen, a cutaneous disease tending to leprosy.

71 The position of Pylus of Messenia is uncertain. D’Anville places it at New Navarino. BarbiÉ de Bocage at Old Navarino. See also Ernst Curtius, Peloponnesus.

72 Il. vii. 133.

73 Il. ix. 153.

74 Some MSS. have 120 stadia.

75 Il. ii. 591.

76 Il. xi. 710

77 A marsh.

78 The sea-shore.

79 Il. xi. 710.

80 Il. ii. 697.

81 Il. ii. 584.

82 In the discussion which follows, Strabo endeavours to prove, that the Pylus of Nestor is the Pylus of Triphylia, and not the Pylus of Messenia.

83 Od. xv. 295

84 Od. iv. 671; xv. 298.

85 Il. xi. 677.

86 Il. xi. 681.

87 Il. xi. 756.

88 Il. xi. 697.

89 Il. i. 528.

90 Il. viii. 199.

91 Probably an interpolation.

92 The establishment of the Olympic games is connected with many legends, and is involved in much obscurity. See Smith, Greek and Roman Antiq.

93 776 B. C.

94 Il. xi. 677.

95 An interpolation. K.

96 Od. ii. 238.

97 An interpolation. Meineke.

98 An interpolation. Groskurd.

99 The text of Homer gives the name of Pharis.

100 Il. ix. 150.

101 Il. ii. 582.

102 Thucydides, b. iv. ch. 2. The expedition was under the command of Eurymedon and Sophocles. Stratocles being at the time archon at Athens.

103 Thucydides, b. iv. ch. 38. The number was 292.

104 Strivali.

105 According to Pausanias, Mothone, or Methone, was the Pedasus of Homer. It is the modern Modon.

106 Cape Gallo. The Gulf of Messenia is now the Gulf of Coron.

107 The name Thyrides, the little gates, is probably derived from the fable which placed the entrance of the infernal regions at TÆnarum, Cape Matapan.

108 For CinÆthium I read CÆnepolis, as suggested by Falconer, and approved by Coray.

109 Vitulo.

110 Scardamula.

111 As Strabo remarks, in b. x., that the temple was built by Nestor on his return from Troy, Falconer suggests that it might have derived its name from the river Nedon, near Gerenia, the birth-place of Nestor.

112 In the island of Cos.

113 According to Pausanias, Gerenia is the Enope of Homer.

114 Hira in the time of Pausanias was called Abia (PalÆochora?). Some interpreters of Homer were misled by the name of a mountain, Ira, near Megalopolis, and placed there a city of the same name, but Hira was on the sea-coast.

115 Æpys, a?p??, lofty.

116 The Pirnatza.

117 So called from its fertility.

118 In the text 250, s?, an error probably arising from the repetition of the preceding final letter.

119 The Pamisus above mentioned was never called the Amathus. There were three rivers of this name, one near the Triphyliac Pylus, which was also called Amathus; a second at Leuctrum of Laconia; and a third near Messene.

120 The ruins of Messene are now near the place called Mauromathia.

121 Mount Vulkano.

122 The first war dates from the year B. C. 743, and continued 20 years. The second, beginning from 682 B. C., lasted 14 years; the third concluded in the year 456 B. C., with the capture of Ithome, which was the citadel or fort of Messene. Diod. Sic. lib. xv. c. 66.

123 The Messenians, driven from Ithome at the end of the third war, settled at Naupactus, which was given to them as a place of refuge by the Athenians, after the expulsion of the Locri-OzolÆ. It is probable that Strabo considers as a fourth war that which took place in the 94th Olympiad, when the Messenians were driven from Naupactus by the LacedÆmonians and compelled to abandon Greece entirely.

124 Leake supposes AmyclÆ to have been situated between Iklavokhori and Sparta, on the hill of Agia Kyriaki, half a mile from the Eurotas. At this place he discovered on an imperfect inscription the letters ??? following a proper name, and leaving little doubt that the incomplete word was ?????????. See Smith.

125 Cape Matapan.

126 The Ass’s Jaw. It is detached from the continent, and is now the island of Servi.

127 Cerigo.

128 750 stadia. Groskurd.

129 By others written in the singular number, Malea, now C. St. Angelo.

130 The site of Gythium is identified as between Marathonisi and Trinissa.

131 The Iri, or Vasili Potamo.

132 Il. ii. 584.

133 Rupina, or Castel Rampano. The plain of Leuce is traversed by the river Mario-revina.

134 The site of Asopus appears, according to the ruins indicated in the Austrian map, to have been situated a little to the north of Rupina.

135 ???, d?, ??, for ?????, d?a, a??d???.

136 Il. xix. 392.

137 Probably an interpolation.

138 The text here is very corrupt.

139 1090 B. C.

140 Od. iii. 249, 251.

141 His character is discreditably spoken of by Josephus, Antiq. b. xvi. c. 10. and Bell. Jud. b. i. c. 26.

142 The cities of the Eleuthero-Lacones were at first 24 in number; in the time of Pausanias 18 only. They were kindly treated by Augustus, but subsequently they were excluded from the coast to prevent communication with strangers. Pausanias, b. iii. c. 21.

143 From hence to the end of the section the text is corrupt. See Groskurd for an attempt to amend the text of the last sentence, which is here not translated.

144 This quotation, as also the one which follows, are from a tragedy of Euripides, now lost.

145 The Pirnatza.

146 ??t??. Some are of opinion that the epithet was applied to LacedÆmon, because fish of the cetaceous tribe frequented the coast of Laconia.

147 Il. i. 268.

148 This may have taken place a little before the third Messenian war, b. c. 464, when an earthquake destroyed all the houses in Sparta, with the exception of five. Diod. Sic. b. xv. c. 66; Pliny, b. ii. c. 79.

149 Pliny, b. xxxvi. c. 18, speaks of the black marble of TÆnarus.

150 Od. xxi. 13.

151 Eustathius informs us that, according to some writers, Sparta and LacedÆmon were the names of the two principal quarters of the city; and adds that the comic poet, Cratinus, gave the name of Sparta to the whole of Laconia.

152 Od. iii. 488.

153 Cheramidi.

154 Od. iii. 487.

155 Od. ii. 359.

156 The text to the end of the section is very corrupt. The following is a translation of the text as proposed to be amended by Groskurd. The epithet of LacedÆmon, hollow, cannot properly be applied to the country, for this peculiarity of the city does not with any propriety agree with the epithets given to the country; unless we suppose the epithet to be a poetical licence. For, as has been before remarked, it must be concluded from the words of the poet himself, that Messene was then a part of Laconia, and subject to Menelaus. It would then be a contradiction (in Homer) not to join Messene, which took part in the expedition, with Laconia or the Pylus under Nestor, nor to place by itself in the Catalogue, as though it had no part in the expedition.

157 Skylli.

158 The islands about Delos.

159 The form thus given to the Gulf of Hermione bears no resemblance to modern maps.

160 Pausanias calls it Epidelium, now S. Angelo.

161 The ruins are a little to the north of Monembasia, Malvasia, or Nauplia de Malvasia.

162 Cerigo.

163 The ruins are on the bay of Rheontas.

164 Toniki, or Agenitzi.

165 Napoli di Romagna. Nauplius, to avenge the death of his son Palamedes, was the cause of many Greeks perishing on their return from Troy at Cape Caphareus in Euboea, famous for its dangerous rocks. The modern Greeks give to this promontory the name of ????f????, (Xylophagos,) or devourer of vessels. Italian navigators call it Capo d’Oro, which in spite of its apparent signification, Golden Cape, is probably a transformation of the Greek word Caphareus.

166 Strabo confounds Nauplius, son of Clytoreus, and father of Palamedes, with Nauplius, son of Neptune and Amymone, and one of the ancestors of Palamedes.

167 Fornos.

168 Castri.

169 Damala.

170 I. Poros.

171 A place near the ruins of Epidaurus preserves the name Pedauro. G.

172 Scheno.

173 Il. iv. 52.

174 Il. ii. 559.

175 Il. i. 30.

176 Il. ii. 681.

177 Il. ix. 141.

178 Od. iii. 251.

179 Od. xviii. 245.

180 Book i. 3.

181 Il. ii. 684.

182 Od. i. 344.

183 Od. xv. 80.

184 Il. iv. 171.

185 Sophocles, El. 10.

186 Il. ii. 193.

187 Od. ii. 376.

188 Il. i. 3.

189 Probably an interpolation. Meineke.

190 The Planitza.

191 Il. vi. 623.

192 Il. vi. 152.

193 Od. i. 344.

194 Il. ii. 108.

195 About 1283, B. C.

196 About 1190, B. C.

197 Not strictly correct, as in the time of Pausanias, who lived about 150 years after Strabo, a large portion of the walls surrounding MycenÆ still existed. Even in modern times traces are still to be found.

198 Il. ii. 559.

199 From ?ast??, the belly, ?e?? the hand.

200 Poseidon, or Neptune. This god, after a dispute with Minerva respecting this place, held by order of Jupiter, divided possession of it with her. Hence the ancient coins of Troezen bear the trident and head of Minerva.

201 ?????, pogon or beard. Probably the name is derived from the form of the harbour. Hence the proverb, “Go to Troezen,” (p?e?se?a? e?? ???????a,) addressed to those who had little or no beard.

202 Plutarch, Life of Demosthenes.

203 Pidauro.

204 Methana is the modern name.

205 Thucyd. b. ii. c. 34. Methone is the reading of all manuscripts and editions.

206 Herodotus, b. v. c. 83, and b. viii. c. 93.

207 This colony must have been posterior to that of the Samians, the first founders of Cydonia.

208 Il. ii. 496.

209 Il. ii. 559.

210 Il. ii. 497.

211 Il. ii. 632.

212 Thucyd. ii. 27; iv. 56.

213 A place not known.

214 Probably interpolated.

215 Il. ii. 569.

216 Tricorythus in place of Corinth is the suggestion of Coray.

217 Iph. Taur. 508 et seq.

218 Orest. 98, 101, 1246.

219 ?? pa?t?? ??d??? ?? ???????? ?s?’ ? p????, which Horace has elegantly Latinized, Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum.

220 ?st???—distaffs; also, masts and sailors.

221 Strabo here gives the name of CrissÆan Gulf to the eastern half of the Gulf of Corinth.

222 Of or belonging to asses.

223 The remains of an ancient place at the distance of about a mile after crossing the Erasinus, (Kephalari,) are probably those of CenchreÆ. Smith.

224 Crommyon was distant 120 stadia from Corinth, (Thuc. iv. 45,) and appears to have therefore occupied the site of the ruins near the chapel of St. Theodorus. The village of Kineta, which many modern travellers suppose to correspond to Crommyon, is much farther from Corinth than 120 stadia. Smith.

225 According to Pausanias, the Teneates derive their origin from the Trojans taken captive at the island of Tenedos. On their arrival in Peloponnesus, Tenea was assigned to them as a habitation by Agamemnon.

226 B. C. 146.

227 Aristeides of Thebes, a contemporary of Alexander the Great. At a public sale of the spoils of Corinth, King Attalus offered so large a price for the painting of Bacchus, that Mummius, although ignorant of art, was attracted by the enormity of the price offered, withdrew the picture, in spite of the protestations of Attalus, and sent it to Rome.

228 This story forms the subject of the TrachiniÆ of Sophocles.

229 Mummius was so ignorant of the arts, that he threatened those who were intrusted with the care of conveying to Rome the pictures and statues taken at Corinth, to have them replaced by new ones at their expense, in case they should be so unfortunate as to lose them.

230 The plastic art was invented at Sicyon by Dibutades; according to others, at the island of Samos, by Roecus and Theodorus. From Greece it was carried into Etruria by Demaratus, who was accompanied by Eucheir and Eugrammus, plastic artists, and by the painter Cleophantus of Corinth, B. C. 663. See b. v. c. ii. § 2.

231 Il. ii. 571.

232 The ruins are situated below the monastery Kesra.

233 Vasilika.

234 Ægialus was the most ancient name of Achaia, and was given to it on account of the greater number of cities being situated upon the coast. The Sicyonians, however, asserted that the name was derived from one of their kings named Ægialeus.

235 The story is narrated differently in Pausanias, b. vii. c. 1.

236 About 1044 B. C.

237 The twelve cities were PhocÆa, ErythrÆ, ClazomenÆ, Teos, Lebedos, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, Miletus, and Samos and Chios in the neighbouring islands. See b. xiv. c. i. § 3. This account of the expulsion of the Ionians from Peloponnesus is taken from Polybius, b. ii. c. 41, and b. iv. c. 1.

238 And LacedÆmonians, adds Polybius, b. ii. c. 39.

239 Patras and Paleocastro.

240 This festival, Panionium, or assembly of all the Ionians, was celebrated at Mycale, or at Priene at the base of Mount Mycale, opposite the island of Samos, in a place sacred to Neptune. The Ionians had a temple also at Miletus and another at Teos, both consecrated to the Heliconian Neptune. Herod. i. 148. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 24.

241 Il. xx. 403.

242 The birth of Homer was later than the establishment of the Ionians in Asia Minor, according to the best authors. Aristotle makes him contemporary with the Ionian migration, 140 years after the Trojan war.

243 Ælian, De NaturÂ Anim. b. ii. c. 19, and Pausanias, b. vii. c. 24, 25, give an account of this catastrophe, which was preceded by an earthquake, and was equally destructive to the city Bura. B. C. 373.

244 The Syngathus Hippocampus of LinnÆus, from ?pp??, a horse, and ??p?, a caterpillar. It obtained its name from the supposed resemblance of its head to a horse and of its tail to a caterpillar. From this is derived the fiction of sea-monsters in attendance upon the marine deities. It is, however, but a small animal, abundant in the Mediterranean. The head, especially when dried, is like that of a horse. Pliny, b. xxxii. c. 9—11. Ælian, De Nat. Anim. b. xiv. c. 20.

245 This distinguished man was elected general of the AchÆan League, B. C. 245.

246 The expulsion of the Carthaginians from Sicily took place 241 B. C. The war of the Romans against the Cisalpine Gauls commenced 224 B. C., when the Romans passed the Po for the first time.

247 Text abbreviated by the copyist.

248 Il. ii. 576.

249 Il. ii. 639.

250 Il. viii. 203.

251 Il. xiii. 21, 34.

252 ??????—??a???a? The Acrata. The site of ÆgÆ is probably the Khan of Acrata. Smith.

253 From the heights on which it was situated, descends a small river, (the Crius,) which discharges itself into the sea near Cape Augo-Campos.

254 Vostitza.

255 Leake places the port of Ægeira at Maura-Litharia, the Black Rocks, on the left of which on the summit of a hill are some vestiges of an ancient city, which must have been Ægeira.

256 Phoen. 163.

257 See above, § 3.

258 Anab. v. 3. 8.

259 Castel di Morea.

260 Castel di Rumeli.

261 Sun-set.

262 Gossellin suggests that the name Stratos was derived from a spot called the Tomb of Sostratus, held in veneration by the inhabitants of Dyme.

263 The Risso or Mana.

264 From the fountain Dirce, and the rivers Asopus, Inachus, and SimoÏs.

265 Cape Papa.

266 Now bears the name of Zyria; its height, as determined by the French commission, is 7788 feet above the level of the sea. Smith.

267 The Arcadians called themselves Autochthones, indigenous, and also Proseleni, born before the moon; hence Ovid speaking of them says, “LunÂ gens prior illa fuit.”

268 B. C. 371.

269 Mauro vuni.

270 Mintha.

271 Partheni.

272 Called Katavothra by modern Greeks.

273 The Landona.

274 The Carbonaro.

275 The Kephalari.

276 The following section is corrupt in the original; it is translated according to the corrections proposed by Kramer, Gossellin, &c.

277 The peninsulas described by Strabo, are:

1. The Peloponnesus, properly so called, bounded by the Isthmus of Corinth.

2. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from PagÆ to NisÆa, and including the above.

3. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the recess of the CrissÆan Gulf, properly so called, (the Bay of Salona,) to ThermopylÆ, and includes the two first.

4. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the Ambracic Gulf to ThermopylÆ and the Maliac Gulf, and includes the three former.

5. The peninsula bounded by a line drawn from the Ambracic Gulf to the recess of the Thermaic Gulf, and contains the former four peninsulas.

278 These words are transposed from after the word Epicnemidii, as suggested by Cramer.

279 The CrissÆan Gulf, properly so called, is the modern Bay of Salona. But probably Strabo (or rather Eudoxus, whose testimony he alleges) intended to comprehend, under the denomination of CrissÆan, the whole gulf, more commonly called Corinthian by the ancients, that is, the gulf which commenced at the strait between Rhium and Antirrhium, and of which the CrissÆan Gulf was only a portion. The text in the above passage is very corrupt.

280 From Sunium to the Isthmus.

281 Libadostani.

282 N. W. by W., 1/4 W.

283 Literally, “by legs on each side.” NisÆa was united to Megara, as the PirÆus to Athens, by two long walls.

284 Il. ii. 546.

285 Il. xiii. 685.

286 See note to vol. i. page 329.

287 This place is unknown.

288 From a lost tragedy of Sophocles.

289 Probably interpolated.

290 Il. ii. 557.

291 Il. xiii. 681.

292 Il. iv. 327.

293 Il. iv. 273.

294 Il. iii. 230.

295 Il. ii. 557.

296 These horns, according to Wheler, are two pointed rocks on the summit of the mountain situated between Eleusis and Megara. On one of these rocks is a tower, called by the modern Greeks Cerata or Kerata-Pyrga.

297 Lepsina.

298 S????.

299 ?ates?e?ase?.

300 ?p???se. Ictinus was also the architect of the temple of Apollo Epicurius near Phigalia in Arcadia.

