363 We have thought it necessary, with the French translators, to insert these words, since although they are found in no MS. of Strabo, the argument which follows is clearly unintelligible without them.

364 Hipparchus, believing that the Danube emptied itself by one mouth into the Euxine, and by another into the Adriatic Gulf, imagined that if the waters of the Mediterranean were raised in the manner proposed by Eratosthenes, the valley through which that river flows would have been submerged, and so formed a kind of strait by which the Euxine would have been connected to the Adriatic Gulf.

365 The Lipari Islands.

366 There is some mistake here. Strabo himself elsewhere tells us that the islands of Thera and Therasia were situated in the ÆgÆan Sea, near to the island of Nanfio.

367 “Defending from danger.” More probably, in this instance, the Securer of Foundations.

368 Egripo.

369 This plain was near the city of Chalcis, which at the present day bears the same name as the island itself.

370 And reached the two fair-flowing springs, where the two springs of the eddying Scamander rise. The one, indeed, flows with tepid water, and a steam arises from it around, as of burning fire; whilst the other flows forth in the summer time, like unto hail, or cold snow, or ice from water. Iliad xxii. 147.

371 Tantalus lived about 1387, B. C.

372 Lydia and Ionia form the modern provinces of Aidin and Sarukan in Anadoli. A part of the Troad still preserves the name of Troiaki.

373 A mountain in MÆonia, close to the city of Magnesia.

374 Ilus, who ascended the throne about 1400 years before the Christian era, founded the city, to which he gave the name of Ilium. The old city of Troy stood on a hill, and was safe from the inundation.

375 These two cities were built on little islets adjoining the continent. Alexander connected them with the mainland by means of jetties. ClazomenÆ was situated on the Gulf of Smyrna, near to a place now called Vurla or Burla. The present appellation of Tyre, on the coast of Phoenicia, is Sur.

376 Tineh.

377 El-Kas.

378 Of Suez.

379 That part of the Mediterranean adjoining Egypt.

380 The Red Sea.

381 The Red Sea and Mediterranean.

382 Sta. Maura.

383 Odyss. xxiv. 376.

384 The island of Ortygia, now St. Marcian.

385 Diakopton.

386 Probably Bulika, according to others Trypia or Niora.

387 Methone is the same town which Pausanias (l. ii. c. 32) names Methona, it was situated in the Argolis between Troezene and Epidaurus. The above writer tells us that in the reign of Antigonus, son of Demetrius king of Macedonia, there was a breaking out of subterranean fires close to Methona. This event, which it is probable Strabo alludes to, occurred some where between the years 277 and 244, before the Christian era. The town still exists under its ancient name of Methona.

388 An error in all the MSS. The Saronic Gulf is intended.

389 Vide Strabo, b. ix. c. ii. § 34, 35.

390 In Boeotia.

391 The Second Iliad, or Catalogue of Ships.

392 And those who inhabited grape-clustered Arne, and those [who inhabited] Mideia. Iliad ii. 507.

393 This Thracian lake or lagoon is now called Burum. It is formed by the mouths of several rivers, and lies to the north of the isle of Thaso.

394 Diaskillo, al. Biga.

395 These are certain little islands at the mouth of the river Achelous, the modern Aspro-potamo, which formed the boundary between Acarnania and Ætolia. Now Curzolari.

396 It is supposed we should here read Herodotus. Conf. Herod. ii. 10.

397 Daskalio.

398 Now there is a certain rocky island in the middle of the sea, between Ithaca and the rugged Samos, Asteris, not large; and in it there are havens fit for ships, with two entrances. Odyssey iv. 844.

399 That is to say, the territory opposite Issa; probably the ruins near to Kalas Limenaias.

400 The present island of Metelino.

401 ? d? ??t?ssa ??s?? ?? p??te???, ?? ???s???? f?s?? t?? [d?] ??s?? ?a??????? p??te??? ?ss??, ?a? t?? ??s?? ??t?ssa? ?a?e?s?a? s????. Our rendering of this passage, though rather free, seemed necessary to the clear explication of the Greek.

402 Procita.

403 Ischia.

404 Miseno, the northern cape of the Gulf of Naples.

405 Capri.

406 Reggio.

407 These two mountains are separated from each other by the river PenÆus.

408 ?a???, a rent or chink. This town was sixty miles from Ecbatana; it was named by the Arabs RaÏ, and is now in ruins. It is the Rhages in Tobias.

409 Certain mountain defiles, now called Firouz-Koh.

410 A western promontory of Euboea, called by the modern Greeks Kabo Lithari. The Lichadian Islands, which now bear the name of Litada, are close by.

411 A city of Euboea; hod. Dipso.

412 In Euboea, now Orio.

413 Now Echino; belonged to Thessaly and was near the sea.

414 Now Stillida; situated on the Bay of Zeitoun.

415 A little town situated in a plain amongst the mountains. It received its name from a tradition that Hercules abode there during the time that the pyre on Mount Œta was being prepared, into which he cast himself.

416 Lamia in Thessaly.

417 A city of the Epi-Cnemidian Locrians in Achaia; its present name is Bondoniza.

418 A town close to Scarpheia; its ruins are said to be still visible at Palaio Kastro.

419 Now Agriomela or Ellada, a river descending from Mount Œta, and emptying itself into the Bay of Zeitoun.

420 A torrent near Thronium; its present name is Boagrio.

421 Three cities of the Opuntian Locrians; Cynus, the port of Opus, is now called Kyno.

422 One of the principal cities of Phocis, near the river Cephissus; a little village called Leuta stands on the ancient site.

423 Probably the Alpene in Locris mentioned by Herodotus.

424 The modern Talanta.

425 Egripo.

426 The Western Iberians are the people who inhabited Spain, and were said to have removed into Eastern Iberia, a country situated in the centre of the isthmus which separates the Euxine from the Caspian Sea. The district is now called Carduel, and is a region of Georgia.

427 The river Aras.

428 The river Kur.

429 The mountains which border Colchis or Mingrelia on the south.

430 According to Herodotus, Sesostris was the only Egyptian monarch who ever reigned in Ethiopia. Pliny says he penetrated as far as the promontory of Mosylon.

431 Veneti.

432 A small people of Thessaly, who latterly dwelt near Mount Œta, which separated them from Ætolia and Phocis.

433 A city and plain in Thessaly, near to Mount Ossa.

434 A people of Macedon, at the time of Strabo dwelling north of the river Peneius.

435 Few nations have wandered so far and wide as the GalatÆ. We meet with them in Europe, Asia, and Africa, under the various names of GalatÆ, Galatians, Gauls, and Kelts. Galatia, in Asia Minor, was settled by one of these hordes.

436 There were many kings of Phrygia of this name.

437 The text of Kramer follows most MSS. in reading “Kimmerians,” but he points it out as a manifest error; and refers to Herodotus i. 103.

438 By Hyperboreans are meant people who dwelt beyond the point from whence the north wind proceeded: Hypernotii therefore should be those who lived beyond the point of the procession of the south wind. The remark of Herodotus will be found, lib. iv. § 36. It is simply this: Supposing Hyperboreans, there ought likewise to be Hypernotii.

439 Those who exult over the misfortunes of their neighbours.

440 Those who rejoice in others’ prosperity.

441 Gosselin observes, that what Strabo here says, is in accordance with the geographical system of the ancients, who supposed that Africa did not extend as far as the equator. As they distinguished the continent situated in the northern from a continent which they believed to exist in the southern hemisphere, and which they styled the Antichthones, they called the wind, blowing from the neighbourhood of the equator, in the direction of the two poles, a south wind for either hemisphere. For example, if sailors should be brought to the equator by a north wind, and that same wind should continue to waft them on their course after having passed the line, it would no longer be called a north, but a south wind.

442 According to Gosselin, this does not allude to the size of the whole earth, but merely that part of it which, according to the theory of the ancients, was alone habitable.

443 Most probably Gherri in Sennaar.

444 Eratosthenes supposed that Meroe, Alexandria, the Hellespont, and the mouth of the Borysthenes or Dnieper, were all under the same meridian.

445 The Dardanelles.

446 Iceland.

447 This Island of the Egyptians is the same which Strabo elsewhere calls the Island of the Exiles, because it was inhabited by Egyptians who had revolted from Psammeticus, and established themselves in the island. Its exact situation is unknown.

448 Ceylon.

449 Ireland.

450 France.

451 Between the Rhine and Elbe.

452 The latitudes of Marseilles and Constantinople differ by 2° 16' 21. Gosselin enters into a lengthened explanation on this subject, i. 158.

453 Ireland.

454 The eastern mouth of the Ganges.

455 Cape St. Vincent.

456 In the opinion of Strabo and Eratosthenes, the narrowest portion of India was measured by a line running direct from the eastern embouchure of the Ganges to the sources of the Indus, that is, the northern side of India bounded by the great chain of the Taurus.

457 Cape Comorin is the farthest point on the eastern coast. Strabo probably uses the plural to indicate the capes generally, not confining himself to those which project a few leagues farther than the rest.

458 The Euphrates at Thapsacus, the most frequented passage; hod. El-Der.

459 The Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, now Thineh or Farameh.

460 Close by Aboukir.

461 Cape S. MahÉ.

462 Ushant.

463 The text has t? p????, but we have followed the suggestions of the commentators in reading t? ? p????.

464 It is remarkable that this is the same idea which led Columbus to the discovery of America, and gave to the islands off that continent the name of the West Indies.

465 We have followed Kramer in reading d?’ ??????, instead of the d?? ????? of former editions.

466 The Nile being thought to separate Africa from Asia, and the Tanais, or Don, Europe.

467 The Red Sea.

468 The name of the mouth of the lake Sirbonis or Sebaket-Bardoil, which opens into the Mediterranean. A line drawn from this embouchure to the bottom of the Arabian Gulf, would give the boundary between Africa and Asia.