301 Thria.

302 Scaramandra; from the height above Ægaleos, Xerxes witnessed the battle of Salamis.

303 Megala Kyra, Micra Kyra.

304 t? ?st?, the Asty, was the upper town, in opposition to the lower town, of PirÆus. See Smith’s Dictionary for a very able and interesting article, AthenÆ; also Kiepert’s Atlas von Hellas.

305 Sylla took Athens, after a long and obstinate siege, on the 1st March, B. C. 86. The city was given up to rapine and plunder.

306 Strabo thus accounts for his meagre description of the public buildings at Athens, for which, otherwise, he seems to have had no inclination.

307 Hegesias was an artist of great celebrity, and a contemporary of Pheidias. The statues of Castor and Pollux by Hegesias, are supposed by Winkelman to be the same as those which now stand on the stairs leading to the Capitol, but this is very doubtful. Smith.

308 In the Erechtheium.

309 The Heroum, or temple dedicated to the daughters of Leos, who were offered up by their father as victims to appease the wrath of Minerva in a time of pestilence. The position of the temple is doubtfully placed by Smith below the Areiopagus.

310 The well-known temple of Theseus being the best preserved of all the monuments of Greece.

311 An eminent geographer. He made extensive journeys through Greece to collect materials for his geographical works, and as a collector of inscriptions on votive offerings and columns, he was one of the earlier contributors to the Greek Anthology. Smith.

312 The Odeium was a kind of theatre erected by Pericles in the Ceramic quarter of the city, for the purpose of holding musical meetings. The roof, supported by columns, was constructed out of the wreck of the Persian fleet conquered at Salamis. There was also the Odeium of Regilla, but this was built in the time of the Antonines.

313 The country was called Actica from ActÆos. Parian Chronicle.

314 Demetrius Phalereus was driven from Athens, 307 B. C., whence he retired to Thebes. The death of Casander took place 298 B. C.

315 Aratus, the AchÆan general, 245 B. C., drove from Attica the LacedÆmonian garrisons, and restored liberty to the Athenians.

316 B. C. 87.

317 C. Halikes.

318 Falkadi.

319 Elisa.

320 Raphti.

321 Il. iii. 443.

322 Macronisi.

323 Negropont.

324 From C. Colonna to C. Mantelo.

325 Smith gives an alphabetical list of 160 demi.

326 Monte San Giorgio.

327 As Mount Hymettus was always celebrated for producing the best honey, it would appear from this passage that there were silver mines in it. It appears however that the Athenians had failed to discover silver in Hymettus. It is not impossible that Strabo has adopted literally some proverb or saying of the miners, such as, “Ours is the best honey.”

328 In the following description of Greece, Strabo employs the term belts or bands ta???a? for the territory intercepted between the lines forming the peninsulas. See note, chap. i. § 1, of this book.

329 About 67 yards. See also b. x. ch. i. § 8.

330 Leuctra and Mantineia.

331 The Thebans, who were formerly the allies of the Macedonians, were opposed to Philip of Macedon at the battle of ChÆroneia. On the accession to the throne of Alexander, the city was destroyed, B. C. 335; 6000 of the inhabitants were killed, and 30,000 sold as slaves. The city was rebuilt, B. C. 316, by Casander. Pausanias, ix. 7. The ravages committed by Sylla in the war against Mithridates, which completed the final ruin of Thebes, must have been fresh in the memory of Strabo.

332 Hieros Limen.

333 New Eretria stood at Paleocastro, and old Eretria at Vathy.

334 Dramesi.

335 AthenÆus, v. 15.

336 Livy states (xlv. 27) that Aulis was distant three miles from Chalcis; by Homer (Il. ii. 303) it is called ????? pet??essa. About three miles south of Chalcis, on the Boeotian coast, are two bays, separated from each other by a rocky peninsula: the northern is small and winding, the southern spreads out at the end of a channel into a large circular basin. The latter harbour, as well as a village situated a mile to the southward of it, is called Vathy, a name evidently derived from a??? ????. We may therefore conclude that Aulis was situated on the rocky peninsula between these two bays. Leake and Smith.

337 See above, c. ii. § 2.

338 d????d??ta? d’ e?? a?t??? s????? The passage does not give a clear explanation of the fact. Livy, b. xxviii. c. 6.

339 Thucydides, b. ii. ch. 23, says that Graia is on the road leading from Oropus to Athens.

340 In modern maps a modern town, Skoimandri, is laid down near the ruins of Tanagra. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 20, informs us why Tanagra was called both Poimandria and Graia. Tanagra was the daughter of Æolus and wife of Poimandrus; she arrived at such an extreme old age, as to receive the title of Graia, the Old.

341 Argyrokastro.

342 The exact site of Harma is uncertain. Leake supposes it to have occupied the important pass on the road from Thebes to Chalcis, leading to the maritime plain. Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, says that it obtained its name from the chariot of Amphiaraus having disappeared there.

343 We should perhaps read Harma, says Kramer; but in that case Tanagra of Boeotia would be upon the right hand. The reading Argos is a manifest error, and the whole passage is corrupt.

344 Il. ii. 508.

345 Leake supposes ÆgÆ to have stood near Limni. Strabo, below, ch. vii. § 4, says that probably the ÆgÆan Sea had its name from this place.

346 Of this place, although mentioned by Thucydides, b. iii. ch. 89, very little is known, in consequence no doubt of its having almost entirely disappeared by an earthquake, which took place about 426 or 425 years B. C.

347 Ktypa-vuna.

348 Near Anthedon was a place called the Leap of Glaucus, where he threw himself into the sea. Pausanias, ix. 22. The ruins of Anthedon are situated 1-1/2 mile from Lukisi. Smith.

349 This passage is very corrupt.

350 The sites of these places are unknown.

351 Mauro-potamos.

352 Lake of Livadhia.

353 ??p?, an oar.

354 That is, by natural or artificial subterraneous channels.

355 Mauroneri.

356 Pliny, b. xvi. c. 36.

357 Il. ii. 503.

358 There were several rivers of this name. See below, c. iii. § 16.

359 Il. ii. 523.

360 See below, ch. iii. § 15. Elateia is represented by the modern village of Elefta.

361 See ch. ii. § 26.

362 It is impossible to make any exact statement respecting its extent, since it varied so much at different times of the year and in different seasons. On the northern and eastern sides its extent is limited by a range of heights, but on the opposite quarter there is no such natural boundary to its size. Smith, v. Boeotia, which contains also a useful map from Forschamer’s Hellenica of the Basin of the Copais.

363 There appears to be no modern lake in the position assigned to Trephea by Kiepert. Kramer suggests the omission here of the word Trephea.

364 Il. v. 708.

365 Makaris.

366 Il. xx. 385.

367 Thiva.

368 Il. ii. 500.

369 Il. vii. 221.

370 The text is in a very imperfect state. The section is translated as proposed to be emended by Kramer.

371 Morikios.

372 Kalyvi.

373 Mount Elatea.

374 There is some doubt respecting the modern name of ThespiÆ; the Austrian map places the ruins near Erimokastro.

375 Placing Ascra at Pyrgaki, there is little doubt that Aganippe, whence the Muses were called Aganippides, is the fountain which issues from the left bank of the torrent flowing midway between Paleopanaghea and Pyrgaki. Around this fountain Leake observed numerous square blocks, and in the neighbouring fields stones and remains of habitations. The position of the Grove of the Muses is fixed at St. Nicholas, by an inscription which Leake discovered there relating to the Museia, or the games of the Muses, which were celebrated there under the presidency of the Thespians. Paus. b. ix. c. 31. In the time of Pausanias the Grove of the Muses contained a larger number of statues than any other place in Boeotia, and this writer has given an account of many of them. The statues of the Muses were removed by Constantine from this place to his new capital, where they were destroyed by fire, in A. D. 404. Smith.

376 Works and Days, 639.

377 This is a mistake, since the loftiest summit of Helicon is barely 5000 feet high, whilst that of Parnassus is upwards of 8000 feet. Smith. Helicon is a range of mountains with several summits, of which the loftiest is a round mountain now called Paleovuni. Smith. The Austrian map gives the modern name Zagora to Helicon.

378 Twenty stadia from the Grove of the Muses was the fountain Hippocrene, which was said to have been produced by the horse Pegasus striking the ground with his foot. Paus. b. ix. ch. 31. Hippocrene was probably at Makariotissa, which is noted for a fine spring of water. Smith. The Austrian map places it at Kukuva. Leibethrum, or Leibethreium, is described by Pausanias as distant 40 stadia from Coroneia, and is therefore probably the mount Zagora. Smith.

379 Il. ii. 499.

380 The remains of Haliartus are situated upon a hill about a mile from the village of Mazi, on the road from Thebes to Lebadeia, and at the distance of about 15 miles from either place. Although the walls of the town are scarcely anywhere traceable, its extent is marked on the east and west by two small rivers, of which that to the west issues from the foot of the hill of Mazi, the eastern, called the Kafalari, has its origin in Mount Helicon. The stream on the western side of the city is the one called Hoplites by Plutarch, where Lysander fell in battle with the Thebans, B. C. 395, and is apparently the same as the Lophis of Pausanias. The stream on the eastern side, the Kafalari, is formed by the union of two rivulets, which appear to be the Permessus and Olmeius, which are described by Strabo as flowing from Helicon, and after their union entering the Lake Copais, near Haliartus. Smith.

381 It was celebrated for the worship of Athena, who is hence called Alalcomeneis in Homer. The temple of the goddess stood at a little distance from the town, on the Triton, a small stream flowing into the Lake Copais. The modern village Sulinari is the site of AlalcomenÆ. Smith.

382 Phoenicium, or Sphingium, now called Faga, the mountain between the Lakes Copais and Hylica, connecting Mount Ptoum with the range of Helicon. Forchamer supposes that Phoenicium and Sphingium are the names of two different mountains, separated from one another by the small plain of the stream Daulos; but the name of Poenicium rests only on the authority of Strabo, and it is probably a corruption of Phicium. F?? is the Æolic form of Sp/???, (Hes. Theog. 326,) and therefore there can be no doubt that Phicium and Sphingium are two different forms of the same name. Smith.

383 Il. ii. 502.

384 It was still in existence in the time of Pausanias; the modern village Topolia occupies the site.

385 Leake conjectures that there is an error in the text, and that for Tesp??? we ought to read T?s??, since there is only one spot in the ten miles between PlatÆa and ThespiÆ where any town is likely to have stood, and that was occupied by Leuctra. See Smith.

386 It was here that the Athenians under Tolmides were defeated by the Boeotians in B. C. 447; in consequence of which defeat the Athenians lost the sovereignty which they had for some years exercised over Boeotia. The plain of Coroneia was also the scene of the victory gained by Agesilaus over the Thebans and their allies in B. C. 394.

387 Pausanias, b. ix. 33, mentions the Heroum of Lysander in Haliartus, and some ruined temples, which had been burnt by the Persians, and had been purposely left in that state. Smith.

388 Leake identifies Glisas with the ruins on the bank of the torrent Platanaki, above which rises the mountain Siamata, the ancient Hypatus.

389 The following is the original of this corrupt passage. Kramer suggests that the words ?. d. have been introduced from the margin into the text.

?e???fa ?a?e?ta? d??[* * * ? ?p?p]?pta? t?
?????? ?a???e??? ped??? ? d?ate??e? * *
* * * * ?p? t?? ?p?t?? ?????.

Pausanias, b. ix. ch. 19, makes mention of a tumulus covered with trees, near the ruins of Glisas or Glissas, which was the burial-place of Ægialus and his companions, and also of other tumuli. These were probably the ?e???fa d??a, woody hillocks. The obscurity, however, still remains.

390 Il. ii. 505.

391 The three summits of Ptoum bear the names of Palea, Stranitza, and Skroponeri.

392 The ruins are situated at a short distance south of Kardhitza. The site of Cierium, the modern village Mataranga, was first discovered by Leake, who identifies it with Arne, and supposes, with much probability, that the name Arne may have been disused by the Thessalian conquerors, because it was of Boeotian origin, and that the new appellation may have been taken from the neighbouring river Curalius or Cuarius.

393 Il. ii. 507.

394 Il. v. 43.

395 Sulinari.

396 Il. iv. 8.

397 Petra.

398 Kapurna.

399 Scripu.

400 On the 7th of August, B. C. 338. Of the details of this battle we have no account. The site of the monument is marked by a tumulus about a mile or a little more from the Khan of Kapurna, on the right side of the road towards Orchomenus. A few years ago (according to Mure) the mound of earth was excavated and a colossal lion discovered, deeply imbedded in its interior. See Smith.

401 Livadhia.

402 Lefka.

403 See below, ch. v. § 15.

404 Il. ix. 381.

405 Euripides, Phoen. 422.

406 Probably an interpolation.

407 Leake places it at Tzamali, but Forchammer with more probability at Avro-Kastro.

408 ??de?e???.

409 Scripu.

410 Bogdana.

411 Aspra-Spitia.

412 Kastri.

413 Daulia.

414 It is a continuation of the ridge of Œta.

415 La Punta.

416 Od. viii. 75.

417 Aspra Spitia.

418 At the mouth of the Spercheius.

419 The ruins are near Chryso.

420 Apparently an interpolation. Groskurd.

421 ?f?t??.

422 Il. ix. 404.

423 A conjecture by Kramer.

424 Pausanias, b. x. c. 5, speaks of a temple of Apollo at Delphi, which was supposed to have been constructed by bees, with their combs and wings.

425 Of which Spintharus the Corinthian was the architect. Pausanias, b. x. c. 5.

426 ???a??d??, played on the cithara, accompanying it with words.

427 ???a??sta?, played on the cithara alone.

428 ????.

429 ????.

430 s?????.

431 Groskurd and Meineke propose emendations of the text of this passage. The translation is rather a paraphrase.

432 Probably, says Palmer, the expression is derived from ?e pa?e, O strike, or ?e pa?, O youth.

433 Aspra-Spitia.

434 ?p?s?e?, “behind it,” but Marathus is on the opposite side of the bay. The ruins are indicated in modern maps.

435 The bay of Metochi d’Hagia.

436 Zagora.

437 This place is represented in the Austrian map by ruins near Exarcho. But how does Strabo place “not far from” the CrisÆan Gulf, AbÆ, which was certainly near Hyampolis, on the borders of the Locri Epicnemidii? It is on the authority of this passage only that geographers have placed a second AbÆ behind Ambrysus, at the foot of Parnassus.

438 Distomo?

439 Daulia.

440 Il. ii. 519.

441 Od. vii. 324.

442 ??e??, the wind.

443 The Look-out.

444 457, B. C.

445 This place was destroyed in the Persian war; no remains existed in the time of Pausanias.

446 The ruins are situated on the east of Turkochorio, made a free state by the Romans. Pausanias, b. x. ch. 34.

447 Demos. pro CoronÂ, B. C. 338.

448 Il. ii. 523.

449 The quotation is from a lost poem.

450 Conjectures of Groskurd, and approved by Kramer.

451 Meineke supposes these words to be an interpolation, because no mention is made by other writers, nor by Strabo himself, in his enumeration of the rivers in Argolis, of the existence of a river called Cephissus at Argos.

452 Polina.

453 Dyrrachium, now Durazzo.

454 The site appears to have been to the south-east of the modern town Neochorio.

455 From hence to the close of the paragraph the text is very corrupt; the restorations are due to the conjectures of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer.

456 Schedius, according to Homer, Il. ii. 517, and Il. xvii. 306, was one of the chiefs of the Phocians.

457 The ruins of Opus are indicated as existing between Talanti and the sea.

458 A portion of the ridge of Œta, on the north-west of Talanti, now Chlomos.

459 A monument, or cenotaph, common to many persons.

460 The site is marked by a tower called Paleopyrgo, near the modern Lebanitis.

461 Mentioned by AthenÆus, b. iii. Hot springs were generally sacred to Hercules.

462 Diodorus Siculus asserts that it was separated from the continent by an earthquake; but statements of this kind were commonly and hastily made, where the natural appearances were favourable to them.

463 Il. xxiii. 85.

464 Il. xviii. 326.

465 The ruins have been discovered by Gell on an insulated hill, near the sea-shore.

466 Paleocastro, in Marmara, near Romani.

467 A conjecture by Groskurd.

468 ?ssa? and ??p?, wooded hollows.

469 In the island of Lesbos.

470 Il. ii. 535.

471 Salona, or Lampeni.

472 Lepanto.

473 Castel de Roumeli.

474 Il. ii. 640.

475 From ??e??, to smell.

476 Maurolimne.

477 The site is unknown.

478 Near Dervend-Elapha.

479 The Hellada.

480 B. vii. c. 198, and c. 200.

481 Translated according to Kramer’s proposed emendation. Demetrias, according to Leake, occupies the southern or maritime face of a height called Goritza, which projects from the coast of Magnesia between 2 and 3 miles to the southward of the middle of Volo. Pausanias, b. vii. c. 7, says that Philip called Chalcis, Corinth, and Magnesia in Thessaly, the “Keys of Greece.” Livy, b. xxxii. c. 37.

482 C. Lithada.

483 The Salambria.

484 This paragraph is translated as proposed by Meineke, who has followed the suggestions of Du Theil, Groskurd, and Kramer, in correcting the text.

485 G. of Zeitun.

486 The ten states or dynasties mentioned by Homer were those of, 1. Achilles. 2. ProtesilaÜs. 3. Eumelus. 4. Philoctetes. 5. Podalirius and Machaon. 6. Eurypylus. 7. Polypoetes. 8. Guneus. 9. ProthoÜs. These are named in the Catalogue in the 2nd Book of the Iliad; the 10th, Dolopia, of which Phoenix was chief, in Il. xvi. 196.

487 Il. ii. 681.

488 Il. ix. 480.

489 Il. ix. 443.

490 Il. ii. 683.

491 Il. ix. 498.

492 Il. ix. 395.

493 The Vlacho.

494 Part of the range of Mount Gura.

495 Satalda. The plain of Pharsalia is to the north.

496 The Gura.

497 Il. ii. 683.

498 Il. xiii. 685.

499 Il. xiii. 693, 699.

500 Il. ii. 682.

501 ? ????, or ? ????.