469 Places in Attica.

470 Probably Thyros, a place situated close to the sea, just at the boundary of the two countries.

471 Oropo, on the confines of Attica and Boeotia.

472 Aristotle was the giver of this sage counsel.

473 A people of Asia.

474 The Strait of Messina.

475 The Gulf of AÏas. The town of Aias has replaced Issus, at the eastern extremity of the Mediterranean.

476 The Mediterranean.

477 That is, the Mediterranean on the coast of Syria.

478 Strabo does not here mean the Caucasus or Balkan, but the mountains which stretch from Persia to Cochin China. At a later period the several chains were known to the Greeks by the names of Paropamisus, Emodi Montes, Imaus, &c.

479 Samsun.

480 Sinub.

481 The great chain of the Taurus was supposed to occupy the whole breadth of Asia Minor, a space of 3000 stadia. Eratosthenes is here attempting to prove that these mountains occupy a like space in the north of India.

482 Lit. to the equinoctial rising.

483 Another designation of the Caspian.

484 Balk.

485 Read 18,100 stadia.

486 i. e. The breadth of India.

487 Literally, “estimate at so much,” referring to the estimate at the conclusion of § 2.

488 Caucasus, in the north of India.

489 By the term ??a ???atta, rendered “eastern ocean,” we must understand Strabo to mean the Bay of Bengal.

490 The Alexandrian.

491 Seleucus Nicator and Antiochus Soter.

492 The length of India is its measurement from west to east.

493 Not Allahabad, as supposed by D’Anville, but Patelputer, or Pataliputra, near Patna.

494 There would seem to be some omission here, although none of the MSS. have any blank space left to indicate it. Groskurd has been at considerable pains to supply what he thinks requisite to complete the sense, but in a matter so doubtful we deemed it a surer course to follow the Greek text as it stands.

495 Thrace, now Roumelia.

496 The situation of Illyria was on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Venice.

497 Read 18,100 stadia.

498 The mouth of the Dnieper.

499 Hipparchus stated 3800 stadia, not 3700.

500 Gosselin remarks that these 3700, or rather 3800 stadia, on proceeding from Marseilles, would reach the latitude of Paris, and that of the coasts in the neighbourhood of TrÉguier. Eratosthenes and Hipparchus were out but 14' and some seconds in their calculation of the latitude of Marseilles; but Strabo’s error touching the same amounted to 3° 43' 28 he consequently fixed the northern coasts of France at 45° 17' 18, which is about the latitude of the mouth of the Garonne.

501 These 8800 stadia, at 700 to a degree, amount to 12° 34' 17 of latitude. This would be about the middle of Abyssinia.

502 Ireland.

503 The island of Ceylon.

504 Viz. between its southern extremity and that of India.

505 Strabo and Eratosthenes supposed the extremity of India farther south than Meroe; Hipparchus fixes it a little north of that city, at a distance of 12,600 stadia from the equator.

506 These 30,000 stadia, added to the 12,600 of the preceding note, would place Bactria under 60° 51' 26 north latitude, which is more than 24 degrees too far north.

507 Both Aria and Margiana are in the present Khorasan.

508 This portion of the Taurus is called by the Indians Hindou Kho.

509 This was the principal Greek liquid measure, and was 3-4ths of the medimnus, the chief dry measure. The Attic metretes was half as large again as the Roman Amphora quadrantal, and contained a little less than 7 gallons. Smith.

510 The medimnus contained nearly 12 imperial gallons, or 1½ bushel. This was the Attic medimnus; the Æginetan and Ptolemaic was half as much again, or in the ratio of 3:2 to the Attic. Smith.

511 Matiana was a province of Media on the frontiers of the present Kurdistan; Sacasena, a country of Armenia on the confines of Albania or Schirvan; Araxena, a province traversed by the river Araxes.

513 Sinub.

514 Samsoun.

515 The Gihon of the oriental writers.

516 The Caspian.

517 Gosselin says, the Oxus, or Abi-amu, which now discharges itself into Lake Aral, anciently communicated with the Caspian.—The vessels carrying Indian merchandise used to come down the Oxus into the Caspian; they then steered along the southern coasts till they reached the mouth of the Cyrus; up this river they sailed to the sources of the Phasis, (the Fasch,) and so descended into the Black Sea and Mediterranean. About the middle of the 17th century the Russians endeavoured to re-open this ancient route, but this effort was unsuccessful.

518 The north of France.

519 At the time of Strabo France was covered with forests and stagnant water, which rendered its temperature damp and cold. It was not until after considerable drainage about the fourth century that the vine began to attain any perfection.

520 The Crimea.

521 The Strait of Zabache.

522 Kertsch in the Crimea.

523 Strabo is too fond of this kind of special pleading; before, in order to controvert Hipparchus, he estimated this distance at 3000 stadia; now he adds an additional thousand stadia in order to get a latitude which shall be the southern limit of the habitable earth.

524 The Greek has ???a??f???? ??d????. We have omitted the latter word altogether from the translation, as being a slip of the pen. Strabo certainly never supposed the Cinnamon Country to be any where in India.

525 Ireland.

526 Perhaps it may aid the reader in realizing these different reasonings if we give a summary of them in figures.

The great fertility of Bactriana, according to Strabo, appeared to be inconsistent with a position so far towards the north. In this he was correct.

527 These 4000 stadia do not accord with the distances elsewhere propounded by Strabo. Possibly he had before him various charts constructed on different hypotheses, and made his computations not always from the same.

528 Viz. 3800.

529 Ireland.

530 France.

531 The astronomical cubit of the ancients equalled 2 degrees. It therefore follows that in the regions alluded to by Hipparchus, the sun at the winter solstice rose no higher than 18 degrees above the horizon. This would give a latitude of a little above 48 degrees. We afterwards find that Hipparchus placed the mouth of the Dnieper, and that part of France here alluded to, under 48° 29' 19, and we know that at this latitude, which is only 20' 56 different from that of Paris, there is no real night during the longest days of the summer.

532 Read 7700.

533 Lit., during the winter days, but the winter solstice is evidently intended.

534 Read about 10,500. This correction is borne out by the astronomical indications added by Hipparchus.

535 Strabo supposed the latitude of Ireland to be 52° 25' 42. Countries north of this he considered to be altogether uninhabitable on account of their inclemency.

536 Equinoctial hours.

537 Read 10,500, as above.

538 Ireland.

539 The equinoctial line.

540 There is no doubt that the expressions which Deimachus appears to have used were correct. It seems that he wished to show that beyond the Indus the coasts of India, instead of running in a direction almost due east, as the Greeks imagined they did, sloped in a direction between the south and the north-east, which is correct enough. As Deimachus had resided at Palibothra, he had had an opportunity of obtaining more exact information relative to the form of India than that which was current at Alexandria. This seems the more certain, as Megasthenes, who had also lived at Palibothra, stated that by measuring India from the Caucasus to the southern extremity of the continent, you would obtain, not its length, as the Greeks imagined, but its breadth. These correct accounts were obstinately rejected by the speculative geographers of Alexandria, because they imagined a certain uninhabitable zone, into which India ought not to penetrate.

541 The truth of these facts depends on the locality where the observations are made. In the time of Alexander the most southern of the seven principal stars which compose the Greater Bear had a declination of about 61 degrees, so that for all latitudes above 29 degrees, the Wain never set. Consequently if Deimachus were speaking of the aspect of the heavens as seen from the northern provinces of India, the Punjaub for instance, there was truth in his assertion, that the two Bears were never seen to set there, nor the shadows to fall in contrary directions. On the other hand, as Megasthenes appears to be speaking of the south of India, that is, of the peninsula situated entirely south of the tropic, it is certain that he was right in saying that the shadows cast by the sun fell sometimes towards the north, at others towards the south, and that accordingly, as we proceeded towards the south, the Bears would be seen to set. The whole of Ursa Major at that time set at 29 degrees, and our present polar star at 13 degrees. of the Lesser Bear was at that time the most northern of the seven principal stars of that constellation, and set at 8° 45'. So that both Bears entirely disappeared beneath the horizon of Cape Comorin.

542 This would be at Syene under the tropic.

543 Small zones parallel to the equator; they were placed at such a distance from each other, that there might be half an hour’s difference between each on the longest day of summer. So by taking an observation on the longest day, you could determine the clima and consequently the position of a place. This was equivalent to observing the elevation of the pole. At the end of this second book Strabo enters into a long description of the climata.

544 This observation, taken at the time of Hipparchus, would indicate a latitude of 16° 48' 34.”

545 Nearchus in speaking of the southern extremity of India, near Cape Comorin, was correct in the assertion that in his time the two Bears were there seen to set.

546 Hipparchus fixed the latitude of Meroe at 16° 51' 25, and the extremity of India at 18°. In the time of Alexander, the Lesser Bear was not observed to set for either of these latitudes. Strabo therefore drew the conclusion, that if Hipparchus had adopted the opinion of Nearchus, he would have fixed the extremity of India south of Meroe, instead of north of that city.

547 Now ruins, near Jerobolos, or Jerabees, the ancient Europus; not Decr or Deir.

548 Probably the present Barena, a branch of the Taurus.

549 This is rather free, but the text could not well otherwise be rendered intelligibly.

550 sf?a??da? is the Greek word; for which section is a poor equivalent, but the best we believe the language affords.

551 The name of a considerable portion of Asia.

552 From Eratosthenes’ description of India, preserved by our author in his 15th book, we gather that he conceived the country to be something in the form of an irregular quadrilateral, having one right, two obtuse, and one acute angle, consequently none of its sides parallel to each other. On the whole Eratosthenes’ idea of the country was not near so exact as that of Megasthenes.

553 The Caspian Gates are now known as the Strait of Firouz Koh.

554 The ruins of Babylon, still called Babil, are on the Euphrates, near Hilleh. Susa is now Suz or Schuss, and not Schoster or Toster. The ruins of Persepolis remain, and may be seen near Istakar, Tchilminar, and Nakchi-Rustan.

555 Between Thapsacus and Armenia.

556 Karmelis.

557 The Altun-Suyi, or River of Gold.

558 Erbil.

559 Hamedan.

560 Viz. at the Gates of the Caspian.

561 This ancient embouchure of the Euphrates is now known as Khor-Abdillah.

562 Read 3300.

563 Thought by Col. Rawlinson to be the Chal-i-Nimrud, usually supposed to mark the site of the Median wall of Xenophon.

564 Situated on the Tigris.

565 A line drawn from the frontiers of Carmania to Babylon would form with the meridian an angle of about 50°. One from the Caspian Gates to Thapsacus would form with the parallel merely an angle of about 30°.