502 Armyrus.

503 Hence Virgil, Geor. 3, calls Apollo, Pastor ab Amphryso.

504 Isdin or Zeitun.

505 Il. ix. 484.

506 Il. ii. 744.

507 Above S. Theodoro.

508 Il. ii. 695.

509 p?????, to fasten.

510 ?fet?????, a starting-place.

511 Karlas.

512 Velestina.

513 Trikeri.

514 Sciathos.

515 Scopelo?

516 Selidromi?

517 Scyros.

518 Il. ii. 729.

519 Tricala.

520 The ruins are pointed out to the south of Stagus Kalabak.

521 Il. ii. 734.

522 Il. ix. 447.

523 Il. x. 226.

524 Il. ix. 424.

525 t?ta???, chalk.

526 Tcheritchiano.

527 Il. ii. 738.

528 Meineke suggests the reading eta??, between, instead of ????, as far as.

529 The words after PerrhÆbi, e?? t?? ?? t? es??a?? p?ta?a?, into the country in the interior lying along the river, are omitted, as suggested by Meineke.

530 Il. ii. 744.

531 Groskurd suggests the insertion here of Messembria or Odessus. Kramer is inclined to adopt the latter.

532 Il. ii. 748.

533 Or Pelasgiotis. Groskurd.

534 Il. ii. 754.

535 Il. ii. 756.

536 Il. xiii. 301.

537 In the middle ages Euboea was called Egripo, a corruption of Euripus, the name of the town built upon the ruins of Chalcis. The Venetians, who obtained possession of the island upon the dismemberment of the Byzantine empire by the Latins, called it Negropont, probably a corruption of Egripo and Ponte, a bridge. Smith.

538 This expression is obscure; probably it may mean that Euboea is not equal in length to the coast comprehended between Sunium and the southern limits of Thessaly.

539 C. Lithada. The mountain Lithada above the cape, rises to the height of 2837 feet above the sea.

540 C. Mantelo.

541 The real length of the island from N. to S. is about 90 miles, its extreme breadth is 30 miles, but in one part it is not more than 4 miles across. See Smith art. Euboea.

542 Cape Mantelo.

543 Strabo is the only ancient author who describes a place of this name as existing in Euboea. Kiepert and the Austrian map agree in giving the name PetaliÆ, which may here be meant, to the Spili islands.

544 ??t?p?????

545 Euboea has various names. Formerly (says Pliny, b. iv. c. 12) it was called Chalcedontis or Macris, according to Dionysius and Ephorus; Macra, according to Aristides; Chalcis, from brass being there first discovered, according to Callidemus; Abantias, according to MenÆchmus; and Asopis by the poets in general.

546 The narrow channel between the island and the mainland.

547 Il. ii. 536, 542.

548 From Abas, great grandson of Erectheus.

549 From Euboea, daughter of the river Asopus and mistress of Neptune.

550 From e?, well, and ???, a cow. The ancient coins of the island bear the head of an ox.

551 Mount St. Elias, 4748 feet above the level of the sea. Bochart derives the name from an eastern word signifying “narrow.”

552 At the base of Ploko Vuno.

553 Mount Galzades, celebrated for producing medicinal plants. Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. b. ix. c. 15 and 20.

554 Dipso, according to Kiepert.

555 Philipp. iii.

556 Not the town named HistiÆa-Oreus, which was on the sea-coast.

557 Livy, b. xxxi. c. 46.

558 d?? t? ??e???? e??a?

559 Kiepert accordingly places Dium near the modern Jaitra, but the Austrian map places it to the N. E. of Ploko Vuno.

560 Castel Rosso. The landing-place of the Persian expedition under Datis and Artaphernes, B. C. 490. Herod. b. vi. c. 99.

561 SturÆ.

562 The ruins are indicated as existing opposite the Spili islands.

563 ????? f?eta?

564 t? t?? ????? p??se?

565 C. Mantelo.

566 Od. iii. 177.

567 As this statement is unsupported by any other authority, Meineke suggests that the word Arabians (??ae? ??) is an error for Aradii (???d???).

568 Repub. b. iv. c. 3.

569 According to the Scholiast in Apollon. Rhod. Argon, b. i. v. 77, Canethus was a mountain on the Boeotian side of the Euripus.

570 B. i. c. iii. § 16.

571 B. ix. c. ii. § 13.

572 Il. ii. 640.

573 Od. xv. 295.

574 ???a?t?? for a?t??. Meineke.

575 Near PalÆo-castro.

576 Herod. b. iii. c. 149, and b. vi. c. 101.

577 A common practice of the Dorians.

578 B. viii. c. iii. § 6.

579 In Thessaly.

580 Negropont. It was one of the three cities which Philip of Macedon called the chains of Greece. Brass (?a????) was said to have been first found there.

581 He retired there B. C. 322.

582 d???

583 ???t??

584 ? s???ssa ?a? ? ?ss?? Probably an interpolation. Groskurd.

585 ???? t?? stad?a?

586 s?st?d??

587 ?? ?e????

588 Il. ii. 543.

589 Il. xix. 389.

590 Od. viii. 229.

591 Il. iv. 469.

592 Il. xiii. 713, 716.

593 B. vi. c. i. § 13.

594 B. viii. c. vii. § 1.

595 The Aspro-potamo.

596 G. of Arta.

597 B. viii. c. iii. § 11.

598 B. ix. c. v. § 10.

599 B. viii. c. ii. § 3.

600 The promontory bears the name C. Madonna, and the ruins of Anactorium are pointed out as existing at the bottom of the small bay of Prevesa. The modern town, Azio, which is not the ancient Actium, is near these ruins.

601 Near Lepenu.

602 Correction by Groskurd. Trigardon is given in the Austrian map as the ancient site of ŒniadÆ, but this position does not agree with the text.

603 Porto-fico according to D’Anville.

604 Kandili, opposite the island Kalamo.

605 Santa Maura.

606 Neochori.

607 Arta, but the Austrian map gives Rogus as the site.

608 This is an error either of the author or in the text. Groskurd proposes to read Antirrhium (Castel Rumeli) in place of Anactorium. Kramer proposes to follow Tzschucke, and to exchange the positions of the words Stratus and Alyzia in the text.

609 There has been some dispute respecting the site of Calydon. Leake supposes the ruins which he discovered at Kurtaga, or Kortaga, to the west of the Evenus, (Fidari,) to be those of Calydon.

610 Lepanto.

611 Leake supposes it to have stood in the plain of Marathia, opposite the island Trissonia.

612 M. Coraca.

613 M. Zigos.

614 Xerolimne.

615 Kaki-scala.

616 Varassova.

617 Santa Maura.

618 Theaki.

619 Cephalonia.

620 Od. xxiv. 376.

621 Il. ii. 633.

622 I follow the proposed reading, ??a for ????.

623 Du Theil says, Strabo should have said “a daughter of Pterelas who was in love with Cephalus.” See below, § 14.

624 Il. ii. 631.

625 Il. ii. 625.

626 Il. ii. 615.

627 Il. ii. 536.

628 Il. viii. 173.

629 Il. ii. 633.

630 Od. xiv. 100.

631 Od. iv. 671.

632 Od. i. 246.

633 Od. xvi. 249.

634 Od. xv. 366.

635 Il. ii. 632.

636 Od. ix. 21.

637 Od. iii. 81.

638 Probably interpolated. Kramer.

639 Od. ix. 25.

640 Od. xiv. 1.

641 e?de?e??? is the reading of the text, but the reading in Homer is ?pp??at??, adapted for horses, and thus translated by Horace, Epist. lib. I. vii. 41, Non est aptus equis IthacÆ locus.

642 Od. iv. 607.

643 Od. ix. 26.

644 Il. xii. 239.

645 Od. x. 190.

646 For the explanation of climate, see book ii. ch. i. § 20, but in this passage the word has a different sense, and implies the division of the heavens into north, south, east, and west. The idea of Strabo seems to be that of a straight line drawn from east to west, dividing the celestial horizon into two parts, the one northern, (or arctic,) the other southern. The sun in its course from east to west continues always as regards us in the southern portion. Gossellin.

647 ??d’ ?p?? ????

648 So in the text, but there is manifestly an error.

649 Od. i. 181.

650 I. Meganisi.

651 Il. xv. 519.

652 Il. ii. 631.

653 Od. i. 246.

654 C. Tornese.

655 Monte Nero.

656 We may hence conjecture that Cephallenia in the time of Homer was divided into two parts, Dulichium and SamÉ. It may explain at least the uncertainty of the ancients respecting the position of Dulichium. Pausanias, b. vi. c. 15, speaking of the Paleis says, that formerly they were called Dulichii; and Hesychius, that Dulichium is a city of Cephallenia.

657 Situated near the modern capital Argostoli.

658 Probably the site of the ruins in the harbour of Viscardo.

659 I. Dascaglio.

660 Od. iv. 846.

661 Il. xiii. 12.

662 Il. xxiv. 753.

663 Il. xxiv. 78.

664 In the Valle d’Alessandro, in Cephalonia, there is still a place called Samo.

665 Il. xxiv. 752.

666 S???.

667 Il. xiii. 13.

668 Zante.

669 3600 stadia? see b. xvii. c. iii. § 20.

670 Curzolari, Oxia, Petala, &c.

671 Od. xv. 298.

672 C. Papa.

673 Sophocles, TrachiniÆ, v. 9.

674 Il. ii. 628.

675 Not identified.

676 Gossellin remarks the double error committed by Winkelman, who, on the authority of this passage, states that the Hercules (not the Labours of Hercules) of Lysippus was transferred to Rome in the time of Nero, long after this Book was written.

677 Dragomestre.

678 The lake Xerolimne.

679 Kramer proposes the transposition of the sentence within brackets to the beginning of the paragraph.

680 Il. ii. 639.

681 M. Zigos.

682 Angelo Castron.

683 Near Mauro Mati.

684 See c. ii. § 3, Epictetus.

685 Od. ii. 52.

686 Od. xv. 16.

687 Il. xiv. 116.

688 Il. ix. 525.

689 B. ix. c. iii. § 11.

690 As distinguished from geography. See b. i. c. i. § 16, note¹

691 The author of a work in several books on Euboea. AthenÆus, b. vi. c. 18.

692 The unshorn.

693 From Acarnan, son of AlcmÆon. Thucyd. b. ii. c. 102. But the hero from whom the Curetes obtained their name is not mentioned.

694 The position of this mountain is not determined.

695 Œneus and his children were themselves PorthaonidÆ. Œneus had possession only of Calydon, his brother Agrius and his children had a part of Pleuronia. Thestius, cousin-german of Œneus and of Agrius, received as his portion the remainder of Pleuronia and transmitted it to his children, (the ThestiadÆ,) who probably succeeded in gaining possession of the whole country. The PorthaonidÆ of the branch of Agrius, were Thersites, Onchestus, Prothous, Celeulor, LycopeÜs, and Melanippus. Apollodorus, b. i. c. 7, 8.

696 Il. xiv. 117.

697 Il. ix. 544.

698 Il. ix. 525.

699 “Cette digression est curieuse, sans doute * * * * Plusieurs critiques ont fait de ce morceau l’objet de leur Étude; nÉanmoins il demeure hÉrissÉ de difficultÉs, et derniÈrement M. Heyne (quel juge!) a prononcÉ que tout y restait À Éclaircir.” Du Theil.

The myths relating to the Curetes abound with different statements and confusion. The following are the only points to be borne in mind. The Curetes belong to the most ancient times of Greece, and probably are to be counted among the first inhabitants of Phrygia. They were the authors and expositors of certain religious rites, which they celebrated with dances. According to mythology they played a part at the birth of Jupiter. They were sometimes called IdÆan Dactyli. Hence their name was given to the ministers of the worship of the Great Mother among the Phrygians, which was celebrated with a kind of religious frenzy. The Curetes were also called Corybantes. Hence also arose the confusion between the religious rites observed in Crete, Phrygia, and Samothrace. Again, on the other hand, the Curetes have been mistaken for an Ætolian people, bearing the same name. Heyne, Not. ad Virgil. Æn. iii. 130. Religion. et Sacror. cum furore peract. Orig. Comm. Soc. R. Scient. Gotting. vol. viii. Dupuis, origin de tous les cultes, tom. 2. Sainte Croix MÉm. pour servir À la religion SecrÈte, &c., Job. Guberleth. Diss. philol. de Myster. deorum Cabir. 1703. FrÈret. Recher. pour servir À l’histoire des Cyclopes, &c. Acad. des Inscript. &c., vol. xxiii. His. pag. 27. 1749.

700 t?sa?t? p??????a, will bear also to be translated, id tantum varietatis, “this difference only,” as Groskurd observes.

701 M. de Saint Croix (Recherches sur les MystÈres, &c. sect. 2, page 25) is mistaken in asserting that “Strabo clearly refutes the statements of those who believed that the Cabeiri, Dactyli, Curetes, Corybantes, and Telchines, were not only the same kind of persons, but even separate members of the same family.” It appears to me, on the contrary, that this was the opinion adopted by our author. Du Theil.

702 p??s?e?? t?? ???e??? t? ?st???? f?s???? ?????. rationem naturalem, utpote congruentum huc, historiÆ adjiciens. Xylander. Or paraphrased, “The history of this people will receive additional and a fitting illustration by a reference to physical facts,” such as the manner of wearing their hair, tonsure, &c.

703 ???e??t??a?. The words ?a? ??????? ?a? t?tt??a ?p?e????a? appear, according to Berkel. ad Steph. p. 74, to be here wanting, “and to bind the hair in the form of the Crobulus and ornamented with a grasshopper.” The hair over the forehead of the Apollo Belvidere is an example of the crobulus.

704 Herod. vii. 208.

705 ?????? t?????

706 ???a?? ?a? ??????

707 Strabo therefore considered the 193, 194, 195 verses of Il. xix. as authentic. Heyne was inclined to consider them as an interpolation, in which he is supported by other critics.

708 Il. xix. 248. The text is probably mutilated, and Strabo may have quoted the verses in Homer in which Merion is represented as dancing in armour. Il. xvi. 617.

709 Kramer suspects this passage to be an interpolation.

710 The reading in the text is t?? d’ ??t?? ????. The translation adopts Meineke’s reading, ?????ta.

711 Quam prÆclare philosophatus sit Strabo, me non monente, unusquisque assequitur; prÆclarius, utique, quam illi, qui ex nostro ritu religioso omnem hilaritatem exulare voluere. Heyne, Virg. iii. 130.

712 The original, as Du Theil observes, is singularly obscure, ???’ ? f?s??, ? t?? pa?de??t??, ??eta??s??, t?? ????? ?????de ????sa

713 Following the reading suggested by Groskurd.

714 This word appears here misplaced.

715 The chain of mountains extending from the sources of the Sagaris (the Zagari) to the Propontis was called Dindymene.

716 Sipuli Dagh.

717 Possene.

718 This name is not derived from any place.

719 d?? t? ?????, for d?? te ?????. Meineke.

720 The literal translation has been preserved in the text for the sake of the argument. The following is Potter’s translation, in which, however, great liberty is taken with the original.

“To whom the mysteries of the gods are known,
By these his life he sanctifies,
And, deep imbibed their chaste and cleaning lore,
Hallows his soul for converse with the skies.
Enraptur’d ranging the wild mountains o’er,
The mighty mother’s orgies leading,
He his head with ivy shading,
His light spear wreath’d with ivy twine,
To Bacchus holds the rites divine.
Haste then, ye BacchÆ, haste,
Attend your god, the son of heaven’s high king.
From Phrygia’s mountains wild and waste
To beauteous-structur’d Greece your Bacchus bring
********
O ye Curetes, friendly band,
You, the blest natives of Crete’s sacred land,
Who tread those groves, which, dark’ning round,
O’er infant Jove their shelt’ring branches spread,
The Corybantes in their caves profound,
The triple crest high waving on their head,
This timbrel framed, whilst clear and high
Swelled the Bacchic symphony.
The Phrygian pipe attemp’ring sweet,
Their voices to respondence meet,
And placed in Rhea’s hands.
The frantic satyrs to the rites advance,
The BacchÆ join the festive bands,
And raptur’d lead the Trieteric dance.”

721 There were several mountains bearing the name of Olympus. 1. In Thessaly. 2. In Peloponnesus. 3. Of Ida. 4. In Mysia. 5. In Crete.

722 San Dimitri.

723 Od. iii. 144.

724 Adopting Kramer’s suggestion of pa?ad??? t? for pa?ad??ta.

725 Bendis, Diana of the Thracians; among the Athenians there was a festival called Bendideia.

726 AthenÆus, b. xi. c. 8. Æschylus in the Edoni (a fragment) calls cymbals cotylÆ.

727 Probably from a passage in the Erectheus, a lost play of Euripides.

728 Nablas and Sambyce are Syriac words. AthenÆus, b. iv. c. 24.

729 The invention of Anacreon, according to Neanthus Cyzicenus.

730 AthenÆus, b. xiv. c. 8, 9.

731 See above, ch. iii. § 1, 6, 8.

732 ?????t??f?sa?te?

733 ?????te?

734 Who were the Prasians of Rhodes I confess I cannot say. Palmer.

735 From whence Strabo does not inform us.

736 The Scholiast of Apollonius remarks that it was formerly called Leucosia, afterwards Samos from a certain Saiis, and Samothrace when it came into possession of the Thracians. It had also the name of Dardania.

737 The true origin of the word, according to Casaubon, is to be found in the Hebrew word Cabir, signifying powerful. Tobias Gutberlethus, De mysteriis deorum Cabirotum.

738 M. Sitia.

739 Places unknown.

740 In the plain of Troy.

741 According to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhod., Arg. 5, 917 persons were initiated into the mysteries of the Cabeiri in Samothrace. The Cabeiri were four in number; Axieros, Axiokersa, Axiokersos, and Casmilos. Axieros corresponded to Demeter or Ceres, Axiokersa to Persephone or Proserpine, Axiokersos to Hades or Pluto, and Casmilos to Hermes or Mercury. See Ueber die Gottheiten von Samothrace, T. W. I. Schelling, 1815; and the Classical Journal, vol. xiv. p. 59.

742 Herod. iii. 37.

743 Probably a temple of Apollo Smintheus.

744 Corybissa, EureÏs, and ÆthaloeÏs are unknown.

745 They were called Curetes because they were boys, and ?????te? ?? ?p? t?? ?????? e??a? ?a???e???. Groskurd suspects these or similar words to have followed “Corybantes.”

746 Od. viii. 250.

747 i. e. toes.

748 In a lost play, The Deaf Satyrs.

749 In hoc quoque dissentio, sapientes fuisse, qui ferri metalla et Æris invenerunt, cum incendio silvarum adusta tellus, in summo venas jacentes liquefacta fudisset. Seneca, Epist. 90.

750 Diodorus Siculus, b. v., says that they obtained the name from being equal in number to the ten fingers or toes (Dactyli).

751 Groskurd proposes Corybantes for these latter IdÆan Dactyli.

752 The common European name Candia is unknown in the island; the Saracenic “Kandax,” Megalo Kastron, became with the Venetian writers Candia; the word for a long time denoted only the principal city of the island, which retained its ancient name in the chroniclers and in Dante, Inferno xiv. 94. It is described by Strabo as lying between Cyrenaica and that part of Hellas which extends from Sunium to Laconia, and parallel in its length from W. to E. of these two points. The words ???? ?a??????? may be understood either of Malea or TÆnarum; it is probable that this geographer extended Crete as far as TÆnarum, as from other passages in his work (ii. c. v. § 20; viii. c. v. § 1) it would appear that he considered it and the W. points of Crete as under the same meridian. It is still more difficult to understand the position assigned to Crete with regard to Cyrenaica (xvii. c. iii. § 22). Strabo is far nearer the truth, though contradicting his former statements, where he makes Cimarus, the N.W. promontory of Crete, 700 stadia from Malea, and Cape Sammonium 1000 stadia from Rhodes, (ii. c. iv. § 3,) which was one of the best ascertained points of ancient geography. Smith, v. Crete.

753 t?? ????d?? t?? ?p? S?????? ???? ?a???????

754 Gossellin observes that the false position assigned to these countries, and the contradiction perceptible in the measures in stadia, given by Strabo, and above all the impossibility of reconciling them upon one given plan, is a proof that the author consulted different histories, and different maps, in which the distances were laid down in stadia differing in length.

755 The ruins are indicated as existing a little to the north of Hagios Kurghianis, in the Austrian map.

756 Cimarus is given in Kiepert, as the island Grabusa Agria, at the extremity of Cape Buso, and also in the Austrian map. Kramer remarks that the promontory Cimarus is mentioned by no other author. Corycus on the other hand is placed by Strabo below, § 5, in these parts, although the reading is suspicious, and in b. viii. c. v. § 1, and in b. xvii. c. iii. § 22; but the reading again in this last reference is doubtful. Cape Cimarus is now C. Buso or Grabusa.

757 In b. ii. c. iv. § 3, it is written Salmonium, (c. Salamoni,) in which passage Kramer has retained the spelling of the name, on the ground that this form is to be found in Apollonius, Arg. 4, 1693, and Dionys. Perieg. 110. Salmone in the Acts, xxvii. 7.

758 C. Colonna.

759 Not in the text of Kramer. Casaubon’s conjecture.

760 The words of the text are, p??te? d? ?p? t? ??e???, which Meineke translates, “Its width is not in proportion to its length.” Kramer says that the preposition ?p? suggests the omission of the words tet?a??s??? or t??a??s??? p??, and that the words t. . are probably introduced from the margin, and are otherwise inadmissible.

761 It is impossible to say what words should fill up the hiatus in the text, but probably something to this effect, ?p? t?? ?spe???? e??? ???a????? ? ??s?? p?ate?? ?st?. Kramer. Groskurd proposes ? ??s?? a?f??d??? ste?????e?, the island suddenly narrows.

762 On the bay of Armiro.

763 Castel Franco. Acts of Apostles, xxvii. 12.

764 Porto Trano. At the bottom of the bay of Mirabel.

765 Near Lytto.

766 Girapetra.

767 By the islands of the Rhodians are meant Caso, Nisari, Scarpanto, &c.

768 Aspra-vuna, or Sfakia.

769 Mt. Penta-Dactylon in the Morea.

770 Psiloriti.

771 From what point in the CyrenaÏca is not said. From b. viii. c. iii. § 1, it would appear to be Phycus, (Ras al Sem,) but from b. xvii. c. iii. § 20, it would seem to be Apollonias, (Marsa-susa,) the maritime arsenal of the CyrenÆans, situated at about 170 stadia to the east of Phycus, and 80 stadia to the west of Cyrene.

772 C. Crio.

773 Of 700 stadia to a degree. Gossellin.

774 Cerigo.

775 The distance from Samonium (Cape Salamone) to Alexandria, in a straight line, is about 5500 stadia of 1111-1/9 to the degree. Gossellin.

776 Gossellin’s conjecture, for the number is wanting in the text.

777 t??????e?

778 Od. xix. 175.

779 So also Diod. Sic. b. v.

780 t??????a?

781 t????f?a?

782 t????????

783 The ruins are situated at Makro Teikhos, to the south-east of Candia, the modern capital.

784 Il. ii. 646; Od. xix. 178. Hagius Dheka. Pashley.

785 Near Jerami, in the Austrian map. Pashley places it at Khania.

786 Lytto.

787 Il. ii. 647.

788 Cartero, a maritime town on the river of the same name.

789 At the mouth of the Aposelemi.

790 Now the Cartero.

791 Pausanias, b. ix. c. 11, says that the ships of Minos were unprovided with sails, which were the subsequent invention of DÆdalus.

792 Groskurd proposes to supply the hiatus in the text thus: Cnossus [towards the north, inclining to the ÆgÆan sea, PhÆstus turned towards the south and the African sea, Cydonia in the western part of the island] opposite.

793 Od. xix. 178.

794 Il. xiii. 450.

795 The Cretan war was conducted by Q. Metellus, proconsul, who from thence obtained the cognomen of Creticus.

796 Il. ii. 646.

797 Letima or Matala, Cape Theodosia.

798 The Maloniti or Messara.

799 On C. Lionda.

800 Strabo must have confounded two totally distinct cities, (Priansus and Prasus,) when he spoke of them under a common name, and assigned them a single situation, both close to Mount Dikte, and at the same time continuous with the Lebenians, whose city was three days’ journey from the mountain. Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. p. 290. Kramer does not agree with Pashley, and, until further information shall be obtained, rests upon the authority of Boeckh, C. I. No. 2556, who affirms that there is some doubt about the name Priansus, which is only found on coins and inscriptions; both Hoeck (v. Kreta I. p. 413) and Boeckh (C. I. ii. p. 405) consider Priansus and Prasus as the same place.

801 M. Sitia.

802 PhÆn. 33.

803 Callim. Hymn to Diana, 195.

804 Tityrus is the ridge of mountains which terminates in Cape Spada.

805 Kisamos.

806 See Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. i. c. 4, who places Aptera at PalÆocastron, on the south of the bay of Siedh and Polyrrhenia, at the PalÆocastron, to the south of the Gulf of Kisamos.

807 Hodyitra.

808 Il. ii. 648.

809 Episcopiano.

810 Od. iii. 191.

811 Sordid avarice and covetousness have taken such hold upon them, that among the Cretans alone, of all nations, nothing in the form of gain is considered dishonourable. Polybius, b. vi.

812 His father, Temenus, was the founder of Argos. See b. viii.

813 There is, however, diversity of opinions on the subject.

814 Aristotle, Politics, b. ii. c. 10, where he compares the Cretan with the LacedÆmonian constitution.

815 t?? ?e???t??

816 ?pp???

817 According to Plutarch, with the poems of Homer.

818 Herod. i. 65.

819 Anciently Calliste, Herod., now Santorino, a corruption of Santa Irene, to whom it was dedicated.

820 Nanphio, or Anafi.

821 Standia.

822 Therasia, on the west of Santorino.

823 Nio.

824 According to Herodotus, in the Life of Homer.

825 Sikino, anciently ŒnoË. Pliny iv. 12.

826 Cardiodissa, or Cardiana.

827 Policandro.

828 Argentiere. CretÆ plura genera. Ex iis CimoliÆ duo ad medicos pertinentia, candidum et ad purpurissimum inclinans. Pliny, b. v. c. 17. Cretosaque rura Cimoli. Ovid. Met. vii. 464. But from Aristophanes, the Frogs, it would appear to have been a kind of fullers’ earth.

829 Siphanto, anciently also Meropia and Acis. There were once gold and silver mines in it, which were destroyed by inundation. There is also another proverb, which alluded to its poverty, “a Siphnian pledge,” S?f???? ???a??. Herodotus speaks of its being once the most wealthy of the islands, iii. 57.

830 Milo.

831 Cape Skylli.

832 Thucyd. b. v. c. 115, 116.

833 Dhiles.

834 Thermia. Hence Apollo Cynthius.

835 Mentioned in b. vi. c. ii. § 4, as connected with the Nile. Bryant, Mytho. v. i. p. 206, derives the name from Ain Opus, The fountain of the Serpent, i. e. Python.

836 Boeckh, Fragm. Pind. 58. ii. 2, p. 587.

837 Thucyd. iii. 104.

838 Isola Longa, or Macronisi.

839 It was situated in the bay of Mandri.

840 C. Colonna.

841 Zia.

842 Serpho.

843 Polino.

844 Antiparos.

845 Bara.

846 Naxia.

847 Syra.

848 Myconi.

849 Tino.

850 Andro.

851 Jura. Pliny, viii. 29, says the inhabitants were driven from the island by mice.

852 B. C. 31.

853 The title (which has been much questioned by critics) of this lost work of Aratus appears to have been, from this passage, ?? ?at? ?ept??, which Latin translators have rendered, Minuta, or Details. Casaubon is of opinion that it is the same as referred to by Callimachus, under the title ??se?? ??pta?, Clever Sayings. Ernest. ad Callim. Ep. 29. T. l. p. 333. The translation of the lines quoted follows the corrections of Coray.

854 In the middle of the Cyclades, and by far the most remarkable, is Delos, celebrated for the temple of Apollo, and for its commerce. Pliny iv. 12.

855 Under L. Mummius, B. C. 146.

856 Thucyd. i. 36.

857 ?a? ?te s??est??e? ? ????????

858 ArchelaÜs and Metrophanes.

859 Aristion, B. C. 87.

860 Pausanias, viii. 33, § 2, (writing in the time of Hadrian,) says of Delos, that with the exception of the persons who came from Athens, for the purpose of protecting the temple and to perform the Delian ceremonies, it was deserted.

861 Rhena, called also Dhiles; but it is the largest of the two islands now bearing that name. Pliny says it was anciently called also Celadussa, from the noise of the waves, ?e?ade??.

862 Virg. Æn. iii. 124, Linquimus OrtygiÆ portus pelagoque volamus.

863 Zia.

Pinguia CÆÆ,
Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta jurenci.
Virg. Geor. i. 14, 15.

864 Of Olbia or Olbiopolis, on the Borysthenes or Bog.

865 ? ? d???e??? ??? ?a??? ?? ?? ?a???

866 Naxia.

867 Andro.

868 Taschos.

869 Kemars.

870 The marble was taken from Mt. Marpessus. Pliny xxxvi. 5; Virg. Æn. 6, Marpesia cautes.

871 Od. xv. 402.

872 Myconi.

873 Myconi calva omnis juventus. Terence, Hecy. a. 3, s. 4; Pliny, b. xi. c. 37.

874 It was an erroneous opinion entertained by the ancients, that frogs did not croak in this island (Sirpho); hence the proverb, a Seriphian frog, ?t?a??? Se??f???.

875 Tine. Anciently it had also the names Hydrussa and Ophiussa.

876 Amorgo.

877 Levita.

878 Lero.

879 Patmo.

880 The Furni; called in b. xiv. c. i. § 13, CorsiÆ.

881 Nicaria.

882 According to the enumeration here made by Strabo, of the islands comprehended in the Icarian sea, it appears that in his opinion none of the islands situated to the north of Cos belonged to the Carpathian sea; for according to his own statement, which immediately follows, the Carpathian sea to the north was bounded by the Icarian sea.

883 All the manuscripts and all editions give ?????. Is the island spoken of in this passage the same as the one mentioned just above by the name of Leria? Pliny, Hist. Nat. b. iv. 23, appears to have been acquainted with two islands bearing the name of Leros. One, from the position he assigns to it, appears to be the one Strabo above speaks of under the name of Leria; but the second Leros of Pliny, b. v. § 36, must be placed on the coast of Caria. Strabo appears to have entertained nearly the same ideas, for we shall hereafter (b. xiv. c. i. § 6) see him give the name of Leros to an island situated in the neighbourhood of Icaria; and below (§ 19) he cites also a Leros, which would seem to have been in the neighbourhood of the southern extremity of Caria.

884 Probably interpolated.

885 Istanpolia, or Stanpalia.

886 Tino.

887 Carchi.

888 Il. ii. 676.

889 Calimno.

890 FÆcundaque melle Calydna (v. l. Calumne). Ovid. Met. b. viii. ver. 222.

891 B. ii. c. v. § 31.

892 The following are the measurements of our author:

	Stadia.
From Rhodes to Issus	5,000
From Issus to the Caspian Gates	10,000
From the Caspian Gates to the sources of the Indus	14,000
From the Indus to the mouth of the Ganges	13,500
From thence to ThinÆ	2,500
	———
	45,000

893 Strabo calls the Parthians, ParthyÆi; and Parthia, ParthyÆa.

894 The Sea of Azoff.

895 The Straits of Kertch or Zabache.

896 The Kur or Kour.

897 Eraskh or Aras.

898 Georgia.

899 Shirvan.

900 See b. ii. c. v. § 31.

901 To understand how this part of Asia formed a peninsula, according to the ideas of our author, we must bear in mind, that (1) he supposed the source of the Don to have been situated in the neighbourhood of the Northern Ocean; (2) he imagined the Caspian Sea to communicate with the same Ocean. Thus all the territory comprehended between the Don and the Caspian formed a sort of peninsula, united to the continent by an isthmus which separated the Euxine from the Caspian, and on which was situated Colchis, Iberia, and Albania. The 3000 stadia assigned to the breadth of this isthmus appears to be measured by stadia of 1111-1/9 to a degree. Gossellin.

902 The Euxine.

903 Pompey appears to have visited this philosopher twice on this occasion, B. C. 62, and B. C. 67, on the termination of his eastern campaigns.

904 Il. vi. 208. Pope.

905 In many authors these names are used indifferently, the one for the other; they are however distinguished by Pliny, (iv. 13,) who states that this sea begins to be called the Caspian after you have passed the river Cyrus, (Kur,) and that the Caspii live near it; and in vi. 16, that it is called the Hyrcanian Sea, from the Hyrcani who live along its shores. The western side should therefore in strictness be called the Caspian; the eastern, the Hyrcanian. Smith, art. Caspium Mare.

906 A narrow pass leading from North Western Asia into the N. E. provinces of Persia. Their exact position was at the division of Parthia from Media, about a day’s journey from the Median town of RhagÆ. (Arrian. iii. 19.) According to Isodorus Charax, they were immediately below Mt. Caspius. As in the case of the people called Caspii, there seem to have been two mountains Caspius, one near the Armenian frontier, the other near the Parthian. It was through the pass of the CaspiÆ PylÆ that Alexander the Great pursued Darius. (Arrian. Anab. iii. 19; Curt. vi. 14; Amm. Marc, xxiii. 6.) It was one of the most important places in ancient geography, and from it many of the meridians were measured. The exact place corresponding with the CaspiÆ PylÆ is probably a spot between Hark-a-Koh, and Siah-Koh, about 6 parasangs from Rey, the name of the entrance of which is called Dereh. Smith, art. CaspiÆ PylÆ.

907 Du Theil justly remarks on the obscurity of this passage. His translation or paraphrase is as follows; “La troisiÈme contiendra ce qui touche À l’isthme dont nous avons parlÉ; et, par suite, ceux des pays qui, au sud de cet isthme et des Pyles Caspiennes, mais toujours en deÇÀ, ou, au moins, dans le sein mÊme du Taurus, se succÉdant de l’est À l’ouest, se rapprochent le plus de l’Europe.” In B. ii. c. v. § 31, Strabo assigns Colchis to the third portion, but in this book to the first.

908 The Kizil Ermak.

909 B. i. c. iii. § 2.

910 A district of wide extent in Central Asia, comprehending nearly the whole of ancient Persia; and bounded on the N. by the provinces of Bactriana, Margiana, and Hyrcania; on the E. by the Indus; on the S. by the Indian Ocean and the eastern portion of the Persian Gulf; and on the W. by Media and the mountains S. of the Caspian Sea. Its exact limits are laid down with little accuracy in ancient authors, and it seems to have been often confounded (as in Pliny, b. vi. c. 23, 25) with the small province of Aria. It comprehended the provinces of Gedrosia, Drangiana, Arachosia, Paropamisus mountains, Aria, Parthia, and Carmania. Smith, art. Ariana. See b. xv. c. ii. § 7, 8.