566 Namely, 1000 stadia, by the hypothesis of Hipparchus, or 800 according to Eratosthenes.

567 Or second side.

568 Hipparchus found by this operation that the distance from the parallel of Babylon to that of the mountains of Armenia was 6795 stadia.

569 See Humboldt, Cosmos ii. p. 556, note, Bohn’s edition.

570 Eratosthenes estimated 252,000 stadia for the circumference of the earth.

571 Odyssey ix. 291; Iliad xxiv. 409.

572 Strabo estimated the length of the continent at 70,000 stadia from Cape St. Vincent to Cape Comorin, and 29,300 stadia as its breadth.

573 The ancient geographers often speak of these kind of resemblances. They have compared the whole habitable earth to a soldier’s cloak or mantle, as also the town of Alexandria, which they styled ??a?d?e?d??. Italy at one time to a leaf of parsley, at another to an oak-leaf. Sardinia to a human foot-print. The isle of Naxos to a vine-leaf. Cyprus to a sheep-skin; and the Black Sea to a Scythian bow, bent. The earliest coins of Peloponnesus, struck about 750 years before the Christian era, bear the impress of a tortoise, because that animal abounded on the shores, and the divisions and height of its shell were thought to offer some likeness to the territorial divisions of the little states of Peloponnesus and the mountain-ridges which run through the middle of that country. The Sicilians took for their symbol three thighs and legs, arranged in such an order that the bended knees might resemble the three capes of that island and its triangular form.

574 The chain of the Taurus.

575 The Indus.

576 The Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal.

577 India.

578 Viz. Indians.

579 Ariana, or the nation of the Arians.

580 By 800 stadia.

581 Viz. of the Euphrates.

582 Or Nineveh.

583 Syria, properly so called, extended from the shores of the Mediterranean to the Euphrates. Between the Euphrates and the Tigris lay Mesopotamia, and beyond the Tigris, Assyria. The whole of these countries formerly bore the name of Syria. The Hebrews denominated Mesopotamia, Syria of the Rivers. The name Assyria seems to be nothing more than Syria with the article prefixed. Nineveh stood on the eastern bank of the Tigris.

584 Mesene comprehends the low and sandy grounds traversed by the Euphrates, immediately before it discharges itself into the Persian Gulf.

585 Tineh.

586 Moadieh, near to Aboukir.

587 Along the coasts of Egypt, past Palestine and Syria, to the recess of the Gulf of Issus, where Cilicia commences.

588 Canopus, near to Aboukir.

589 It was a mistake common to Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Strabo, to fancy that Rhodes and Alexandria were under the same meridian. The longitude of the two cities differs by 2° 22' 45.

590 Due east.

591 The following is a ResumÉ of the argument of Hipparchus, “The hypotenuse of the supposed triangle, or the line drawn from Babylon to the Caspian Gates being only 6700 stadia, would be necessarily shorter than either of the other sides, since the line from Babylon to the frontiers of Carmania is estimated by Eratosthenes at 9170, and that from the frontiers of Carmania to the Caspian Gates above 9000 stadia. The frontiers of Carmania would thus be east of the Caspian Gates, and Persia would consequently be comprised, not in the third, but in the second section of Eratosthenes, being east of the meridian of the Caspian Gates, which was the boundary of the two sections.” Strabo, in the text, points out the falsity of this argument.

592 Viz. 6700 stadia.

593 These two words, continues Hipparchus, are not in the text, but the argument is undoubtedly his.

594 Cape Comorin.

595 400 stadia, allowing 700 to a degree, would give 34' 17 latitude. According to present astronomical calculations, the distance between the parallels of Rhodes and Athens is 1° 36' 30.

596 Viz. 400 stadia, or 34' 17 of latitude.

597 The difference of latitude between Thapsacus and Pelusium is about 4° 27'.

598 The text here is evidently corrupt.

599 Gosselin makes some sensible remarks on this section; we have endeavoured to render it accurately, but much fear that the true meaning of Strabo is now obscured by corruptions in the text.

600 Moadieh, the mouth of the river close to Aboukir.

601 Certain little islets at the mouth of the canal of Constantinople, in the Black Sea. These islands want about a degree and a quarter of being under the same meridian as Moadieh.

602 Gosselin remarks, that the defile intended by Strabo, was probably the valley of the river Kur, or the ancient Cyrus, in Georgia; and by Mount Caspius we are to understand the high mountains of Georgia, whence the waters, which fall on one side into the Black Sea, and on the other into the Caspian, take their rise.

603 Gosselin also observes, that on our charts this distance is about 8100 stadia of 700 to a degree. Consequently the difference between the meridian of Thapsacus and that of Mount Caspius is as much as 4° 45', in place of the 300 stadia, or from 25' to 26' supposed by Hipparchus.

604 On the contrary, Mount Caspius is east of the meridian of Thapsacus by about 2500 stadia, of 700 to a degree.

605 Now Iskouriah. Dioscurias, however, is 800 stadia from the Phasis, of 700 to a degree.

606 According to our improved charts, the distance from the meridian of the CyaneÆ to that of the Phasis is 6800 stadia, of 700 to a degree; from the CyaneÆ to Mount Caspius, 8080.

607 The meridian of Mount Caspius is about 2625 stadia nearer the Caspian Gates than that of Thapsacus.

608 et? t?? ???t??, literally, after the Pontus.

609 Gosselin observes, that Eratosthenes took a general view of the salient points of land that jutted into the Mediterranean, as some of the learned of our own time have done, when remarking that most of the continents terminated in capes, extending towards the south. The first promontory that Eratosthenes speaks of terminated in Cape Malea of the Peloponnesus, and comprised the whole of Greece; the Italian promontory likewise terminated Italy; the Ligurian promontory was reckoned to include all Spain, it terminated at Cape Tarifa, near to the middle of the Strait of Gibraltar. As the Ligurians had obtained possession of a considerable portion of the coasts of France and Spain, that part of the Mediterranean which washes the shores of those countries was named the Ligurian Sea. It extended from the Arno to the Strait of Gibraltar. It is in accordance with this nomenclature that Eratosthenes called Cape Tarifa, which projects farthest into the Strait, the Ligurian promontory.

610 Cape Colonna.

611 Cape Malio, or St. Angelo.

612 Strabo means the Saronic Gulf, now the Bay of Engia.

613 The peninsula of Gallipoli by the Dardanelles.

614 p??? t? S??????. Strabo’s meaning is, that the entire space of sea, bounded on the north by the Thracian Chersonesus, and on the south by Sunium, or Cape Colonna, forms a kind of large gulf.

615 Or Black Gulf; the Gulf of Saros.

616 The Gulfs of Contessa, Monte-Santo, Cassandra, and Salonica.

617 Durazzo, on the coast of Albania.

618 The Gulf of Salonica.

619 Read 13,500 stadia.

620 It was an error alike shared in by Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Strabo, that Alexandria and Rhodes were under the same meridian, notwithstanding the former of these cities is 2° 22' 45 east of the latter.

621 This is an error peculiar to Eratosthenes. The meridians of Carthage and the Strait of Messina differ by 5° 45´.

622 The Strait of Messina.

623 Spain and France.

624 The GetÆ occupied the east of Moldavia and Bessarabia, between the Danube and the Dniester. The BastarnÆ inhabited the north of Moldavia and a part of the Ukraine.

625 The Greek has simply, ?at? t?? ?pe???t??, in the continent, but Strabo, by this expression, only meant to designate those parts of the continent best known and nearest to the Greeks. The other countries, in regard to which he pleads for some indulgence to be shown to Eratosthenes, are equally in the same continent. Kramer and other editors suspect an error in the text here.

626 According to Plutarch, both Thales and Pythagoras had divided the earth into five zones. Since Parmenides lived one hundred and fifty years after the first of these philosophers, he cannot be considered the author of this division. As Posidonius and Strabo estimated the breadth of the torrid zone at 8800 stadia, and Parmenides is said to have nearly doubled it, this would give 17,600 stadia, or 25° 8' 34, taking this at 25° it would appear that Parmenides extended the torrid zone one degree beyond the tropics.

627 The Arctic Circles of the ancients were not the same as ours, but varied for every latitude. Aristotle limited the temperate zone to those countries which had the constellation of the crown in their Arctic Circle, the brilliant star of that constellation in his time had a northern declination of about 36° 30´, consequently he did not reckon that the temperate zone reached farther north or south than 53° and a half. We shall see that Strabo adopted much the same opinion, fixing the northern bounds of the habitable earth at 54° 25' 42. Gosselin.

628 For the circumference.

629 Viz. none for those who dwell under the equator, or at the poles.

630 Strabo’s argument seems to be this. It matters but little that there may not be Arctic Circles for every latitude, since for the inhabitants of the temperate zone they do certainly exist, and these are the only people of whom we have any knowledge. But at the same time the objection is unanswerable, that as these circles differ in respect to various countries, it is quite impossible that they can fix uniformly the limits of the temperate zone.

631 The polar circles, where the shadow, in the summer season, travels all round in the twenty-four hours.

632 Those who live north and south of the tropics, or in the temperate zones, and at noon have a shadow only falling one way.

633 Having at mid-day in alternate seasons the shadow falling north and south.

634 Viz. Posidonius allowed for each of these small zones a breadth of about 30´, or 350 stadia, of 700 to a degree.

635 A plant, the juice of which was used in food and medicine. Bentley supposes it to be the asa-foetida, still much eaten as a relish in the East.

636 Posidonius was here mistaken; witness the Niger, the Senegal, the Gambia, &c.

637 The expression of Strabo is so concise as to leave it extremely doubtful whether or not he meant to include the human race in his statement. Looking at this passage, however, in connexion with another in the 15th Book, we are inclined to answer the question in the affirmative.

639 Viz. the Heteroscii, or inhabitants of the temperate zones.

640 The ancients named the people of southern Africa, Ethiopians; those of the north of Asia and Europe, Scythians; and those of the north-west of Europe, Kelts.