911 The Aorsi and Siraci occupied the country between the Sea of Azoff, the Don, the Volga, the Caspian Sea, and the Terek. May not the Aorsi, says Gossellin, be the same as the ThyrsagetÆ, Agathursi, Utidorsi, Adorsi, Alanorsi of other writers, but whose real name is Thyrsi? The Siraci do not appear to differ from the Soraci or Seraci of Tacitus, (Ann. xii. 15, &c.,) and may be the same as Iyrces, ????e?, afterwards called TurcÆ.

912 The country to the N. and N. E. of Anapa. By Bosporus we are to understand the territory on each side of the Straits of Kertch.

913 B. ii. c. v. § 31.

914 Cn. Pompeius Theophanes was one of the more intimate friends of Pompey, by whom he was presented with the Roman franchise in the presence of his army. This occurred in all probability about B. C. 62. Smith, art. Theophanes.

915 About B. C. 16. Smith, art. Polemon I.

916 If there ever did exist such a city as TanaÏs I should expect to find it at the extremity of that northern embouchure of the Don, which I have before mentioned as bearing the very name the Greeks gave to the city, with the slightest variation of orthography, in the appellation Tdanaets or Danaetz. Clarke’s Travels in Russia, chap. 14.

917 Strabo makes the distance too great between the two rivers Rhombites.

918 Kertch.

919 According to La Motraye, Achilleum corresponds to Adasbournout, but Du Theil quotes also the following passage from Peyssonel. According to Strabo, Achilleum must have been situated opposite Casau-dip, the ancient Parthenium on the point Tchochekha-Bournou (the pig’s head). But perhaps the ancients placed Achilleum near the entrance of the Euxine into the Palus MÆotis. Is not the fort of Achou, which is 8 leagues more to the east on the Palus MÆotis, the true Achilleum, the name being corrupted and abridged by the Tartars?

920 The point Rubanova.

921 Ada.

922 Taman.

923 C. Takli.

924 Ak Tengis.

925 Another branch of the Kuban.

926 The Kuban, anciently also the Vardanus.

927 The Bog.

928 The Dnieper.

929 It is probable that the Kuban Lake is here confounded with, or considered a portion of, the Lake Ak Tengis. Considering the intricacy of all this coast, the changes that have taken place, and the absence of accurate knowledge, both in ancient and modern times, of these unfrequented parts, much must be left to conjecture. The positions therefore assigned to ancient cities are doubtful. The names indeed are inserted in Kiepert’s maps, but without the assistance of recent travellers it would be hazardous to pretend to fix upon their exact sites.

930 ?st? d? ?a? G????p?a Some word or words appear to be wanting here. Kiepert assigns a place to this name, but it seems doubtful whether a place or a district is to be understood. Below, § 14, the Sindic harbour and city are mentioned, which may have been situated at Sound-jouk-kale. D’Anville places them here or at Anapa, but the contour of the coast in his map does not resemble that of any modern maps.

931 The modern town Phanagoria does not seem to occupy the site of the ancient city.

932 ?? ?p?t??

933 ???????

934 Pschate.

935 Keremp.

936 C. Aia.

937 The Tschilder mountains, of which Scydeces and Paryandres are a continuation.

938 Thermeh.

939 On the mouth of the river Anthemus to the N. of Colchis. It was situated 100 M. P., or 790 stadia to the N. P. of the Phasis, and 2260 stadia from Trapezus (Trebizond). (Pliny, vi. 5; Arrian, Perip. pp. 10, 18.) Upon or near the spot to which the twin sons of Leda gave their name, (Mela, i. 19, § 5; comp. Am. Marc. xxii. 8, § 24,) the Romans built Sebastopolis, (Steph. B.; Procop. B. G. iv. 4,) which was deserted in the time of Pliny, but was afterwards garrisoned by Justinian. The Soteriopolis of later times has been identified with it. The position of this place must be looked for near the roadstead of Iskuria. Smith, art. Dioscurias.

940 ??? ??d?? t?? ??t?? ??e?, or careless of the truth. Kramer observes that these words are inconveniently placed in the Greek text.

941 The Rion.

942 The Tschorocsu.

943 The Ilori.

944 Choropani.

945 The point of embarkation on the Cyrus (the Kur) is supposed to have been Surham, the ancient Sura.

946 Gossellin, Groskurd, and Kramer, all agree that there is here an error. Kramer is of opinion that the conjecture of Gossellin may be adopted, viz. “eight or nine,” instead of “three or two,” the letters G and ? being a corruption of ? and T.

947 Coray’s proposed reading is adopted, ?at? for ?a?.

948 According to Heyne, this was an Assyrian goddess worshipped under various titles.

949 In consequence of the intrigues of his stepmother Ino he was to be sacrificed to Zeus, but his mother Nephele removed him and his sister Helle, and the two then rode away on the ram with the golden fleece, the gift of Hermes, through the air. Helle fell into the sea, which was afterwards called, after her, the Hellespont. Smith, art. Phrixus.

950 The son of Menodotus by a daughter of Adobogion, a descendant of the tetrarchs of Galatia. He was the personal friend of CÆsar, who at the commencement of the Alexandrian war (B. C. 48) sent him into Syria and Cilicia to raise auxiliary forces. Smith, art. Mithridates, and see B. xiii. c. iv. § 3.

951 Eurip. Troad. 26.

952 s??pt????a?

953 Casaubon would read Corax.—The Sukum.

954 Adopting Kramer’s proposed reading, ????? in place of e? ?.

955 The Arak.

956 In the English map, reduced from the Russian military map, there are two rivers Alasan, flowing in contrary directions from M. Bebala. The modern names of the other rivers here mentioned are not well ascertained.

957 Tchorocsu.

958 Ilori.

959 Probably the Alasan flowing from M. Bebala.

960 Akalziche.

961 The Aras.

962 Strabo mentions the GelÆ again, c. vii. § 1, but in a manner which does not agree with what he here says of their position. We must perhaps suppose that this people, in part at least, have changed their place of residence, and that now the greater part of their descendants are to be found in Ghilan, under the name of GelÉ, or Gelaki. The name of Leges, or LegÆ, who have continued to occupy these regions, is recognised in that of Legi, Leski. Gossellin.

963 The Mermadalis seems to be the same river called below by Strabo Mermodas. Critics and modern travellers differ respecting its present name. One asserts that it is the Marubias, or Marabias, of Ptolemy, another takes it to be the Manitsch, called in Austrian maps Calaus. Others believe it to be the small stream Mermedik, which flows into the Terek. Others again recognise the Mermadalis in the Egorlik. Gossellin.

964 Unknown. Pallas thought that he had discovered their name in that of the Tscherkess, who occupied the country where Strabo places the Gargarenses, and might be their descendants.

965 The same river probably before called the Mermadalis.

966 This sentence has been supposed by some critics to be an interpolation. Strabo above, c. ii. § 1, has already spoken of the Siraci, who would seem to have been the inhabitants of Siracena, and may sometimes have been called Siraceni. In c. ii. § 11, he speaks of the Sittaceni, and assigns them a position which would indicate them as a different people from the Seraci, or Siraceni. Gossellin.

967 Groskurd reads ?p???a, want, instead of e?p???a, plenty.

968 ?aa????ta? People who lie on the ground.

969 Panxani, Paxani, Penzani.

970 The text is here corrupt.

971 The country occupied by the Cadusii of whom Eratosthenes speaks appears to have been the Ghilan, a name probably derived from the GelÆ, who are constantly associated with the Cadusii.

972 The Gihon.

973 The Sihon.

974 i. e. the Hyperboreans above the Adriatic, the SauromatÆ above the Danube, and the Arimaspi above the Euxine.

975 The name SacÆ is to be traced in Sakita, a district on the confines of those of Vash and Gil, situated on the north of the Gihon or Oxus, consequently in ancient Sogdiana. D’Anville.

976 C. viii. § 2.

977 At ubi coepit in latitudinem pandi lunatis obliquatur cornibus. Pliny, N. H.

978 See b. ii. c. i. § 14.

979 These names have here probably undergone some change. Talabroce may be the Tambrace or Tembrax of Polybius; Samariane, the Soconax of Ptolemy; Carta, Zadra-Carta; and Tape, the Syrinx of Polybius.

980 The text is here corrupt.

981 About 7 gallons.

982 About 12 gallons.

983 B. ii. c. i. § 14.

984 pe???

985 ???t?

986 p?t??

987 The country here spoken of appears to be that celebrated from the earliest times for its breed of horses to which the epithet NesÆan was applied by ancient writers. See c. xiii. § 7.

988 The modern name is uncertain.

989 The same statement was made to Pompey, when in these regions in pursuit of Mithridates.

990 a?t?? in this passage, as Kramer remarks, is singular.

991 From what point our author does not say.

992 There is some confusion in the text, which Groskurd attempts to amend as follows: “But among the barbarians the heights of Ariana, and the northern mountains of India, are separately called Emoda, &c.

993 B. xv. c. i. § 11. The name is derived from the Sanscrit himavat, which is preserved in the Latin hiems, winter, and in the modern name Himalaya. See Smith, art. Imaus.

994 On advancing from the S. E. of the Hyrcanian Sea towards the E.

995 The Syr-Daria.

996 Aparni, Xanthii, and Pissuri, in this passage, seem to be the same as Parni, Xandii, and Parii, in c. ix. § 3, if we may understand in the present passage these people to be referred to only by name, but not as living in the country here described.

997 These gods, otherwise unknown, are mentioned again in b. xv. c. iii. § 15.

998 The Northern Ocean.

999 d?ad?ata

1000 t??? ????? ?d?fes??

1001 There is great doubt where it was situated; the distances recorded by ancient writers not corresponding accurately with known ruins. It has been supposed that Damgham corresponds best with this place; but Damgham is too near the PylÆ CaspiÆ: on the whole it is probable that any remains of Hecatompylos ought to be sought in the neighbourhood of a place now called Jah Jirm. Smith, art. Hecatompylos.

1002 Now Herat, the capital of Khorassan. See Smith, art. Aria Civitas.

1003 Zarang.

1004 Sigistan.

1005 Ulan RobÂt, but see Smith, art. Arachotus.

1006 Balkh. See Smith.

1007 The sum total is 15,210 stadia, and not 15,300 stadia. This latter sum total is to be found again in b. xv. c. ii. § 8, but the passage there referred to has served to correct a still greater error in the reading of this chapter, viz. 15,500. Corrections of the text have been proposed, but their value is doubtful.

1008 Its present name is said to be Comis.

1009 The Rents.

1010 Adopting Tyrwhitt’s conjecture, p??? ??????.

1011 The Parapomisus. Kramer’s proposed correction is adopted.

1012 For Isamus in the text, Imaus is adopted by Groskurd, and Kramer considers this reading highly probable. Isamus is not found in any other passage, but Mannert, (Geogr. v. p. 295,) finding in Pliny (N. H. vi. 21, § 17) the river Iomanes, proposes to read in this passage ??????, in which he recognises the Jumna.

1013 Tatta or Sindi.

1014 Adraspa. B. xv. c. ii. § 10.

1015 Mentioned nowhere else. Kramer seems to approve of Du Theil’s proposed correction, Tapuria.

1016 ??taf?ast??

1017 B. x. c. v. § 6.

1018 The text is corrupt.

1019 pa????asa?

1020 i. e. on the same parallel.

1021 That is, from the Caspian Gates to ThinÆ. Gossellin.

1022 Strabo does not here determine either the parallel from which we are to measure, nor the meridian we are to follow to discover this greatest breadth, which according to him is “less than 10,000 stadia.” This passage therefore seems to present great difficulties. The difficulties respecting the parallel can only be perceived by an examination and comparison of the numerous passages where our author indicates the direction of the chain of mountains which form the Taurus.

1023 I do not see where this statement is to be found, except implicitly. Strabo seems to refer us in general to various passages where he endeavours to determine the greatest length of the habitable world, in b. ii. Du Theil.

1024 I am unable to fix upon the author’s train of thought. For immediately after having assigned to this portion of the Habitable Earth (whose dimensions he wishes to determine) 30,000 stadia as its “greatest length,” and 10,000 stadia as its “greatest breadth,” Strabo proceeds to prove what he had just advanced respecting its greatest length. Then he should, it seems, have endeavoured to furnish us, in the same manner, with a proof that its greatest breadth is not more, as he says, than 10,000. But in what follows there is nothing advanced on this point; all that he says is to develope another proposition, viz. that the extent of the Hyrcanian—Caspian Sea is at the utmost 6000 stadia.

The arguments contained in this paragraph on the whole appear to me strange; they rest on a basis which it is difficult to comprehend; they establish explicitly a proposition which disagrees with what the author has said elsewhere, and lastly they present an enormous geographical error.

It will therefore be useful to the reader to explain, as far as I understand it, the argument of our author.

1. The exact form of the chlamys is unknown to us, but it was such, that its greatest breadth was to be found, if not exactly in, at least near, the middle of its length. The Habitable Earth being of the form of a Chlamys, its greatest breadth would be found about the middle of its greatest length.

2. The greatest length of the Habitable World being 70,000 stadia, its greatest breadth ought to be found at the distance of 35,000 stadia from its eastern or western extremity, but this greatest breadth is only 30,000 stadia, and it does not extend, on the north, beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea. B. ii.

3. The meridian which passes at the distance of 35,000 stadia from the eastern or western extremities of the Habitable Earth, is that which, drawn from the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea to the Northern Ocean, and prolonged in another direction through the mouth of the Persian Gulf to the sea called ErythrÆan, would pass through the city Artemita. Consequently it is on the meridian of Artemita that we must look for the greatest breadth of the Habitable Earth.

4. On this same meridian, we must reckon from the parallel of the last habitable country in the south to the mouth of the Persian Gulf, about 8000 stadia; then from the mouth of the Persian Gulf to Artemita, 8000 stadia; and from Artemita to the bottom of the Hyrcanian Sea, 8000 stadia: total 24,000 stadia.

5. It being established that the breadth of the Habitable Earth is 30,000 stadia, and not to extend it northwards beyond the parallel of the mouth of the Hyrcanian Sea, where it communicates with the Northern Ocean, the distance to this point from the bottom of this same sea must be calculated at 6000 stadia. Du Theil.

1025 The modern Shirban is supposed to occupy its site.

1026 Namely 6000. B. ii. c. i. § 17.

1027 Introduced from the margin according to Groskurd’s opinion, supported also by Kramer.

1028 i.e. To northern or southern Asia. B. ii. c. I. § 20.

1029 There are five islands off the Hiera Acta, which is now Cape Khelidonia. The Greeks still call them CheledoniÆ, of which the Italians make Celidoni; and the Turks have adopted the Italian name, and call them Shelidan. Smith, art. ChelidoniÆ InsulÆ.

1030 Amanus descends from the mass of Taurus, and surrounds the Gulf of Issus.

1031 Dudschik Dagh.

1032 It is generally supposed that the modern town Al Bostan on the Sikoon, Seihun, or Sarus, is or is near the site of Comana of Cappadocia. Smith, art. Comana.

1033 Malatia.

1034 Dzophok.

1035 Azerbaijan.

1036 The range overhanging Cerasus, now Kerasun.

1037 Camasch. The country situated N. W. of the Euphrates in about 38° lat.

1038 The range of Kurdistan on the E. of the Tigris.

1039 The range lying between the Euphrates and the Tigris, between 37° and 38° lat.

1040 Nisibin or Netzid.

1041 Meja-Farkin, by “above” these cities, would appear to mean overhanging them both, as it is situated between them.

1042 Nepat-Learn.

1043 B. ii. c. i. § 22.

1044 Hamadan.

1045 An interpolation; probably introduced from Matiane below. Falconer. Kramer.

1046 Its ancient name according to Kramer was Kapotan. Kaputan-Dzow, The Blue Lake, now the Lake Urmiah.

1047 ?ap????e?s?? Kramer observes that the meaning of the word in this passage is not clear. It may possibly mean some colour to which the name of the lake was given.

1048 It is uncertain whether this is a place, or a district.

1049 Adopting Groskurd’s emendation ?e??d???.

1050 In the text ?e??d???. Kramer suggests the reading as??e???.

1051 Lucerne?

1052 Groskurd proposes “length.”

1053 p????

1054 Heroic monuments of Jason.

1055 Kharput.

1056 An almost uniform tradition has pointed out an isolated peak of this range as the Ararat of Scripture. It is still called Ararat or Agri-Dagh, and by the Persians Kuh-il-Nuh, mountain of Noah. Smith.

1057 Formerly the mass of ruins called Takt-Tiridate, (Throne of Tiridates,) near the junction of the Aras and the Zengue, were supposed to represent the ancient Artaxata. Col. Monteith fixes the site at a remarkable bend of the river somewhat lower down than this. See Smith, art. Artaxata.

1058 Kars is the capital of this country.

1059 s?????a? and ???pa?, species of worms. See Smith, art. Chorzene.

1060 Melitene. Groskurd.

1061 It corresponds, Kramer observes, with TÁron, a province of Armenia, which is called by Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 24, Taraunitium (not Taranitium) regio.

1062 We should read probably Matiane. The meaning of the word proposed by Strabo may easily be proved to be incorrect, by reference to the Armenian language, in which no such word is to be found bearing this sense. As Kapoit in the Armenian tongue signifies “blue,” this explanation of Strabo’s appears to refer to the lake Spauta or Kapauta, above, c. xiii. § 2. Kramer.

1063 The lake Arsissa, Thospitis or Van.

1064 This is an error; one of the branches of the Tigris rises among the mountains on the S. W. of the lake Van, and which form part of the range of Nepat-Learn or Niphates.

1065 The Kurds.

1066 Groskurd proposes Syspiritis.

1067 ?p????? Meineke.

1068 It is doubtful whether this colour was red, blue, or purple.

1069 Herod. i. 202.

1070 Arbil.

1071 That this is an error is manifest. Falconer proposes Armenia; Groskurd, Assyria; but what name is to be supplied is altogether uncertain. The name of the city is also wanting, according to Kramer, who proposes Nisibis.