641 That is, by arctic circles which differed in respect to various latitudes. See Book ii. chap. ii. § 2, p. 144.

642 Viz. the partition of the earth into two hemispheres, by means of the equator.

643 Gosselin concludes from this that Eratosthenes and Polybius gave to the earth the form of a spheroid flattened at the poles. Other philosophers supposed it was elongated at the poles, and flattened at the equator.

644 Gosselin justly observes that this passage, which is so concise as to appear doubtful to some, is properly explained by a quotation from Geminus, which states the arguments adduced by Polybius for believing that there was a temperate region within the torrid zones.

645 Strabo seems to confound the account (Herodotus iv. 44) of the expedition sent by Darius round southern Persia and Arabia with the circumnavigation of Libya, (Herod. iv. 42,) which Necho II. confided to the Phoenicians about 600 B. C., commanding them distinctly “to return to Egypt through the passage of the Pillars of Hercules.” See Humboldt’s Cosmos, ii. 488, note, Bohn’s edition.

646 Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, flourished towards the end of the fifth century before Christ.

647 The ruins of this city still preserve the name of Cyzik. It was situated on the peninsula of Artaki, on the south of the Sea of Marmora.

648 Games in honour of Proserpine, or Cora.

649 Ptolemy VII., king of Egypt, also styled Euergetes II.; he is more commonly known by the surname of Physcon. His reign commenced B. C.170.

650 The ancients believed that crystals consisted of water which had been frozen by excessive cold, and remained congealed for centuries. Vide Pliny, lib. xxxvii. c. 9.

651 Cleopatra, besides being the wife, was also the niece of Ptolemy, being the offspring of his former wife, whom he had divorced, by her former marriage with Philometor.

652 Ptolemy VIII. was nominally king, but his mother Cleopatra still held most of the real authority in her hands.

653 Cadiz.

654 Western Mauritania, the modern kingdom of Fez.

655 This river is now named Lucos, and its mouth, which is about 30 leagues distant from Cadiz, is called Larais or Larache.

656 Humboldt, Cosmos ii. 489, note, mentions the remains of a ship of the Red Sea having been brought to the coast of Crete by westerly currents.

657 Pozzuolo, close by Naples.

658 Gosselin observes, that this steady westerly wind, so far from carrying him towards India, would be entirely adverse to him in coasting along Africa, and doubling Cape Bojador; and infers from hence that Eudoxus never really went that expedition, and that Strabo himself was ignorant of the true position of Africa.

659 A name common to many sovereigns of the different parts of Mauritania; the king Bogus, or Bocchus, here spoken of, governed the kingdom of Fez.

660 Round Africa.

661 A term by which incredible narrations were designated. It owes its origin to Antiphanes, a writer born at BergÈ, a city of Thrace, and famous for trumping up false and auld-world stories. ?e??a??e??, was a proverbial and polite term for lying.

662 The wall mentioned in Iliad, vii. 436, et seq. Gosselin says that in the time of Aristotle the commentators of the Iliad, having vainly sought for the ruins or other traces of the wall, the Philosopher came to the conclusion that the wall was altogether a fiction of Homer’s. Strabo speaks further on this subject in the 13th Book.

663 As the above assertion is at variance with the statement of Strabo, in his 7th Book, concerning Posidonius’s views on this subject, it seems probable that the passage as it stands is corrupt. It is more likely Strabo wrote, “It is the opinion of Posidonius that the emigration of the Cimbrians and other kindred races from their native territory was not occasioned by an inundation of the sea, since their departure took place at various times.”

664 Odyssey i. 23.

665 Aratus, who lived about B. C.270, was the author of two Greek astronomical poems, called Fa???e?a and ???s?e?a. It is from the former of these that the above quotation is taken. Aratus, PhÆnom. v. 61.

666 Evemerus, or Euhemerus, a Sicilian author of the time of Alexander the Great and his immediate successors, and a native of Messina. He is said to have sailed down the Red Sea and round the southern coasts of Asia to a very great distance, until he came to an island called PanchÆa. After his return from this voyage, he wrote a work entitled ?e?? ??a??af?, which consisted of at least nine books. The title of this “Sacred History,” as we may call it, was taken from the ??a??afa?, or the inscriptions on columns and walls, which existed in great numbers in the temples of Greece; and Euhemerus chose it, because he pretended to have derived his information from public documents of that kind, which he had discovered in his travels, especially in the island of PanchÆa. The work contained accounts of the several gods, whom Euhemerus represented as having originally been men who had distinguished themselves either as warriors, kings, inventors, or benefactors of mankind, and who, after their death, were worshipped as gods by the grateful people. This book, which seems to have been written in a popular style, must have been very attractive; for all the fables of mythology were dressed up in it as so many true narratives; and many of the subsequent historians adopted his mode of dealing with myths, or at least followed in his track, as we find to be the case with Polybius and Dionysius. Vide Smith.

667 Every one will observe, that this criticism of Strabo is entirely gratuitous and captious. Polybius cites DicÆarchus as a most credulous writer, but states that even he would not believe Pytheas: how then could so distinguished a writer as Eratosthenes put faith in his nonsense?

668 On the contrary, the distance in a right line from Cape Tenarum, off the Peloponnesus, to the recess of the Adriatic Gulf, is only about half the distance from the Peloponnesus to the Pillars of Hercules. This mistake of DicÆarchus is a proof of the very slight acquaintance the Greeks could have had with the western portions of the Mediterranean in his time, about 320 years before the Christian era.

669 Literally, “He assigns 3000 to the interval which stretches towards the Pillars as far as the Strait, and 7000 from the Strait to the Pillars.” The distance from Cape Tenarum to the Strait of Messina is in proportion to the distance from the Strait of Messina to Gibraltar, about 3 to 10, not 3 to 7, as given by DicÆarchus.

670 That part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast of Italy, from the mouth of the Arno to Naples.

671 The sea which washes the western coast of Sardinia.

672 Viz. from the Peloponnesus to the Pillars of Hercules.

673 Santa Maura, an island in the Ionian Sea.

674 Corfu.

675 The mountains of Chimera, forming the Cape della Linguetta on the coast of Albania.

676 The maritime portion of Liburnia, comprised between the coasts of Dalmatia and Istria. It is now comprehended in the district of Murlaka.

677 In all 8250 stadia.

678 Issus, now Aias, a town of Cilicia on the confines of Syria, famous for the battle between Alexander the Great and Darius, in consequence of which it was called Nicopolis.

679 Salamoni.

680 Cape Krio.

681 Cape Passaro.

682 Cape St. Vincent.

683 Total 28,500 stadia.

684 Spoken of by Polybius.

685 The Gulf of Genoa.

686 These measures are taken along the coast, in stadia of 700 to a degree. Of these, from Marseilles to Gibraltar there are 9300, and from the ancient promontory of PyrenÆum to Gibraltar 7380. Consequently the corrections of Polybius were neither inaccurate nor uncalled for.

687 These 6000 stadia, taken in a direct line, are just the distance from Cape St. Vincent to the chain of the Pyrenees.

688 Kelts.

689 The rising of the sun in summer.

690 The east.

691 This is an error into which Strabo fell with most of the ancient geographers. The course of the Don certainly begins from the north, but afterwards it turns eastward, and then suddenly shifts to the west. So that its entire course as known in the time of Strabo, differed from the Palus MÆotis and Sea of Azof by about 9 degrees of longitude. Polybius is here more exact than Strabo.

692 Palus MÆotis.

693 This was the opinion of Theophanes of Mytilene, who followed Pompey in his expeditions to the East. The Caucasus here mentioned is that which bounds Georgia in the north, and from whence the modern river Kuban (the Vardanus of Pompey) takes its rise. This river does incline slightly to the north, and afterwards turns westward in its course to the Palus MÆotis. It is possible that some confusion between this river and the Don gave occasion to the belief that the latter rose in the Caucasus.

694 Cape Malio, in the Morea. See also Humboldt’s Cosmos ii. 482.

695 Cape Malio. Gosselin is of opinion that some omission has occurred in this passage, and proposes to substitute the following: “The two former of these Polybius describes in the same manner as Eratosthenes, but he subdivides the third. He comprehends within Cape Malea all the Peloponnesus; within Cape Sunium the whole of Greece, Illyria, and a part of Thrace.”

696 Cape Colonna.

697 The Strait of the Dardanelles.

698 The Rock of Gibraltar.

699 Cape St. Vincent.

700 Cadiz.

701 The Italian Promontory.

702 The Gulf of Venice.

703 Capo di Leuca.

704 ? d? f?s??? ??et? t??. We learn from the work entitled De Placitis Philosophorum, commonly attributed to Plutarch, that the Stoics dignified with the name of ??eta?, the three sciences of Physics, Ethics, and Logic, F?s???, ?????, ??????. The exact meaning of ??et? in these instances it is impossible to give, and Strabo’s own explanation is perhaps the best that can be had; we have here rendered it, “perfect science,” for want of a better phrase.

705 F?s????.

706 We have followed the suggestion of Gosselin in reading t? ???, the whole, instead of t? p???, the pole, as in the text. Strabo having just previously stated that the axis of the earth was stationary, it does not seem probable that he would immediately after speak of the motion of the pole.

707 Odyssey xi. 156, 157.

708 From this point Strabo, strictly speaking, commences his exposition of the principles of Geography.

709 Strabo supposed this circle at a distance of 38,100 stadia from the equator, or 54° 25' 42 of latitude.

710 The whole of what follows to the end of the section is extremely embarrassing in the original; we must therefore claim the indulgence of the reader for any obscurity he may find in the translation.

711 The Greeks, besides the division of the equator into 360 degrees, had also another method of dividing it into sixty portions or degrees.

712 These 21,800 stadia would give to Alexandria a latitude of 31° 8' 34; according to modern calculation it is 31° 11' 20 of latitude. The following presents Strabo’s calculations of the latitude of the preceding places in a tabular form.

713 Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, and Strabo, all believed that the longitude of Rhodes was the same as that of Alexandria, although actually it is 2° 22' 45 west of that place. The coasts of Caria, Ionia, and the Troad incline considerably to the west, while Byzantium is about 3° east of the Troad, and the mouth of the Dnieper is above 3° 46' east of Byzantium.

714 The Roxolani inhabited the Ukraine. It has been thought that from these people the Russians derived their name.

715 Strabo here alludes to Ireland, which he placed north of England, and believed to be the most northerly region fitted for the habitation of man. He gave it a latitude of 36,700 stadia, equivalent to 52° 25' 42, which answers to the southern portions of that island.

716 The SauromatÆ, or Sarmatians, occupied the lands north of the sea of Azof on either side of the Don.

717 The Scythians here spoken of dwelt between the Don and the Wolga; east of this last river were the Eastern Scythians, who were thought to occupy the whole north of Asia.

718 The tropic being placed at 24° from the equator by Strabo, and most probably by Pytheas also, the latitude of Thule, according to the observation of this traveller, would be fixed at 66°, which corresponds with the north of Iceland.

719 Hipparchus.

720 Hipparchus placed Marseilles and Byzantium at 30,142 stadia, or 43° 3' 38 of latitude, and estimated the parallel for the centre of Britain at 33,942 stadia, or 48° 29' 19. Whereas Strabo only allowed for this latter 32,700 stadia, or 46° 42' 51.

721 Viz. the 36° of latitude. The actual latitudes are as follow:

The Pillars of Hercules, or Strait of Gibraltar, 36°.
The Strait of Messina, 38° 12´.
Athens, 38° 5´.
The middle of the Isle of Rhodes, 36° 18´; and the city, 36° 28' 30.

722 This mistake of Strabo caused the derangement in his chart of the whole contour of this portion of the Mediterranean, and falsifies the position of the surrounding districts.

723 Strabo having allowed 25,400 stadia, or 36° 17' 8, for the latitude of Rhodes and the Strait of Messina, determined the latitude of Marseilles at 27,700 stadia, or 39° 34' 17; its real latitude being 43° 17' 45, as exactly stated by Pytheas.

724 Or about 7°. The actual difference in latitude between Rhodes and Byzantium is 4° 32' 54.

725 On the contrary, Marseilles is 2° 16' 21 north of Byzantium.

726 3800 stadia, or 5° 25' 43.

727 The following is a tabular form of the latitudes as stated by Strabo:

728 Namely, 29,300.

729 The artificial globe of 10 ft. diameter.

730 Tuscany.

731 Strabo was of Amasea, a city of Pontus, close to the Euxine. He travelled through Egypt and reached PhilÆ, which is about 100 stadia above Syene, the commencement of Ethiopia.

732 The GetÆ occupied a portion of present Moldavia; the TyrigetÆ were those of the GetÆ who dwelt along the banks of the Tyras or Dniester.

733 The BastarnÆ occupied the south and eastern portions of Poland.

734 The Georgians of the present day.

735 Corcan.

736 The precise time when this writer lived is unknown. The work here referred to is also mentioned by AthenÆus, xv. p. 682.

737 Prefect of Egypt in the reign of Augustus. This expedition into Arabia completely failed, through the treachery of the guide, a Roman named SyllÆus. A long account of it is given by Strabo in the 16th book. “It would be extremely interesting,” says Professor Schmitz, “to trace this expedition of Ælius Gallus into Arabia, but our knowledge of that country is as yet too scanty to enable us to identify the route as described by Strabo, who derived most of his information about Arabia from his friend Ælius Gallus.”

738 Red Sea.

739 Myos-hormos, Mouse’s Harbour, a sea-port of Egypt on the coast of the Red Sea. Arrian says that it was one of the most celebrated ports on this sea. It was chosen by Ptolemy Philadelphus for the convenience of commerce, in preference to Arsinoe or Suez, on account of the difficulty of navigating the western extremity of the gulf. It was called also Aphroditis Portus, or the Port of Venus. Its modern name is Suffange-el-Bahri, or “Sponge of the Sea.” LempriÈre.

740 Humboldt commends Strabo’s zeal in prosecuting his gigantic work, Cosmos ii. 557.

741 The Gulf of AÏas.

742 The Bay of Bengal.

743 Strabo seems here to confound the parallel of Ierna with that of the northern limits of the habitable earth, although a little above, as we have seen, he determines these limits at 15,000 stadia north of Ierna.

744 These narrowed extremities of the continent are, Spain on the west, terminated by Cape St. Vincent, and on the east the peninsula of India, terminated by Cape Comorin. This cape Strabo supposed was continued in an easterly direction, and thus formed the most eastern portion of Asia.

745 The island of Ceylon.

746 Strabo supposed the Hyrcanian or Caspian Sea communicated with the northern ocean.

747 Cape St. Vincent.

748 Cape St. Vincent is north of Cadiz by 30' 30, north of the Strait of Gibraltar, or Pillars of Hercules, by 1° 2', south of the Strait of Messina by 1° 10', and north of Rhodes by 33' 30.

749 Casaubon conjectures that the words t?? ?????? originally occupied the space of the lacuna. The passage would then stand thus—From the coast of Cadiz and Iberia the star Canopus is said to have been formerly observed. Groskurd rejects this, and proposes to read t??? p??s?a?t?t??? t?? ?a???? ?st??a?, “the stars nearest to Canopus.” But this too is not certain, and the passage is otherwise evidently corrupt.

750 The most southern.

751 Cape St. Vincent.

752 The Artabri inhabited the country around Cape Finisterre.

753 Principally contained in the modern kingdom of Portugal.

754 The Scilly Islands off the Cornwall coast.

755 We have long had the custom of tracing on every map the parallels of latitude and longitude at every degree, or every five or ten degrees, as the case may be. By means of these lines drawn at equal distances, the eye at once recognises the relative position of any place in the map. This method was not in use when Strabo wrote: at that time it was customary to draw a meridian or longitude, and a parallel of latitude, for every important place of which the position was considered as determined. This was certainly an obscure way of dividing the globe; nevertheless it is requisite to keep it in mind, in order that we may the more readily understand the general language of our geographer, who instead of simply stating the latitude and longitude of places, says such a place is situated under the same latitude, or about the same latitude, as such another place, &c. Ptolemy seems to have been the first who freed the study of geography from the confusion inseparable from the ancient method. He substituted tables easy of construction and amendment; where the position of each place was marked by isolated numbers, which denoted the exact latitude and longitude.

757 The Mediterranean.

758 The entrance to the Arabian Gulf is about six or seven marine leagues, that of the Mediterranean two and three-fourths. The entrance to the Persian Gulf is seven or eight leagues in extent; while the Caspian, being a lake, has of course no outlet whatever.

759 Mediterranean.

760 Strabo here means the countries bordering the Mediterranean.

761 Viz. the Mediterranean.

762 The state of Genoa.

763 The Gulf of Genoa.

764 Vide Humboldt’s Cosmos, ii. 480.

765 Corsica.

766 Vento Tiene.

767 Ponza.

768 Elba.

769 Saint Honorat.

770 Ischia.

771 Procida.

772 Capri.

773 A small island off the Capo della Licosa.

774 The western side.

775 Majorca and Minorca.

776 IviÇa.

777 The island of Pantalaria.

778 Al Djamur, at the entrance of the Gulf of Tunis.

779 The Strait of Messina, and the strait separating Sicily and Cape Bona on the African coast.

780 Of which Cyrene, now Curen, was the capital.

781 The Gulf of Cabes.

782 The Island of Gerbi.

783 The Island of Kerkeni.

784 Sidra, or Zalscho.

785 Hesperides is the same city which the sovereigns of Alexandria afterwards called Berenice. It is the modern Bernic or Bengazi.

786 Automala appears to have been situated on the most northern point of the Greater Syrtes, on the confines of a small gulf, near to a place called Tine, or the Marsh.

787 Now Reggio, on the Strait of Messina, which was also sometimes called the Strait of Rhegium.

788 These were the Epizephyrian Locrians, or dwellers near the promontory of Zephyrium. They were situated towards the extremity of Italy, near Rhegium. Traces of their city are seen at Motta di Bourzano on the eastern coast of Ulterior Calabria.

789 Messina.

790 Syragusa.

791 Cape Passaro.

792 The Gulf of Lepanto.

793 Cape Leuca or Finisterre.

794 The lower part of the Adriatic was designated the Ionian Gulf.

795 The portion of Greece opposite Corfu.

796 The Gulf of Arta.

797 The Gulf of Venice.

798 The Islands of Cherso and Ossero.

799 Apparently the Curicta of Pliny and Ptolemy, corresponding to the island of Veglia.

800 The Libyrnides are the islands of Arbo, Pago, Isola Longa, Coronata, &c., which border the coasts of ancient Liburnia, now Murlaka.

801 Lissa.

802 The Island of Traw.

803 Curzola.

804 Lesina.

805 The Islands of Tremiti.

806 From Cape Pachynus or Passaro to Cape Krio, the ancient Criu-metopon, on the western extremity of the Island of Crete, measures 4516 stadia of 700 to a degree.

807 Corfu.

808 Sibota, Sajades; certain small islands between Epirus and Corcyra.

809 Cefalonia.

810 Zante.

811 The Curzolari Islands at the mouth of the Aspro-Potamo.

812 The Gulf of Engia.

813 A district of the Peloponnesus.

814 A part of the modern Livadia.

815 Cerigo.

816 Poro, or Poros, near the little Island of Damala, and connected to it by a sand-bank.

817 Egina or Engia.

818 Koluri.

819 Islands surrounding Delos.

820 Egio-Pelago.

821 The Gulf of Saros.

822 The Dardanelles.

823 The sea surrounding the Islands of Icaria and Carpathos, now Nikaria and Scarpanto.

824 Stanko.

825 Samo.

826 Skio.

827 Mytileni.

828 Tenedo.

829 Egripo, or Negropont.

830 Skyro.

831 Probably Piperi; others suppose it to be Skopelo or Pelagonesi.

832 Stalimene.

833 Thaso.

834 Imbro.

835 Samothraki.

836 The distance from the southern coast of Crete to the northern shores of the ÆgÆan is just 4200 stadia, or 120 marine leagues.