1072 The beginning is wanting, according to the opinion of critics, Xylander, Casaubon, and others.

1073 The range of mountains to the S. of Caramania.

1074 Kizil-Irmak.

1075 Itsch-Ili.

1076 Archelaus received from Augustus (B. C. 20) some parts of Cilicia on the coast and the Lesser Armenia. In A. D. 15 Tiberius treacherously invited him to Rome, and kept him there. He died, probably about A. D. 17, and his kingdom was made a Roman province.

1077 Herod. i. 6, 28.

1078 Eregli near the lake Al-gol.

1079 That is, surrounded by mountains, as below.

1080 The range on the west of the river Sarus, Seichun, now bearing various names.

1081 Supposed to be Al-Bostan.

1082 The Crimea.

1083 Dschehan-Tschai.

1084 The text is here corrupt.

1085 The reading is doubtful.

1086 The passage is corrupt. Groskurd proposes Asbamean in place of Dacian, mention being made of a temple of Asbamean Jove in Amm. Marcell. xxiii. 6. Kramer also suggests the transposition of this sentence to the end of § 6.

1087 Probably the Kermel-su, a branch of the Pyramus.

1088 There is some confusion in this statement.

1089 Kara-Hissar.

1090 Between the mountains Bulghar-Dagh and Allah-Dagh.

1091 Kaisarieh.

1092 Edsehise-Dagh, the highest peak, has been estimated at 13,000 feet above the sea.

1093 The Karasu, the black river, a branch of the Kizil-Irmak. The modern name appears common to many rivers.

1094 ????t??, the reading proposed by Kramer.

1095 i. e. the kingdom of Pontus.

1096 Kara-Hissar.

1097 Du Theil quotes Justin, 38, c. 2, where it is stated that Ariobarzanes was appointed king by the Romans. Probably the election was confirmed by the Senate.

1098 Kizil-Irmak.

1099 Who lived on the west of the river Sidenus (Siddin).

1100 Amassera.

1101 Erekli, or Benderegli.

1102 Erekli.

1103 The Bithynians, or rather Thyni, occupied the sea-coast from the Bosphorus to the river Sagaris (Sakaria). The Mariandyni extended to Heracleia (Erekli); and the Caucones to the east as far as the river Parthenius (Tschati-su).

1104 Sizeboli, south of the Gulf of Burgas.

1105 Midjeh.

1106 B. vii. c. iii. § 2.

1107 Kramer is of opinion that Strabo is mistaken in this account of the origin of Heracleia.

1108 AthenÆus, b. vi. c. 85, vol. i. p. 414, Bohn’s Class. Library.

1109 Tilijos.

1110 B. viii. c. iii. § 17.

1111 Il. ii. 855.

1112 Kidros.

1113 On the bay of the modern Sebastopol, b. vii. c. iv. § 2.

1114 Mangalia.

1115 Some of the smaller mountain streams which descend from the range of hills extending from Scutari to the Sangaria. According to Gossellin the Psillis may be the river near Tschileh, and the Calpas the river near Kerpeh.

1116 Il. xvi. 719.

1117 The virgin river, from its flowers and tranquil course.

1118 Il. ii. 851.

1119 B. v. c. i. § 4.

1120 Herod. i. 6.

1121 About the Thermodon, now Termeh.

1122 The country about Samsoun.

1123 Il. ii. 853.

1124 Kara-Aghatsch.

1125 Il. i. 855.

1126 Between C. Tchakras and Delike-Tschili.

1127 B. vii. c. iv. § 3.

1128 Kinoli.

1129 Ineboli, near the mouth of the Daurikan-Irmak.

1130 Ak-Liman.

1131 B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

1132 The eunuch Bacchides, or Bacchus, according to others, whom Mithridates, after despairing of success, commissioned with the order for his women to die. Plutarch, Life of Lucullus.

1133 Probably a celestial globe constructed by Billarus, or on the principles of Billarus, a person otherwise unknown. Strabo mentions, b. ii. c. v. § 10, the Sphere of Crates, Cicero the Sphere of Archimedes and of Posidonius. History speaks of several of these spheres, among others of that of Ptolemy and Aratus. Leontinus, a mechanician of the sixth century, explains the manner in which this last was constructed.

1134 Lucullus, upon his entry into Sinope, put to death 8000 Cilicians whom he found there. The rest of the inhabitants, after having set fire to the town, carried with them the statue of Autolycus, the founder of Sinope, the work of Sthenis; but not having time to put it on board ship, it was left on the sea-shore. Autolycus was one of the companions of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons. Sthenis, as well as his brother Lysistratus, was a celebrated statuary; he was a native of Olynthus and a contemporary of Alexander the Great.

1135 The temple of Jupiter Urius near Chalcedon.

1136 He was also the author of a History of the Tyrants of Ephesus. AthenÆus, b. vi. c. 59, p. 395, Bohn’s Class. Library.

1137 ?p? t?? ????

1138 B. iv. c. iv. § 3.

1139 ????e?

1140 Wesir Kopti.

1141 The district between the Halys (Kizil Irmak) and the Iris (Jeschil Irmak).

1142 Some words of the text are lost.

1143 The tract of country between the Iris and the Thermodon.

1144 The territory on the east of the Thermodon (Termeh).

1145 Jeschil Irmak.

1146 Tasch Owa.

1147 Gumenek.

1148 Kas Owa.

1149 Turchal.

1150 Tschoterlek Irmak.

1151 Amasija.

1152 Germeili Tschai.

1153 At the mouth of the river Puleman.

1154 Fatsa?

1155 Samsun.

1156 According to Arrian, Pharnacia in his time was the name of Cerasus (Kerasun).

1157 Trebisond.

1158 The temple of Jupiter near Chalcedon.

1159 To the west of the mouth of the Termeh.

1160 Jasun.

1161 C. Vona.

1162 Ordu.

1163 Platana.

1164 B. xi. c. ii. § 12.

1165 Probably the same as the Macropogones and Macrocephali.

1166 Aggi-dagh.

1167 The mountains above Erzeroum.

1168 The inhabitants of the Seven Villages.

1169 Iildiz-dagh.

1170 Dwellers in towers.

1171 Il. ii. 856.

1172 Sarakoi.

1173 Il. ii. 863.

1174 Od. xviii. 5.

1175 Od. xxi. 6.

1176 In Kiepert’s map it is without a name. Leake calls it Boklu. It falls into the sea to the west of Cyzicus.

1177 B. vii. c. iii. § 6. B. i. c. ii. § 23.

1178 Il. iii. 189.

1179 B. xiii. c. iv. § 5, it joins the Hyllus, called Phrygius in the time of Strabo. The Phrygius takes its rise in the mountains north of Thyatira, (Ak Hissar,) and falls into the Hermus (Gedis Tschai).

1180 Bos Dagh.

1181 Manisa.

1182 Bojuk Meinder.

1183 Il. xii. 20.

1184 B. vii. c. iii. § 6.

1185 Gumenek.

1186 Zileh.

1187 This district is at the foot of the mountains which separated the Roman from the Persian Armenia. Carana (now Erzum, Erzerum, or Garen) was the capital of this district. It was afterwards called Theodosiopolis, which name was given to it in honour of the Emperor Theodosius the Younger by Anatolius his general in the East, A. D. 416. It was for a long time subject to the Byzantine emperors, who considered it the most important fortress of Armenia. About the middle of the 11th century it received the name of Arze-el-Rum, contracted into Arzrum or Erzrum. It owed its name to the circumstance, that when Arzek was taken by the Seljuk Turks, A. D. 1049, the inhabitants of that place, which from its long subjection to the Romans had received the epithet of RÚm, retired to Theodosiopolis, and gave it the name of their former abode. Smith.

1188 On the S. W. of the ridge of Tauschan Dagh.

1189 Mersivan. The text is corrupt. Groskurd’s emendation is followed in the translation.

1190 Ladik-Gol.

1191 Kawsa.

1192 Ijan (Tauschan) Kalessi.

1193 Tusanlu-su, a branch of the Ieschil Irmak.

1194 West of Koseh Dagh.

1195 Situated between the Kizil Irmak and the river Delidsche Irmak, a tributary of the former.

1196 Alkas-Dagh.

1197 Gok-Irmak, or Kostambul Tschai, flowing between the mountain ridges. Jeralagoz-Dagh and Sarikawak-Dagh.

1198 B. C. 88.

1199 Tasch-Kopri.

1200 Pliny, xxxiv. c. 18.

1201 Great-grandson of DeÏotarus I.

1202 According to Alexander Polyhistor, the town was built by a goatherd, who had found one of his goats straying there, but this is probably a mere philological speculation, gangra signifying “a goat” in the Paphlagonian language. In ecclesiastical writers it is often mentioned as the metropolitan see of Paphlagonia. The orchards of this town were celebrated for their apples. Athen. iii—Smith.

1203 Book iv. c. i. § 6. Athen. b. viii.

1204 Isnik Gol.

1205 Sakaria.

1206 B. vii. c. vi. § 2.

1207 G. of Ismid.

1208 Ismid or Iskimid.

1209 B. of Gemlik.

1210 Brusa.

1211 Mudania.

1212 Livy, xxxviii. 39.

1213 The kings of Pergamus.

1214 The Acquired.

1215 The ridge of Katerlu Dagh and Samanlu Dagh.

1216 In the text, Prusias. The translation follows the suggestion of Kramer.

1217 Il. ii. 862.

1218 Il. xiii. 792.

1219 Sarakoi.

1220 Il. ii. 824.

1221 Karabogha.

1222 Keschisch-Dagh.

1223 Claudiopolis, now Boli.

1224 Tilijos.

1225 Isnik. The Turkish name is a contraction of e?? ???a?a?, as Ismir, Smyrna, is a contraction of e?? S?????, Istambol, Constantinople, of e?? t?? p????, Stanco, Cos, of e?? t?? ??.

1226 Xenocrates, one of the most distinguished disciples of Plato, was of Chalcedon. Dionysius the dialectician is probably the same as Dionysius of Heracleia, who abandoned the Stoics to join the sect of Epicurus. Hipparchus, the first and greatest of Greek astronomers, (B. C. 160-145,) was of NicÆa. So also was Diophanes, quoted by Varro and Columella, as the abbreviator of the twenty books on Agriculture by Mago, in the Punic language. Suidas speaks of Theodosius, a distinguished mathematician, who, according to Vossius, may be here meant. A treatise of his “on Spherics” still exists, and was printed in Paris in 1558. Of Cleophanes of Myrleia little is known. Strabo mentions also a grammarian, Asclepiades of Myrleia, in b. iii. c. iv. § 19. To these great names may be added as of Bithynian origin, but subsequent to the time of Strabo, Dion Chrysostom, one of the most eminent among Greek rhetoricians and sophists; he was born at Nicomedia, and died about A. D. 117. Arrian, the author of “India,” and the “Anabasis” (the Asiatic expedition) “of Alexander,” was also born at Nicomedia towards the end of A. D. 100.

1227 Probably a grove.

1228 Bala Hissar, to the south of Siwri-Hissar; between these two places is Mt. Dindymus, Gunescth-Dagh.

1229 On the west of the lake Simau.

1230 Suleimanli.

1231 The kings of Pergamus.

1232 Juliopolis.

1233 Tuz-Tscholli.

1234 Konia.

1235 Meineke’s correction.

1236 Its position is uncertain, probably Divle, to the S. of the Lake Ak-Gol. See Smith, art. Derbe.

1237 Caraman.

1238 Tschol-Abad.

1239 Aphiom Kara Hissar.

1240 Sulpitius Quirinus. The Cyrenius “governor of Syria” in St. Luke. Tacitus (Ann. B. iii. c. 48) speaks of his expedition against the Homonadeis, and Josephus of his arrival in Syria, where he was sent with Coponius by Augustus.

1241 Eske-Adatia.

1242 Balkesi.

1243 To the north of the chain of Taurus which commenced at the promontory Trogilium opposite Samos.

1244 Tabas.

1245 Surk.

1246 Pliny, b. xv. c. 7, and b. xii. c. 4.

1247 Kopru-Su.

1248 Ak-Su.

1249 Bakyr-Tschai.

1250 The district around Bergama.

1251 Sipuli-Dagh.

1252 The district between Bergama and the sea.

1253 ProtheÜs, who had led the Magnetes to Troy, upon his return from that expedition, and in compliance with a vow which he had made to Apollo, selected every tenth man and sent them to the temple at Delphi. These Magnetes, for some reason, abandoned the temple and embarked for Crete; from thence they passed into Asia, accompanied by some Cretans, and founded Magnesia near the MÆander. B. xiv. c. i. § 11.

1254 Herod. i. 173; vii. 92.

1255 Il. vi. 184.

1256 Il. vi. 204.

1257 Il. vi. 199.

1258 Il. ii. 655, 677.

1259 Il. iii. 2.

1260 Il. iii. 8.

1261 Keschisch Dagh.

1262 Kas-Dagh.

1263 Artaki.

1264 Satal-dere?

1265 Mualitsch-Tschai.

1266 Iaskili.

1267 Mudania.

1268 Loubadi.

1269 Manijas.

1270 According to Pliny, b. v. c. 32, it was united to the mainland by Alexander.

1271 Marseilles.

1272 Simau-Su.

1273 Simau-Gol.

1274 Imrali, or Kalo-limno.

1275 Karabogher.

1276 Kiutahia.

1277 Eski-Schehr.

1278 Gedis.

1279 Hergan Kaleh.

1280 Ischekli.

1281 Afium-Karahissar.

1282 Dinear.

1283 Iorghan-Ladik.

1284 Geira.

1285 Destroyed by an earthquake in the time of Nero, afterwards Konos.

1286 Teseni.

1287 Ballyk.

1288 Sultan Dagh.

1289 Ak Schehr.

1290 Ialobatsch.

1291 Mender Tschai.

1292 Samsun.

1293 The lake above CelÆnÆ bore the name of Aulocrene or Pipe Fountain, probably from the reeds which grew there. Pliny, b. v. c. 29.

1294 Urumluk.

1295 The place is identified by the hot springs about 12 miles from Denizli or Jenidscheh.

1296 Ala Schehr.

1297 The Black.

1298 The number of cities destroyed were twelve, and the catastrophe took place in the night. An inscription relating to this event is still preserved at Naples. Tacit. Ann. B. ii. c. 47. Sueton. in V. Tiberii.

1299 Tiberius, the adopted son of Augustus.

1300 B. i. c. iii. § 4.

1301 Herophilus, a celebrated physician, and contemporary of Erasistratus. He was one of the first founders of the medical school in Alexandria, and whose fame afterwards surpassed that of all others. He lived in the 4th and 3rd centuries B. C.

1302 Zeuxis was the author of a commentary on Hippocrates: it is now lost; even in the time of Galen, about A. D. 150, it was rare. Alexander Philalethes, who succeeded Zeuxis, had as his pupil and probably successor Demosthenes Philalethes, who was the author of a treatise on the eyes, which was still in existence in the 14th century.

1303 The Niobe, a lost tragedy of Sophocles, is often quoted; this is probably here meant.

1304 Satal-dere.

1305 The Troad is called Biga by the Turks, from the name of a town which now commands that district. Biga is the ancient Sidene.

1306 Kodscha-Tschai. Oustvola. Gossellin.

1307 The ruins of Abydos are on the eastern side of the Hellespont, near a point called Nagara. Sestos, of which the ruins also exist, called Zemenic, are on the opposite coast.

1308 Baba Kalessi.

1309 Eski Stamboul, or Old Constantinople.

1310 Bakir-Tschai, or Germasti.

1311 Beiram-koi, or Asso, or Adschane.

1312 Edremid or Adramytti.

1313 Dikeli-koi.

1314 Tschandarlik.

1315 Mytilene.

1316 Lamurt-koi.

1317 Gedis-Tschai.

1318 Karadscha-Fokia.

1319 The return of the HeracleidÆ having taken place, according to Thucydides and other writers, eighty years after the capture of Troy, some critics have imagined that the text of Strabo in this passage should be changed from ??????ta ?tes?, sixty years, to ??d?????ta ?tes?, eighty years. Thucydides, in the same chapter, and in the space of a few lines, speaks of the return of the Boeotians to their own country, as having taken place sixty years after the capture of Troy; and of the return of the HeracleidÆ to the Peloponnesus, as having taken place eighty years after the same event; it is probable that Strabo, who followed Thucydides, substituted, through inattention, one number for another.

1320 Kamaraes, or Kemer. (Kamar, Arab. the Moon.)

1321 Near Mussatsch-Koi.

1322 Il. xiv. 283.

1323 The passage in brackets Meineke suspects to be an interpolation, as Rhesus and Heptaporus cannot be placed in this part of Ida, nor do any of the streams mentioned by Homer in the same passage flow into the Ægean Sea.

1324 Il. xii. 19.

1325 Il. ii. 824.

1326 The whole range of Ida now bears various names: the highest summit is called Kas-dagh. Gossellin says that the range is called Kara-dagh, but this name (black mountain) like Karasu (Black river) and Kara-Koi (Black village) are so commonly applied that they amount to no distinction; in more modern maps this name does not appear. It may be here observed that the confusion of names of those parts in the Turkish empire which were formerly under the Greeks, arises from the use of names in both languages.

1327 Il. xiv. 292.

1328 The Gulf of Edremid or Jalea, the ancient ElÆa.

1329 The meridian, according to our author’s system, passing through Constantinople, Rhodes, Alexandria, Syene, and MerÖe.