837 This is just the distance from Cape Colonna to Rhodes.

838 Cape Colonna.

839 The Gulf of Saloniki.

840 Those of Kassandra, Monte-Santo, and Contessa.

841 The peninsula of Gallipoli.

842 Semenik, or according to others, Jalowa.

843 MaÏto, or according to others, Avido.

844 Sea of Marmora.

845 Karadje-Burun, the southern point of the Crimea.

846 Kerempi-Burun.

847 We should here read 1500 stadia. See French Translation, vol. i. p. 344, n. 3.

848 The Euxine.

849 Also called the Island of Achilles, and the Island of the Blessed, now Ilan-Adassi.

850 The Strait of Zabache.

851 The Sea of Marmora.

852 The Island of Cyzicus was joined to the mainland by Alexander, and thus formed a peninsula, notwithstanding Strabo describes it as an island. Its present name is Artaki.

853 The extent of the ÆgÆan amongst the ancients was the same as the Egio-Pelago, or Archipelago, with us. It was comprehended between the southern coasts of Crete, the western coasts of Peloponnesus, the southern coasts of Macedonia and Thrace, and the western borders of Asia Minor. Strabo however, in his description, seems to comprise under the name of the ÆgÆan not only those parts of the Mediterranean south of the meridian of Cape Matapan, but also the Propontis and the Euxine, as far as the mouth of the river Halys, now Kizil-Irmak. In this however he seems to be unique.

854 This is just the distance, says Gosselin, from the northern part of Rhodes to Alexandria, but the route, instead of being from north to south, as supposed by the ancients, is S. S. W.

855 Tarsous.

856 Samsoun.

857 Themiscyra, a town of Cappadocia at the mouth of the Thermodon, (now the Termeh,) belonging to the kingdom of the Amazons. The territories around it bore the same name. The plain is now comprehended in the modern Djanik.

858 Kizil-Irmak.

859 Lit. the before-mentioned parts of the sea on either side.

860 Asia Minor, or Anadoli.

861 The Sidra of the moderns.

862 Iskouriah.

863 The Gulf of AÏas.

864 Samsoun.

865 The ruins of this city are said to be called by the modern Greeks Fe????? or ??at??a indiscriminately.

866 Dwellers in waggons, or huts fixed on wheels for the purpose of transportation from one pasturage to another, as necessity might require.

867 From Cape Gata in Granada to the borders of Asturias the distance is about 5000 stadia. But the greatest breadth of Spain is from Cape Gata to Cape Belem in Gallicia, which equals 5890 stadia of 700 to a degree.

868 The Gulf of Lyon.

869 The Gulf of Aquitaine or Gascony.

870 The Cevennes.

871 This ridge commences at the eastern part of the Pyrenees. Its ramifications extend to about Dijon.

872 Genoa.

873 The Romans gave to the whole of this country, which was peopled by a race of Keltic extraction, the name of Cisalpine Gaul, because situated on this side the Alps, with respect to them. France was designated Transalpine Gaul.

874 The Tyrrhenian or Tuscan Sea commenced about the mouth of the Arno, and extended as far as Naples. The Ligurian Sea is the Gulf of Genoa. The Ausonian Sea, afterwards called the Sea of Sicily, washes the southern parts of Italy. The Adriatic Gulf, is the Gulf of Venice.

875 The GetÆ inhabited Moldavia. The TyrigetÆ, or GetÆ of Tyras or the Dniester, dwelt on the banks of that river. The BastarnÆ inhabited the Ukraine. The Sarmatians, or Sauromatians, extended along either bank of the Don and the environs of the Sea of Azof, the ancient Palus MÆotis.

876 Thrace and Macedonia form part of the modern Roumelia: Illyria comprehended Dalmatia, Bosnia, Croatia, &c.

877 Cadiz.

878 The Scilly Isles.

879 Majorca and Minorca.

880 IviÇa, Formentera, Spalmador, &c. They were called Phoenician Islands, because the Carthaginians had sent out a colony thither 160 years after the founding of their city.

881 Namely all the islands of the Ionian and ÆgÆan Seas, from Corfu to the Dardanelles.

882 The Sea of Azof.

883 The Bay of Bengal.

884 The North.

885 The Northern Ocean.

886 The south.

887 The Bay of Bengal.

888 Sarmatian MÆotÆ in the Greek text, but apparently incorrect.

889 Inhabitants of Georgia.

890 Inhabitants of Shirvan.

891 The Scythians here alluded to are the Tartars of Kuban; the AchÆans and Zygi are the modern Ziketi; the Heniochi are the Abkazeti.

892 East of the Caspian.

893 These Scythians are the Tartars of the Kharasm. The Hyrcanians are the inhabitants of Daghistan and the Corcan. The Parthians occupied the north of Khorasan; the Bactrians the country of Balk. The Sogdians inhabited Bukaria, where are Samarcand and the valley of Al-Sogd.

894 Mingrelia.

895 Cappadocia comprehended a portion of the modern Roum and Karamania between the Euphrates and the river Halys.

896 Under this name Strabo included a portion of the kingdom of Pontus and other small tribes as far as Colchis.

897 Now the Kizil-Irmak.

898 The northern and western portions of Phrygia.

899 Probably an interpolation.

900 The mountaineers of Paropamisus were those who inhabited the mountains which separate Bactriana from India. The Parthians occupied the mountains north of the modern Khorasan. Under the name of Medians Strabo comprehends the various nations who inhabited the mountainous country between Parthia and Armenia. The Cilicians inhabited Aladeuli; the Lycaonian mountaineers the mountains which separate Karaman from Itch-iili; and the Pisidians the country of Hamid.

901 The Bay of Bengal.

902 Ceylon.

903 The Arians inhabited Sigistan and a part of modern Persia. Strabo gave the name of Arians to all the people who occupied the portions of Asia comprised between the Indus and Persia, and between the chain of the Taurus and Gedrosia and Carmania. In after-times the designation of Arians was restricted to the inhabitants of the modern Khorasan. Gedrosia is Mekran; Carmania yet preserves the name of Kerman.

904 Ancient Persia is the modern province of Fars, Pars, or Paras; our Persia being much more extensive than the ancient country designated by the same name.

905 The Susians inhabited the modern Khosistan.

906 The Babylonians occupied the present Irak-Arabi.

907 Now al-Djezira.

908 Viz. the Ethiopians occupying the territory from Syene to Abyssinia.

909 The Troglodyte Arabians.

910 The Cilicians occupied the modern Itch-iili and Aladeuli; the TrachiotÆ or mountaineers, the former of these countries.

911 Pamphylia is the modern Tekieh.

912 Or Oases, according to the common spelling.

913 That is to say, from Tunis to Gibraltar. The Maurusians, called by the Latins Mauritanians, occupied the present Algiers and Fez.

914 Probably asa-foetida.

915 The Troglodytic extended along the western coast of the Arabian Gulf.

916 The Ichthyophagi of Gedrosia inhabited the barren coasts of Mekran.

917 The term of Ethiopians was a generic name given by the Greeks and Romans to the most southern inhabitants of Africa they at any time happened to be acquainted with; consequently the position of this country frequently shifted.

918 The GaramantÆ inhabited the Kawan; Garama, their capital, is now named Gherma. The Pharusians and NigritÆ dwelt south of the present kingdom of Morocco.

919 The MarmaridÆ extended west from Egypt, as far as Catabathmus, near the present Cape Luco.

920 Viz. to the south and west.

921 The Gulfs of Sydra and Cabes.

923 The AsbystÆ were a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the temple of Ammon stood; Jupiter is sometimes called on that account Asbysteus.

924 The Byzacii occupied the southern parts of the kingdom of Tunis.

925 Greek, Nomades, or wandering shepherds, from which the Latins formed the name NumidÆ. These people inhabited Algiers.

926 Carthage extended as far west as the promontory of Tretum, now Sebta-Ras or the Seven Heads. From thence the Masylies inhabited as far as Cape Carbon; and from thence the MasÆsylii possessed the country as far as the river Molochath, now the Maluia, beyond which were the Maurusians extending to the Atlantic.

927 Numidae.

928 The climata are zones parallel to the equator. The ancients generally reckoned seven climata, which in the time of Hipparchus terminated at 48° 30' 35, where the longest day consisted of sixteen hours. He however multiplied these divisions and extended them farther towards the poles. It is a great pity that Strabo has not noted all of them.

929 According to Strabo, 12° 34' 17.

930 According to Strabo, 52° 25' 42.

931 Now Gherri, on the banks of the Nile.

932 i. e. they are the most southern of those for whom, &c.

933 Bab-el-Mandeb, The Gate of Tears.

934 The east.

935 The west.

936 This passage proves that in Strabo’s opinion the continent of Africa did not extend so far south as the equator.

937 This town was sometimes called Ptolemais Epitheras, having been built by Eumedes in the reign of Philadelphus for the chase of elephants and other wild animals.

938 On the west.

939 The east.

940 About Cape Comorin.

941 The east.

942 The west.

943 Kramer follows Gosselin in proposing to substitute t??a in place of ?pt?.

944 The west side.

945 Algiers and Fez.

946 The eastern side.

947 Lower Egypt is intended.

948 Khosistan.

949 The modern province of Fars.

950 Kerman.

951 Upper Mekran.

952 S. Jean d’Acre.

953 Seide.

954 Tsur.

955 Eksenide.

956 Siragusa.

957 Caria occupied the southern and western parts of Anadoli, near the Island of Rhodes. Lycaonia formed a part of the modern Karaman. Cataonia was comprised in Aladeuli. Media is now Irak-Adjami. The Caspian Gates are the defiles of Firouz-Koh.

958 Eski-Stambul.

959 Emboli or Jamboli.

960 Polina.

961 Isnik.

962 Eksemil.

963 Karasi in Anadoli.

964 Sinoub.

965 Corcan and Daghistan.

966 Balk.

967 To the north.

968 Or 17° 30´. This would indicate a latitude of 48° 38' 40.

969 The astronomical cubit was equal to two degrees.

970 Read 23,100.

971 The northern extremity of the Hellespont.

972 ??s??, the universe.

973 The pole of the ecliptic.

974 The neck, &c.

975 The Pyrenees, on the contrary, range from east to west, with a slight inclination towards the north. This error gives occasion to several of the mistakes made by Strabo respecting the course of certain of the rivers in France.

976 France.

977 The Gulfs of Lyons and Gascony.

978 Gosselin remarks that the distance between S. Jean de Luz and Tarragona, is rather less than that between Bayonne and Narbonne.

979 The Atlantic.

980 Cape St. Vincent.

981 Cape Finisterre.

982 Africa.

983 The Mauritanians.

984 Cape St. Vincent.

985 Cape St. Vincent is about 1600 stadia west of Cape Spartel in Africa. Strabo imagined that beyond this cape the African coast inclined to the south-east. In reality it advances eleven degrees and a half farther west to Cape Verd, which is 8° 29' west of Cape St. Vincent.

986 Herodotus is the first who speaks of a people of Iberia, to whom he gives the name of ????s??? or ????te?: he describes them as inhabiting the most western part of Europe, beyond the Pillars of Hercules.

987 This passage of Strabo relative to the rocking-stones has occasioned much perplexity to the critics. We have attempted to render the Greek words as near as possible. Many curious facts relative to rocking and amber stones have been collected, by Jabez Allies, F. S. A., in his work on the Antiquities of Worcestershire, now in the press.

988 We extract the following notice on this passage from Humboldt (Cosmos, vol. iii. 54, Bohn’s edition). “This passage has recently been pronounced corrupt, (Kramer i. 211,) and d?’ ????? (through glass spheres) substituted for d?’ a???? (Schneider, Eclog. Phys. ii. 273). The magnifying power of hollow glass spheres, filled with water, (Seneca i. 6,) was, indeed, as familiar to the ancients as the action of burning glasses or crystals, (Aristoph. Nub. v. 765,) and that of Nero’s emerald (Plin. xxxvii. 5); but these spheres most assuredly could not have been employed as astronomical measuring instruments. (Compare Cosmos i. p. 619.) Solar altitudes taken through thin light clouds, or through volcanic vapours, exhibit no trace of the influence of refraction.”

989 Cadiz.

990 Cape St. Vincent.

991 ??a?.

992 The Tagus, the Guadiana, and the Guadalquiver, pursue a course nearly parallel to each other, and all incline towards the south before discharging themselves into the sea; the inclination of the Tagus is not equal to that of the other rivers.

993 Lusitania occupied the greater part of the present kingdom of Portugal. It was from the countries north of the Tagus that the Romans caused certain of the inhabitants to emigrate to the south side of that river.

994 The Carpetani occupied a portion of New Castile, where the cities of Madrid, Toledo, &c. are now situated.

995 These people inhabited the southern portions of New Castile, now occupied by the cities of Calatrava, Ciudad-real, Alcaraz, &c. They also possessed a part of the Sierra-Morena.

996 The Vettones inhabited that part of Estremadura, where the cities of Alcantara, Truxillo, &c. are now situated.

997 BÆtis.

998 Anas.

999 The course of the Guadiana is longer than that of the Guadalquiver.

1000 Viz. Turdetania.

1001 The mountainous country in which the Guadalquiver takes its source.

1002 The rock of Gibraltar.

1003 This Timosthenes was the admiral of Ptolemy II. Strabo mentions him repeatedly.

1004 The place on which this town formerly stood is now designated Val de Vacca.

1005 Rio Barbate.

1006 Now Azzila.

1007 Called by Pliny and Ptolemy Julia Transducta. It appears to have been situated at the western entrance of the Bay of Gibraltar, at the place now called Al-Gesira.

1008 Cadiz.

1009 An Athenian king, who led the Athenians against Troy. The port of Menestheus is now Puerto Sta. Maria.

1010 Hodie Lebrixa.

1011 BÆtis.

1012 At or near the port of Menestheus, just mentioned.

1013 Quintus Servilius CÆpio, a famous Roman general. Vide lib. iv. c. i. § 13.

1014 This city is not to be confounded with others of the same name in Spain.

1015 Strabo is the only writer who speaks of this temple of Phosphorus. It was no doubt a temple to Diana, who was named ??te?? F?sf????. This temple, according to the Spanish authors quoted by Lopez in his translation of Strabo, corresponds to the present San-Lucar de Barrameda.

1016 Strabo here gives the Latin Lucem dubiam in Greek characters, ????e d???a?.

1017 The Guadiana at the present day has but one mouth.

1018 Cape St. Vincent.

1019 Cadiz.

1020 Anas.

1021 BÆtis.

1022 Cordova, situated on the Guadalquiver in Andalusia. We do not know whether it were founded by the Marcellus who was prÆtor in Thither Iberia, and created consul in the year of Rome 601, or Marcellus who joined Pompey’s party against CÆsar. This city served for the winter quarters of the Romans, who during summer made war on the inhabitants of the western and northern parts of Spain. It was the native place of the two Senecas and Lucan, and the chief emporium of Iberia. We may form some idea of the amount of its population from the number of those who perished when taken by CÆsar, as narrated by Hirtius, Spanish War, § 34. But the period in which Cordova’s glory was at its zenith was during the empire of the Moors, in the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries, when it numbered 300,000 inhabitants.

1023 Cadiz.

1024 Seville. This city was surnamed Julia Romulensis. It was founded by CÆsar, and regarded as the second city of the province, although, as we see, in the time of Strabo it was only third-rate.

1025 Strabo is the only writer who mentions this city of BÆtis. Casaubon and others are inclined to the opinion that the MSS. are corrupted, and that formerly another name stood here.

1026 This city, the native place of the emperors Trajan and Adrian, and the poet Silius Italicus, was founded by Publius Scipio in the second Punic war, who placed here the soldiers incapacitated from the performance of military service. It is supposed to correspond to Sevilla la Vieja, about a league distant from Seville.

1027 The Ilipa Ilia of Pliny and Illipula Magna of Ptolemy. Its exact position is not determined.

1028 Hodie Ecija on the Xenil.

1029 Carmona.

1030 Monda, seven leagues west of Malaga.

1031 Osuna.

1032 Hodie Martos, Pliny gave it the surname of Augusta Gemella.

1033 The Itucci of Pliny, to which he gives the surname Virtus Julia.

1034 We should probably read 430.

1035 Kramer, using the criticism of Lachmann, observes that this is a misreading for Midaium, and that a like mistake occurs in Appian.

1036 Furnius and Titius.

1037 In Lusitania.

1038 About the spot where this city is supposed to have stood, between Xerez and Tribugena, there is still a place called Mesa de Asta.

1039 Strabo uses ????s?? ??????????, but the English hulk would not bear the same import in this place as the Greek.

1040 BÆtis.

1041 Cotillas, or perhaps Constantina near Almaden.

1042 Anas.

1043 Experience does not seem to warrant this conclusion.

1044 Cape St. Vincent.

1045 Of Gibraltar.

1046 Cape St. Vincent.

1047 The text here is evidently corrupt, but it is not easy to determine to what extent the overflow reached at the time Strabo wrote.

1048 Lebrixa.

1049 Gibraleon.

1050 Spain.

1051 ?? ?????.

1052 Majorca and Minorca.

1053 In his third book, Strabo, speaking of Campania, regards the oil of Venafrum as superior to any other. In this he agrees with Pliny, who places in the second class the oils of BÆtica and Istria. Pausanias considers these two oils, both for beauty of colour and excellence of flavour, inferior to that produced at Tithorea in Phocis, and which was sent to Rome for the service of the emperor’s table.

1054 Coccus tinctorius, used to dye scarlet.

1055 Sinoub, still a Turkish city of importance.

1056 A people inhabiting the western parts of the Caucasus.

1057 This name occurs only in Strabo: of the various conjectures which have been hazarded on the subject, one of the most probable seems to be that we should read SaltigetÆ, a people of Bastetania, mentioned by Ptolemy.

1058 These were evidently rabbits.

1059 Spain.

1060 Majorca and Minorca.

1061 According to Pliny, (lib. viii. c. 55,) this deputation was sent to Augustus to demand of him a military force, apparently for the purpose of assisting the inhabitants in destroying the rabbits. The same writer has brought together a variety of instances in which cities have been abandoned or destroyed through similar causes. Vide lib. viii. c. 29. The inhabitants of Abdera in Thrace were forced to quit their city on account of the rats and frogs, and settled on the frontiers of Macedonia. (Justin. lib. xv. c. 2.)

1062 Ferrets.

1063 Pozzuolo.

1064 We have here followed Gosselin’s suggestion of ???as?a? instead of ???as?a?, the reading of MSS.

1065 A kind of whale, mentioned also by Aristotle, but which does not seem to have been identified.

1066 The Mediterranean.

1067 A kind of shell-fish with a wreathed shell, which might be used as a sort of trumpet. It is mentioned by Aristotle.

1068 The cotyla held about three-fourths of a pint.

1069 This weight equalled 15 oz. 83-3/4 grs.

1070 The Euboic or Attic talent, which is here meant, equalled almost 57 lb.

1071 A kind of cuttle-fish or squid.

1072 Sardinia.

1073 Turdetania.

1074 The mineral riches of Spain are lauded in equal terms by Herodotus, Aristotle, Pliny, and many other writers. We can only remark, that at the present day the mineral wealth of that country scarcely justifies such descriptions.

1075 The Cevennes.

1076 Pliny, (lib. xxxiii. c. 4,) writing on the same subject, says, “Inveniuntur ita massÆ; necnon in puteis etiam denas excedentes libras. Palacras Hispani, alii palacranas, iidem quod minutum est balucem vocant.”

1077 This passage is evidently corrupt, nor do any of the readings which have been proposed seem to clear up the difficulties which it presents.

1078 Archimedes’ Screw. It was called the Egyptian screw because invented by Archimedes when in Egypt, and also because it was much employed by the Egyptians in raising water from the Nile for the irrigation of their lands.