1330 Il. ix. 328.

1331 Od. xviii. 518.

1332 Il. ix. 129.

1333 Il. xx. 92.

1334 Il. ii. 691.

1335 Il. ii. 690.

1336 Il. xix. 295.

1337 Il. i. 366.

1338 Il. vi. 395.

1339 Il. xxi. 86.

1340 Il. iii. 816.

1341 Il. ii. 819.

1342 Il. xx. 83.

1343 Il. ii. 824.

1344 Il. ii. 835.

1345 Il. iv. 499.

1346 Bergas.

1347 Il. xv. 546.

1348 Il. ii. 831.

1349 So that Cilicia was divided into three principalities, as Strabo observes below, c. i. § 70. But perhaps this division was only invented for the purpose of completing the number of the nine principalities, for Strabo above, c. i. § 2, speaks in a manner to let us suppose that other authors reckoned eight only. However this may be, the following is the number of the dynasties or principalities established by our author. 1. That of Mynes; 2. that of Eetion, both in Cilicia; 3. that of Altes; 4. that of Hector; 5. that of Æneas; 6. that of Pandarus; 7. that of Asius; 8. that of the son of Merops; 9. that of Eurypylus, also in Cilicia. Coraÿ.

1350 Granting to Priam the sovereignty of the districts just mentioned by Strabo, his dominion extended over a country about twenty maritime leagues in length and the same in breadth. It would be impossible to determine the exact limits of these different districts, but it is seen that

The Trojans, properly so called, occupied the basin of the Scamander (Menderes-Tschai).

The Cilicians, commanded by Eetion, occupied the territory which surrounds the present Gulf of Adramytti.

The Cilicians of Mynes were to the south of the above.

The Leleges extended along a part of the northern coast of the Gulf of Adramytti, from Cape Baba.

The Dardanians were above the Trojans, and the chain of Ida. On the north, extending on both sides of the Hellespont, were the people of Arisbe, Sestos, and Abydos.

The people of Adrasteia occupied the Propontis, as far as the Granicus.

The Lycians, the country beyond, as far as the Æsepus and Zeleia.

Strabo mentioned a ninth (c. i. § 2) principality subject to Priam; he does not mention it by name, or rather it is wanting in the text. M. de Choiseul-Gouffier, (Voyage Pittoresque de la GrÈce, vol. ii.,) with much probability, thinks that this principality was that of the island of Lesbos. Gossellin.

1351 Il. xxiv. 543.

1352 Il. ii. 824.

1353 M. Falconer prÉtend qu’au lieu de 80 stades il faut lire 180.—Nos cartes modernes confirment la conjecture de M. Falconer. Gossellin.

1354 Il. ii. 828.

1355 Karadere.

1356 For S?????? in the text—read ? d’ ?? ... e?? S???d??a. Meineke, who however suspects the whole passage to be an interpolation.

1357 Peor Apis, or Baal Peor?

1358 Lapsaki or Lampsaki.

1359 The reading is very doubtful.

1360 Marmara, from the marble, ??a???, found there.

1361 Gallipoli.

1362 Beiram-dere.

1363 Il. ii. 328.

1364 Il. v. 612.

1365 The same person probably as Cephalion, author of a History of the Trojan War.

1366 Neoptolemus composed a glossary, or dictionary, divided into several books.

1367 Charon was the author of a History of the Persian War, and of the Annals of Lampsacus.

1368 Adeimantes was probably one of the courtiers of Demetrius Poliorcetes.

1369 Anaximenes was the author of a History of Early Times, and of a work entitled, The Death of Kings. The “Rhetoric addressed to Alexander,” now known as The Rhetoric of Aristotle, has been ascribed to him. For the above see AthenÆus.

1370 Called “Stagnum AgrippÆ” in Tacit. Ann. b. xv. c. 37.

1371 Il. ii. 835.

1372 Il. iv. 522.

1373 Il. ii. 254.

1374 The Maritza in Roumelia.

1375 Il. xvi. 717.

1376 A bridge of boats which could be unfixed at pleasure for the passage of vessels.

1377 Meineke reads ??at?st?, the strongest fortified, instead of ???st?.

1378 Il. ii. 819.

1379 Il. xv. 425.

1380 The ancient Dardania in the interior; a second Dardania was afterwards built on the sea-coast.

1381 Il. xx. 215.

1382 Od. ix. 109, 112.

1383 Il. xx. 216.

1384 Il. xi. 166.

1385 According to Arrian and Plutarch, it was before his victory.

1386 A native of Alexandreia-Troas and a grammarian; he was the author of Commentaries on various authors and of a History of the Trojan War.—AthenÆus.

1387 According to Pliny, b. vii. 29, this casket contained the perfumes of Darius, unguentorum scrinium. According to Plutarch, (Life of Alexander) the poem of Homer was the Iliad revised and corrected by Aristotle. From what Strabo here says of Callisthenes and Anaxarchus, we may probably understand a second revision made by them under the inspection of Alexander.

1388 Called above, § 22, Cape Dardanium (Cape Barber). Pliny gives the name Dardanium to the town which Herodotus and Strabo call Dardanus, and places it at an equal distance from Rhoeteium and Abydos. The modern name Dardanelles is derived from it.

1389 The name was given, it is said, in consequence of the imprecations of Hecuba on her captors. Others say that Hecuba was transformed into a bitch. The tomb occupied the site of the present castle in Europe called by the Turks Kilid-bahr.

1390 Pliny states that in his time there were no traces of the Rhodius, nor of the other rivers mentioned by Strabo in following Homer. According to others, the Rhodius is the torrent which passes by the castle of the Dardanelles in Asia, called by the Turks Sultan-kalessi, and therefore cannot unite with the Æsepus.

1391 Ienischer.

1392 The Scamander no longer unites with the SimoÏs, and for a considerable length of time has discharged itself into the Archipelago. The ancient mouth of these rivers preserve, however, the name MenderÉ, which is an evident alteration of Scamander, and the name MenderÉ has also become that of the ancient SimoÏs. It is to be observed that Demetrius of Scepsis, whose opinions on what regards these rivers and the position of Troy are quoted by Strabo, constantly takes the SimoÏs or MenderÉ for the Scamander of Homer. The researches of M. de Choiseul-Gouffier on the Troad appear to me clearly to demonstrate that Demetrius of Scepsis is mistaken.—Gossellin.

1393 The temple or tomb of Protesilaus, one of the Greek princes who went to the siege of Troy, and the first who was killed on disembarking. Artayctes, one of the generals of Xerxes, pillaged the temple and profaned it by his debauchery. According to Herodotus, (b. ix. 115,) who narrates the circumstance, the temple and the tomb of Protesilaus must have been in Eleussa (Paleo-Castro) itself, or at least very near this city. Chandler thought he had discovered this tomb near the village which surrounds the castle of Europe.

1394 The port of the AchÆans, the spot, that is, where the Greeks disembarked on the coast of the Troad, at the entrance of the Hellespont, appears to have been comprehended between the hillock called the Tomb of Achilles and the southern base of the heights, on which is situated another tomb, which goes by the name of the Tomb of Ajax. This space of about 1500 toises in length, now sand and lagunes, where the village Koum Kale and the fortress called the New Castle of Asia stand, and which spreads across the mouth of the MenderÉ, once formed a creek, the bottom of which, from examination on the spot, extended 1200 or 1500 toises from the present shore. It is from the bottom of this marshy creek the 12 stadia must be measured which Strabo reckons from the Port of the AchÆans to New Ilium. These 12 stadia, estimated at 700 to a degree, (like the generality of other measures adopted by Strabo in this district,) are equal to 977 toises, and conduct in a straight line to the western point of the mountain Tchiblak, where there are remains of buildings which may be the vestiges of New Ilium.

The other 30 stadia, which, according to Strabo, or rather according to Demetrius of Scepsis, was the distance from New Ilium to the town of the Ilienses, are equal to 2440 toises, and terminate at the most eastern edge of the table-land of Tchiblak, in a spot where ruins of a temple and other edifices are seen. Thus there is nothing to prevent our taking this place for the site of the town of the Ilienses, and this is the opinion of many modern travellers. But did this town occupy the same ground as the ancient Ilium, as Demetrius of Scepsis believed? Strabo thinks not, and we shall hereafter see the objections he has to offer against the opinion of Demetrius.—Gossellin.

1395 Consequently ancient Ilium, according to Strabo, was forty-two stadia from the coast. Scylax places it at twenty-five stadia; but probably the copyists of this latter writer have confounded the numerical Greek letters ?e (25) with e (45).

1396 According to Homer, (Od. xxiv. 75,) Patrocles must have the same tomb with Achilles, as their ashes were united in the same urn; those of Antilochus were contained in a separate urn.

1397 Il. v. 642.

1398 Il. v. 641.

1399 This plain, according to Demetrius, was to the east of the present MenderÉ, and was enclosed by this river and the mountain Tchiblak.

1400 Il. xvi. 738.

1401 If the name Cebrene or Cebrenia were derived from Cebriones, it would have been, according to analogy, Cebrionia; but it would have been better to have supposed the name to have been derived from Cebren, the more so as this river was supposed to be the father of Œnone the wife of Alexander (Paris). Whatever may be the origin of the name, the city Cebrene was, according to Ephorus, a colony of Cyme in Æolia.

1402 The position of the tomb of Æsyetes is said to be near a village called by the Turks Udjek, who also give the name Udjek-tepe to the tomb itself. The tomb of Ilus, it is presumed, must be in the neighbourhood of the ancient bed of Scamander, and Batieia below the village Bounar-bachi.

1403 This and the following paragraph more especially are at variance with the conjecture of those who place New Ilium at the village Tchiblak, situated beyond and to the north of the SimoÏs.

1404 As there are no mountains on the left bank of the MenderÉ, at the distance at which Demetrius places the town of the Ilienses, the long ridge or height of which Strabo speaks can only be referred to the hill of Tchiblak. In that case the SimoÏs of Demetrius must be the stream Tchiblak, which modern maps represent as very small, but which Major Rennell, on authority as yet uncertain, extends considerably, giving it the name Shimar, which according to him recalls that of SimoÏs.—Gossellin.

1405 Kramer proposes the insertion of ?? before t?? e??????? ??????? ?p’ e??e?a?, by which we are to understand that the extremities of the arms and of the ridge are in the same straight line.

Groskurd reads eta?? before t. e. a., changes the construction of the sentence, and reads the letter ? instead of e. His translation is as follows: “Both-mentioned plains are separated from each other by a long neck of land between the above-mentioned arms, which takes its commencement from the present Ilium and unites with it, extending itself in a straight line as far as Cebrenia, and forms with the arms on each side the letter ?.”

The topography of the plain of Troy and its neighbourhood is not yet sufficiently known to be able to distinguish all the details given by Demetrius. It appears only that he took the Tchiblak for the SimoÏs, and placed the plain of Troy to the right of the present MenderÉ, which he called the Scamander. This opinion, lately renewed by Major Rennell, presents great and even insurmountable difficulties when we endeavour to explain on this basis the principal circumstances of the Iliad. It must be remembered that in the time of Demetrius the remembrance of the position of ancient Troy was entirely lost, and that this author constantly reasoned on the hypothesis, much contested in his time, that the town of the Ilienses corresponded with that of ancient Ilium. Observations on the Topography of the plain of Troy by James Rennell.—Gossellin.

1406 Il. xx. 51.

1407 Il. x. 430.

1408 Tumbrek.

1409 Erineos, a wild fig-tree. Homer, it is to be observed, speaks of a single wild fig-tree, whereas Strabo describes a spot planted with them. This place, or a place near the ancient Ilium, is called by the Turks, according to M. Choiseul-Gouffier, Indgirdagh—i.e. the mountain of fig-trees, although none were to be found there whether cultivated or wild.

1410 Il. vi. 433.

1411 Il. ix. 352.

1412 1628 toises. The alluvial deposit has now extended the mouth of the MenderÉ 3400 toises from the ruins where the measurement indicated the position of New Ilium.—Gossellin.

1413 The passage is corrupt, and the translation is rather a paraphrase, assisted by the conjectures of Kramer.

1414 Od. xiv. 469.

1415 Od. xiv. 496.

1416 Il. xx. 209.

1417 Il. xviii. 254.

1418 HestiÆa was distinguished for her commentary on Homer somewhat in the same manner as Madame Dacier in modern times.

1419 Il. ii. 792.

1420 M. Lechevalier, who extends Ilium and its citadel Pergamus to the highest summit of the mountain Bounar-bachi, acknowledges that the nature of the ground would prevent the course of Hector and Achilles taking place round this position, in consequence of the rivers and the precipices which surround it on the S. E. To meet the objection which these facts would give rise to, M. Lechevalier interprets the expressions of Homer in a manner never thought of by the ancient grammarians, although they contorted the text in every possible manner, to bend it to their peculiar opinions. Would it not be more easy to believe that at the time of the siege of Troy this city was no longer on the summit of the mountain, nor so near its ancient acropolis as it was at first; and that the inhabitants moved under the reign of Ilus, as Plato says, and as Homer leads us to conclude, to the entrance of the plain and to the lower rising grounds of Ida? The level ground on the top mountain which rises above Bounar-bachi, and on which it has been attempted to trace the contour of the walls of ancient Ilium and of its citadel, is more than 3200 toises in circumference.

But it is difficult to conceive how, at so distant a period and among a people half savage, a space of ground so large and without water could be entirely occupied by a town, whose power scarcely extended beyond 25 leagues. On the other hand, as the exterior circuit of this mountain is more than 5500 toises, it is not to be conceived how Homer, so exact in his description of places, should have represented Achilles and Hector, already fatigued by a long-continued battle, as making an uninterrupted course of about seven leagues round this mountain, before commencing in single combat. It appears to me therefore that the Troy of Homer must have covered a much less space of ground than is generally supposed, and according to all appearances this space was bounded by a hillock, on which is now the village of Bounar-bachi. This hillock is about 700 or 800 toises in circumference; it is isolated from the rest of the mountain; and warriors in pursuing one another could easily make the circuit. This would not prevent Pergamus from being the citadel of Ilium, but it was separated from it by an esplanade, which served as a means of communication between the town and the fortress.—Gossellin.

1421 This paragraph, according to Kramer, is probably an interpolation.

1422 Herod. viii. c. 85.

1423 Thucyd., b. iii. c. 50, does not use the word Troad, but says “all the towns possessed by the MitylenÆans.”

1424 Poets and mythologists subsequent to Homer supposed Cassandra, the daughter of Priam, to have been violated by Ajax, the Locrian; that as a punishment for his crime this hero perished by shipwreck on his return from Troy, and that three years afterwards Locris was visited by a famine, which occasioned great destruction to the inhabitants. The oracle consulted on the occasion of this calamity advised the Locrians to send annually to Minerva of Ilium two young women chosen by lot. They obeyed and continued to send them for 1000 years, until the time of the sacred war.

1425 Il. xiii. 363.

1426 Il. vi. 448.

1427 Od. iii. 130.

1428 Il. xii. 15.

1429 Il. vi. 92 and 273.

1430 Il. ix. 455.

1431 Il. vi. 305.

1432 The corrupt passage replaced by asterisks is e??’ ??ete???te? te f???a?, which is unintelligible.

1433 The following is a translation of the passage, as found in the speech of Lycurgus, still preserved to us:

“Who has not heard of Troy, the greatest
City of those times, and sovereign of all
Asia, that when once destroyed by
The Greeks it remained for ever uninhabited?”

1434 Modern maps place the Cotylus, and consequently the sources of the river which Demetrius calls Scamander, at more than 30,000 toises, or nearly eleven leagues, to the S. E. of the entrance of the Hellespont, when the source of the Scamander should be near Troy; and Troy itself, according to the measurement adopted by Demetrius, ought not to be more than 3400 toises, or a league and a quarter, from the sea. There is therefore a manifest contradiction, and it appears, as I have already remarked, that the river called Scamander by Demetrius, is not the river so called by Homer, but the SimoÏs of the poet.—Gossellin.

Modern travellers accuse Demetrius with having confounded the Scamander with the SimoÏs. The SimoÏs they say rises in Cotylus, (Kas-dagh,) as also the Granicus, (Oustrola,) and the Æsepus, (Satal-dere,) but the sources of the Scamander are below, and to the W. of Ida, near the village called by the Turks Bounar-bachi, which signifies the head of the source. If it is an error, Demetrius is not alone responsible for it, as Hellenicus (Schol. in Iliad xxi. 242) also says that the Scamander had its source in Mount Ida itself. Both probably rested on the authority of Homer, who places the source of the Scamander in Ida. They did not, however, observe that Homer employs the expression ?p’ ?da??? ????? in a more extensive sense.—Du Theil.

1435 Il. xxii. 147.

1436 We owe to the researches of M. de Choiseul Gouffier, published without his knowledge in 1793, an acquaintance with these two springs, which present nearly the same phenomena as described by Homer. These springs have since been seen by many travellers; they are situated at the foot of a small hill on which is Bounar-bachi, and about 6500 toises in a straight line from the mouth of the MenderÉ. The stream which flows from them never fails, and after having run for some time parallel to the MenderÉ, it turns suddenly to throw itself into the Archipelago, near the middle of the interval which separates the ruins of Alesandria-Troas from the cape Koum-kale, but still leaving traces of a bed through which it formerly flowed to join the MenderÉ. We are now convinced that this little river is the Scamander of Homer, that the present MenderÉ is the SimoÏs of that poet, and that the ancient Ilium, which was near the sources of the Scamander, must have been situated on the heights of Bounar-bachi.

In the time of Homer these two rivers united together and discharged themselves into the sea by the same mouth: but the course of the Scamander has been changed for a long time, since, according to Pliny, (v. c. 33,) a part of its waters spread themselves over a marsh, and the remainder flowed unto the ÆgÆan Sea, between Alexandria-Troas and Sigeum. This ancient author therefore gave to the little river (which he called Paloescamander, the old Scamander) exactly the same course which the stream Bounar-bachi still follows. This change of direction in the course of the river appears to me to have been anterior to the time of Demetrius of Scepsis, for this alone can explain his error. For, no longer finding a stream which runs on the left of the present MenderÉ, and which might represent the Scamander, he thought proper to transfer this latter name to the SimoÏs, and to look for the site of the Ilium of Homer, as also of the plain which was the scene of the combats described by the poet, on the right of this river. Thence he is persuaded that the town of the Ilienses occupied the same site as the ancient Ilium, and that the stream of the Tschiblak was the SimoÏs.

I must remark that the MenderÉ is a torrent, the waters of which fail during a great part of the year, whilst the stream of the Bounar-bachi always continues to flow. This advantage is probably the reason why it preserved the name of Scamander to the sea, although it ran into the bed of the SimoÏs and was far inferior to this torrent in the length of its course. Hence it may be perceived how the name of Scamander, now changed into that of MenderÉ, has remained attached to this ancient mouth, how ultimately it was given to the whole course of the SimoÏs, and how Demetrius of Scepsis was led into error by the change in the course of the true Scamander, and by the transfer of its name to the SimoÏs.—Voyage Pittoresque de la GrÈce par M. de Choiseul Gouffier. Le Voyage dans la Troad, par M. Lechevalier. The Topography of Troy, W. Gell.—Gossellin.

1437 Il. xii. 20.

1438 B. xii. c. iii. § 21.

1439 Below Strabo calls this same place Ænea, and in b. xii. c. iii. § 23, Enea-Come. Pliny calls it Nea; it is said to be the same place called by the Turks Ene.

1440 ??????a, in the neuter gender, with the accent on the antipenultima, means “silver mines.” But ??????a, with the accent on the penultima, becomes the name of a town.

1441 Il. ii. 856.

1442 What other places? I do not think that Strabo or Demetrius have mentioned any other place bearing the name of PalÆscepsis.—Du Theil.

1443 Il. i. 38.

1444 There are no islands to the south of Tenedos,—that is, between Tenedos and Cape Lectum (Baba). The state of the text might induce us to suppose that, instead of Lectum, Strabo wrote Sigeum. Then the CalydnÆ islands would answer to the Mauro islands or to the isles des Lapins.—Gossellin.

1445 Called also Lyrnessa and Phoenice. The first of these names is the same as that of one of the 12 towns on the continent sacked by Achilles. The name Phoenice was given to it probably by a Phoenician colony. Leucophrys, (white brows,) from the colour of the coast.

1446 From s?????, a rat, in the Æolic dialect. The worship of Apollo Smintheus was not confined to the town of Chrysa alone; it was common to all the continent of the Troad and to the adjacent islands; it extended along the whole coast to the island of Rhodes, as Strabo afterwards informs us. He has already told us that there was a temple of Apollo Smintheus in the island of Tenedos. Coins of this island exist, bearing the effigy of the god with a rat under the chin. The town of Hamaxitus, on the continent, had also its temple of Apollo Smintheus, where was not only to be seen the picture of a rat near the tripod of the god, but also tame rats, maintained at the public expense.

1447 Sect. 63.

1448 In the island of Rhodes more especially many Sminthia must have existed, as Andreas, a native of Lindus, one of the three cities of the island, made these temples the subject of a treatise entitled “On the Sminthia of Rhodes.”

1449 The Turks call the place Fousla, “the salt-pans.”

1450 Il. x. 429.

1451 Il. xxi. 86.

1452 Il. xiv. 443.

1453 Il. vi. 34.

1454 At the foot of the mountain on which is now the village Ine.

1455 Palamedium? Pliny, b. v. c. 30.

1456 Karatepe-bournou, or Cape San Nicolo.

1457 Antandro.

1458 Dikeli-koi.

1459 Tschandarlyk.

1460 Ialea.

1461 From s??pt?a?, (sceptomai,) I see to a distance, from which the compound pe??s??pt?a?, (perisceptomai,) I see to a distance around. Strabo perceived the absurdity of such an etymology. Others derived the name of this place from s??pt?a?, I pretend, whence s?????, (skepsis,) a pretext, because it was on this part of the chain of Ida that Rhea, on the birth of Jupiter, substituted for him a stone clothed as an infant, and presented it to be devoured by Saturn in place of her child. This etymology is conformable to analogy, although founded on a ridiculous fable.

1462 B. xiii. c. i. § 6.

1463 Il. xx. 188.

1464 Il. xiii. 460

1465 See note ⁴, vol. i. p. 76.

1466 Some assert that Capys, the father of Anchises, was the founder of Capua or Capya in Italy. The town in Arcadia was afterwards called Caphya or CaphyÆ.

1467 Segesta.

1468 Trapani.

1469 Cape BoË.

1470 Il. xx. 306.

1471 This statement is not in contradiction with those (Athen. b. i. c. 3) who assert that Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, and Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, were the first who formed libraries. The libraries of these two princes, who lived six centuries before our time, were probably confined to half a dozen poets, and it may be supposed that the care Pisistratus took to collect the poems of Homer did not extend to poets posterior to his time. But in the time of Aristotle there existed many poems, a great number of oratorical discourses, historical works, and various treatises of philosophy.

1472 Apellicon proclaimed himself a philosopher of the school of Aristotle. From what AthenÆus, b. v., says of him, he appears to have used his great wealth for the purposes of ostentation rather than of employing it for the benefit of others. He was sent by Aristion, (or Athenion, as AthenÆus calls him,) tyrant of Athens, to Delos, at the head of ten thousand soldiers, to remove the treasures of the temple. He was defeated by the Romans, and having lost his whole army, escaped with difficulty.

1473 This name was given to books intended to be seen and read by every one, but which did not contain the fundamental dogmas which Aristotle only communicated to those of his own school. The books which contained these doctrines were called, by way of distinction, esoteric. Such at least is the opinion of those who admit of the existence of a secret doctrine, and a public doctrine, in the philosophy of Aristotle. This passage of Strabo however seems to favour those who maintained a different opinion, namely, that this celebrated distinction of exoteric and esoteric doctrines, which is peculiar to the works of Aristotle, is not founded on any essential difference of doctrine, but rather on a difference of method, so that the word exoteric was applied to works where the opinions of the philosopher were set forth in a manner to be understood by all intelligent readers, whether of his own school or strangers; and esoteric to those works where his opinions were thoroughly discussed, and in a scientific manner, and which, not being intelligible to every one, required to be explained by the master himself.

1474 Tyrannion was a native of Amisus, whose lectures he attended (b. xii. c. iii. § 16). He is often quoted among the commentators of Homer. It was he also who gave copies of the works of Aristotle to Andronicus of Rhodes, for whom he made a catalogue of them.

1475 Metrodorus was not only a fellow-countryman of Demetrius, who was one of the richest and most distinguished citizens of Scepsis, but also his contemporary and protegÉ. A small treatise of Metrodorus is cited, entitled pe?? ??e?pt????, which may mean “on anointing with oil,” or “on oil used in the public exercises.” It seems however very probable that the treatise on the Troad, (???Ï??,) which AthenÆus attributes to another Metrodorus of Chios, was the work of this Metrodorus of Scepsis. The place of his birth, which was in the Troad, might have suggested, as it did to his patron, the idea of treating a subject liable to discussion, and to endeavour to throw light upon it by the words of Homer. Add to this that Strabo quotes also Metrodorus on the subject of the Amazons, whose history appears so closely connected with the Trojan war that all who have touched on the one, have also treated of the other. Pliny quotes also a Metrodorus on the subject of the serpents of the river Rhyndacus, near the Troad. It is also a question whether Metrodorus was one of those who occupied themselves with mnemonics, or the art of increasing and strengthening the memory. According to Plutarch, Metrodorus was the victim of Mithridates. Tigranes, who had placed the philosopher in his power, more from inadvertence than intentionally, so much regretted his death that he celebrated magnificent obsequies to his memory.

1476 Gargara is the same town called above by Strabo Gargaris, unless he meant by the latter name the territory of Gargara, a distinction we find made below between Pedasa and Pedasis. The author of the Etymologicum Magnum calls the place Gargarus, and informs us that the inhabitants abandoned it on account of the cold, it being situated on Mount Ida; that they founded a new town in the plain, and that the town abandoned afterwards received the name of Old Gargara.

The town called Lamponia by Strabo is called Lamponium by Hellanicus and Herodotus.

1477 By “the kings,” we must probably understand the kings of Bithynia rather than the kings of Persia, as understood by Rambach (De Mileto ejusque coloniÆ); for if we suppose that colonists are here meant who came to Gargara from Miletus after the destruction of this latter town by the Persians, how could Demetrius of Scepsis say of the Gargareans that, “Æolians as they were, or instead of Æolians they became semi-barbarians?” He ought at least to have said, “that they became Ionians,” for Miletus, a Greek city of Ionia, at the time of its destruction by the Persians, was far from being barbarous. But Miletopolis, although from its name and position in the territory of Cyzicus was probably, like Cyzicus, a colony of Miletus, yet might have been peopled with barbarians at the time Gargara received colonists. Mualitsh is the modern name of Miletopolis.

1478 Il. x. 428.

1479 Budrun, the birth-place of Herodotus.

1480 Herod. i. 175; viii. 104.

1481 Paitschin?

1482 Eski-Hissar.

1483 C. vii. § 49.

1484 Il. i. 366.

1485 Il. ii. 691.

1486 Il. ii. 295.

1487 Il. i. 432.

1488 Il. i. 439.

1489 Il. i. 37.

1490 Dikeli-koi.

1491 For ??s?? Meineke reads ?? t??, “a certain earth.” Pliny, b. ii. c. 95, speaks of islands “which are always floating;” something of the kind occurs in volcanic lakes.

1492 Ak-su or Bakir.

1493 It is difficult to clear up this passage ?? ??G? t???? ???a???s?? ?????? t? ???? de? d? a???? t?? de?t??a? s???a?? ??f??e?? ??G?? ?? ????? ?a? ?????. There is no doubt that the first of these words in capitals, to be homonymous with goat, should be a??a, as is read in the old editions, and in many manuscripts, and not a???, a???, or, a????, as in others. ???a is the accusative of ???, (Æx,) a goat, which name Artemidorus actually gives to this promontory. But as our language has no termination of cases, the passage requires some explanation. If the Greeks desired to express in the nominative case the position of the promontory with respect to the island of Lesbos, they would say, according to Artemidorus, The cape Æx (???) is in front of Lesbos; according to Strabo, The cape Æga (????) is in front of Lesbos. The first, Æx, signifies a goat, as Artemidorus intended; the second, Æga, in the Doric dialect (for Æge, ????) means a goat’s skin. If they desired to employ the word in the accusative, they said, according to Artemidorus, We have doubled Cape Æga (???a); according to Strabo, We have doubled Cape Ægan (?????). The matter is clear thus far, but what follows, de? d? a???? * * * ?? ??t?? ?a? ?????, is difficult to explain. The two last words are Doric genitive plurals, the first for ??t??, shores, the second for ?????, beginnings; and yet one would expect to find examples of accusatives in the singular number, as ??t?? and ?????; the difference of accent is here of no importance, for the last syllables of these accusatives are long, as Strabo wishes to make the last syllable long of Ægan (?????). If he had required examples agreeing with this last word in quantity, accent, and case, he might have cited sycan, (s????, a fig-tree,) or some other word of this form. It might be supposed that ??t?? was here taken in the acceptation [??t???, ??t??, and, in the Doric dialect, ??t??]; but there still remains ?????, unless we change the word to ???t??, a bear’s skin.—Coraÿ.]

1494 Od. xi. 521.

1495 Eurypylus, son of Telephus, being invited by Priam to come to his assistance, answered that he could not do so without the permission of his mother, Astyoche. Priam by rich presents obtained from her this permission. There are other explanations equally uncertain. Bryant asserts that the CetÆi were pirates, and exacted young women as tribute from the people whom they attacked.

1496 Sigri.

1497 Molyvo.

1498 Cape Sta. Maria.

1499 Adshane.

1500 This is the number given in Agathermus, and there is no difference in manuscripts in this part of the text. Falconer thinks we ought to read ?????? ??at?? ?a? d??a (1110) for ?????? ??at?? (1100), to make the sum-total given agree with the sum-total of the particular distances. I am more inclined to deduct 10 stadia from the 210, which is the distance given between Sigrium and Methymne.—Coraÿ.

1501 Arginusi Islands; according to others, Musconisia.

1502 The entrance to the Gulf of Caloni.

1503 Pira.

1504 We should probably read here Melanchus, tyrant of Lesbos, who, assisted by the brothers of AlcÆus, overthrew Pittacus.

1505 Diophanes was the friend of Tiberius Gracchus, and was the victim of his friendship. Potamo was professor of rhetoric at Rome, and was the author of the Perfect Orator, the Life of Alexander the Great, the Praise of CÆsar, the Praise of Brutus, and the Annals of Samos. Pliny mentions a sculptor of the name of Lesbocles, whose name seems to indicate his origin from Lesbos. AthenÆus also names a sculptor from Mitylene called Lesbothemis. Strabo is probably the only person who makes mention of Crinagoras. Theophanes is known as an historian, and especially as the friend of Pompey, whom however he advised to retire to Egypt. The philosopher Lesbonax, father of Potamo, was a native of Mitylene.

1506 Eresso.

1507 To the N. E. of Sigri.

1508 In which are comprehended the Arginusi mentioned above.

1509 According to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, Hecatonnesoi means the “hundred islands,” the word being composed not of Hecatus but of Hecaton, ??at??, “a hundred,” and ??s??, “islands.”

1510 The name appears to be wanting.

1511 Derived from p??d? and p??d?.

1512 Il. vi. 414, 421.

1513 Il. ii. 692; xix. 296.

1514 Il. x. 428.

1515 Il. xiv. 443.

1516 Il. xxi. 86.

1517 Il. xxi. 87.

1518 Il. xxi. 84.

1519 Il. ii. 840.

1520 Il. xvii. 301.

1521 Kramer adopts Coraÿ’s correction of ????ta? for ?????ta?, although he at the same time remarks, that we have no other information of Larisa being then taken.

1522 Karasu, or Kutschuk-Meinder.

1523 Sarabat.

1524 Salambria.

1525 In spite of the improbability of these anecdotes, there must have been something real in the dulness of the CymÆans; for CymÆan was employed by the Greeks as a word synonymous with stupid. CÆsar, among the Romans, (Plutarch, CÆsar,) adopted this name in the same sense. This stupidity gave occasion to a proverb, ???? e?? ??a????, an ass among the CymÆans, which was founded on the following story. The first time an ass appeared among the CymÆans, the inhabitants, who were unacquainted with the beast, deserted the town with such precipitation that one would have said they were escaping from an earthquake.

1526 Il. ii. 814.

1527 Bergamo.

1528 Sart.

1529 A building raised in commemoration of a victory. It was destroyed by Philip of Macedon, Polyb. xvi. 1. It appears, however, that he restored it to its ancient splendour, as forty-fire years afterwards it was devastated a second time by Prusias, king of Bithynia, which Strabo notices hereafter.

1530 The circumstances are differently narrated by Plutarch “On brotherly love,” and by Livy, xlii. c. 15 and 16.

1531 Diegylis, king of the CÆni, a Thracian people, was the father-in-law of Prusias.

1532 Aristonicus, brother of Attalus, and a natural son of Eumenes, for some time contended with the Romans for the possession of this inheritance; but finally he was vanquished and made prisoner by the consul Perperna, carried to Rome, and there died in prison. B. xiv. c. i. § 38.

1533 ???d?a The exhedra was that part of the building added to the portico, and, according to Vitruvius, when spacious it consisted of three parts, and was provided with seats. It probably here means a place for sitting and resting, protected by a covering supported by columns, so as to afford a view all round.

1534 Pliny also places Macedonians, surnamed Cadueni, near Tmolus. B. v. c. 29.

1535 Bouz-dagh.

1536 Il. ii. 865.

1537 Some pretended miracle relating probably to the baskets carried by the virgins on their heads at festivals.

1538 Il. ii. 864.

1539 B. ix.

1540 Il. vii. 221.

1541 Il. ii. 783.

1542 Pliny does not approve of the word PithecussÆ being derived from p??????, a monkey; but from p????, a cask. This latter derivation is not natural, whilst the former is at least conformable to analogy. Hesychius confirms the Tyrrhenian meaning of the word Arimi, calling ?????, p??????. The expression in Homer, e?? ??????, “among the Arimi,” (which in Roman letters would be ein Arimis, and which is translated into Latin by in Arimis,) signifies “in the PithecussÆ Islands,” according to the opinion of those who placed TyphoËus in Italy. But it is remarkable that from the two words ein Arimis of Homer the name Inarimis has been invented; and quoted as Homer’s by Pliny (iii. 6): Ænasia ipsa, a statione navium ÆneÆ, Homero Inarime dicta, GrÆcis Pithecussa, non a simiarum multitudine, ut aliqui existimavere sed a figlinis doliorum. It is not Homer, however, that he ought to have quoted, but Virgil, who was the first to coin one word out of the two Greek words.

Inarime Jovis imperiis imposta TyphoËo.Æn. ix. 716.

The modern name is Ischia.

1543 Pyth. i. 31.

1544 Kelikdni.

1545 Herod. i. 93.

1546 Pyrgela.

1547 Il. ii. 461.

1548 Catania.

1549 The range of mountains on the south of the Caÿster, bearing various names.

1550 CelÆnÆ was the citadel of Apameia Cibotus, Afuim-Kara hissar.

1551 Cape Sta. Maria.

1552 Coraÿ proposes to read for ?a??? ?a??????, translate, “between Carura and Nysa.”

1553 Sultan-hissar.

1554 Eski-hissar.

1555 Pambuk-kalessi.

1556 They were the priests of Cybele, and so called from a river of Phrygia.

1557 Madder-root.

1558 Geira.

1559 Jenedscheh.

1560 Chorsum.

1561 DekoÏ.

1562 Il. vi. 184.

1563 Il. vi. 203.

1564 Ebedschek-Dirmil.

1565 Giaur-Kalessi.

1566 Urludscha.

END OF VOL. II.

JOHN CHILDS AND SON, BUNGAY.

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