1080 The following is the enigma alluded to. We have extracted it from Mackenzie’s Translation of the Life of Homer, attributed to Herodotus of Halicarnassius. While the sailors and the towns-people of the Isle of Ios (Nio) were speaking with Homer, some fishermen’s children ran their vessel on shore, and descending to the sands, addressed these words to the assembled persons: “Hear us, strangers, explain our riddle if ye can.” Then some of those who were present ordered them to speak. “We leave,” say they, “what we take, and we carry with us that we cannot take.” No one being able to solve the enigma, they thus expounded it. “Having had an unproductive fishery,” say they in explanation, “we sat down on the sand, and being annoyed by the vermin, left the fish we had taken on the shore, taking with us the vermin we could not catch.”

1081 These people inhabited the province of Gallicia in Spain.

1082 Carthagena.

1083 Caslona.

1084 BÆtis.

1085 The Sierra Cazorla.

1086 Anas.

1087 These 900 stadia are equal to from 25 to 26 leagues, which is exactly the distance from the sources of the Guadalquiver near to Cazorla to the lagoons named Ojos de Guadiana, adjacent to Villa-Harta.

1088 Cadiz.

1089 A Greek poet born at Himera in Sicily, and who flourished about B. C.570: he lived in the time of Phalaris, and was contemporary with Sappho, AlcÆus, and Pittacus.

1090 The rock of Gibraltar.

1091 Cape St. Vincent.

1092 Cadiz.

1093 This is exactly the distance from Cadiz to Cape St. Vincent, following the coasts. It is from 48 to 49 leagues.

1094 Gaul.

1095 The bright light of the sun fell into the ocean, drawing dark night over the fruitful earth. Iliad viii. 485.

1096 Wandering rocks.

1097 Entwining or conflicting rocks. Euripides, Medea, verse 2, gives them the title of Symplegades.

1098 Gibraltar.

1099 The Strait of Messina.

1100 Ulisipo or Lisbon.

1101 A proverbial expression by which the Greeks described a victory equally prejudicial to the victors and the vanquished.

1102 But still it would be disgraceful to remain here so long, and to return home without fitting booty. Iliad ii. 298.

1103 We should probably here read Menestheus.

1104 But the immortals will send you to the Elysian plain, and the boundaries of the earth, where is auburn-haired Rhadamanthus; there of a truth is the most easy life for men. There is nor snow nor long winter, nor ever a shower, but ever does the ocean send forth the gently blowing breezes of the west wind to refresh men. Odyssey iv. 563.

1105 There then I beheld Minos, the illustrious son of Jove, having a golden sceptre, giving laws to the dead. Odyssey xi. 567. Bohn’s edition.

1106 The Canary Islands.

1107 Hamilcar, the father of Hannibal.

1108 We have preferred, in common with the French translation, and the manuscript cited by Xylander, to read f???a??, instead of f?t?a??, thinking it probable that Strabo referred in the first instance to the drinking vessels, and afterwards to the wine barrels, as being made of silver.

1109 Herodotus, who wrote about a century after the time of Anacreon, expressly tells us that Arganthonius reigned during eighty years, and lived one hundred and twenty (l. i. c. 163). Cicero, Valerius Maximus, and Pliny report the same, apparently on the testimony of Herodotus. Lucian, Phlegon, and Appian however state the life of Arganthonius at one hundred and fifty years; and what is remarkable, the two former, Lucian and Phlegon, cite as their authority Anacreon and Herodotus. Pliny, citing Anacreon, has taken the reign of one hundred and fifty years, mentioned by the poet, as a life of that duration. The passage of Strabo is evidently changed from its original form.

1110 Of the number are Pomponius Mela and Pliny.

1111 BÆtis.

1112 That is, been admitted to all the privileges of Roman citizenship. Pliny tells us that in BÆtica alone there were thirty cities enjoying this distinction.

1113 Beja in Alentejo: others, with less show of probability, say Badajoz the capital of Estremadura.

1114 Merida.

1115 Saragossa.

1116 Cape St. Vincent.

1117 Cape Espichel.

1118 Coray reads two hundred and ten stadia, Groskurd and the French translators adopt 200; but the whole passage is so manifestly corrupt, that it scarcely seemed safe to hazard the correction.

1119 The text is here very corrupt, and the explanations of the editors and translators unsatisfactory.

1120 A city of Lusitania, hod. Al-Merim.

1121 Literally towards the sunset at the equinox.

1122 Anas.

1123 BÆtis.

1124 Durius.

1125 This city is not mentioned elsewhere in Strabo.

1126 Caslona.

1127 Oreto.

1128 ????? ?a? t??s??????, in text, but plainly the result of some error.

1129 We have followed the suggestion of Kramer in the rendering of this passage, the Greek text being evidently corrupt.

1130 Munda.

1131 Vacua.

1132 Durius.

1133 A city situated near Soria in Old Castile.

1134 Now the Lima.

1135 Xylander and many of the commentators propose to read ????????a, or Oblivion, in place of ?e????a. The conjecture seems extremely probable.

1136 The Minho of the present day.

1137 The Minho is far surpassed in size, both by the Duero and the Tagus.

1138 The text here is evidently incorrect. In the first place, the ?a? a?t??, which we have rendered this too, evidently sustained some relation, no longer subsisting, to what preceded; and in the second, the sources of the Minho were not in Cantabria, but Gallicia.

1139 Strabo here appears to confound the mouth of the Minho with a small bay about five leagues distant, near to the city of Bayona in Gallicia, and before which there is still the small island of Bayona.

1140 Cape Finisterre.

1141 Anas.

1142 LimÆa.

1143 Or the river of Oblivion, apparently because they forgot to return to their own country.

1144 A few of the MSS. read fifty, which number seems to be countenanced by the statement of Pliny, that forty-six nations inhabited Lusitania: but then the limits he set to the country were more extended than those allowed by Strabo.

1145 The ???f?? of the text signifies also a volatile disposition.

1146 Some part of the sentence seems here to be wanting. It probably contained a description of the kind of sword made use of.

1147 Durius.

1148 This reminds one of the glibs the Irish used to wear down to a recent period.

1149 This passage is not found in any of the odes of Pindar now remaining.

1150 The French translators observe, that we should probably understand this passage as follows, They exercise themselves as light-armed infantry, heavy-armed infantry, cavalry, &c.

1151 Xenophon describes this, or one very similar, as the Persian dance: ????? d? t? ?e?s???? ???e?t?, ???t?? t?? p??ta?? ?a? ???a?e, ?a? ??a??stat?. “Last of all he danced the Persian dance, clashing his bucklers, and in dancing fell on his knees, then sprang up again.” Xen. Anab. b. vi. c. 1, 10.

1152 This is said to distinguish them from their neighbours, the inhabitants of Majorca and Minorca, whose peculiar marriage ceremonies are thus described by Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 18: ?a??d???? d? t? ?a? ?at? t??? ????? ????? pa?’ a?t??? ?st??? ?? ??? ta?? ?at? t??? ????? e????a??, ???e??? te ?a? f???? ?at? t?? ?????a? ? p??t?? ?e? ?a? ? de?te???, ?a? ?? ???p?? ?at? t? ????, ?s???ta? ta?? ??fa?? ??? ????, ?s??t?? t?? ??f??? t???????t?? ta?t?? t?? t???.

1153 The mention of Egyptians here seems surprising, inasmuch as no writer appears to have recorded this as one of their customs. Of the Assyrians it is stated, both by Herodotus, i. 197, and also by Strabo himself, xvi. cap. i. 746. It seems therefore most probable that Assyrians are intended, Egyptians being merely an error of the transcriber.

1154 Inhabitants of Biscay.

1155 People of Navarre.

1156 Who the Pleutauri were, we do not know. The BardyetÆ appear to be the same people whom Strabo afterwards speaks of as Bardyiti, or Bardyali, who occupied a narrow slip of land between the east of Alava and the west of Navarre. The Allotriges Casaubon supposes to be the same as the Autrigones, who occupied the coast from Laredo to the Gulf of Bilboa.

1157 Inhabitants of Biscay.

1158 Iberus.

1159 p??? ????s??: these words are manifestly corrupt, but none of the various conjectural readings seem at all probable.

1160 From the Pillars to the Sacred Promontory, or Cape St. Vincent.

1161 The rock of Gibraltar.

1162 Carthagena.

1163 Viz. from Carthagena.

1164 Malaga.

1165 Cadiz.

1166 Pomponius Mela gives this city the name of Hexi, or Ex, according to another reading; Pliny names it Sexi, with the surname of Firmum Julium; and Ptolemy, Sex. This is merely a difference relative to the aspiration of the word, which was sometimes omitted, at other times expressed by the letters H or S indifferently.

1167 Mentioned by Pliny, AthenÆus, Galen, and also by Martial, lib. vii. Epigramm. 78,

1168 Adra.

1169 Lisbon.

1170 Asclepiades of Myrlea, a city of Bithynia, was a grammarian, and disciple of the celebrated grammarian, Apollonius. According to Suidas he taught literature at Rome, under Pompey the Great. And it is probable that it was with Pompey he afterwards passed into Spain.

1171 Teucer, the son of Telamon, king of the island of Salamis, being driven out of the country by his father, founded in Cyprus the city of Salamis. Justin adds, that after the death of his father he returned to the island of Salamis; but being prevented by the son of Ajax, his brother, from debarking, he went into Iberia, and took up his abode on the spot where Carthagena was afterwards built: that subsequently he removed into the country of the Gallicians, and settled amongst them.

1172 The Hellenes derived their name from Hellen the son of Deucalion and Pyrrha. This name, which at first designated only a small people of Thessaly, became afterwards the general appellation of the inhabitants of the whole of Greece.

1173 Amphilochus, on his return from Troy, founded with Mopsus the city of Mallos in Cilicia. He afterwards retired to Argos, but not being contented there he rejoined Mopsus, who however would no longer divide with him the government of their common colony. This dispute resulted in a remarkable combat, which cost the life of both. (Compare Strabo. l. xiv. c. 4.) Sophocles and other tragic poets have taken advantage of this tradition. Herodotus likewise speaks of the voyages of Amphilochus into Cilicia, and of the city of Posideium which he founded there, but he tells us nothing of his death. Thucydides merely says that Amphilochus on his return home after the Trojan war, being discontented with his compatriots, founded in the Gulf of Ambracia a city which he named after his fatherland, Argos. None of these traditions mention a voyage to Iberia.

1174 Siebenkees suspects that this name should be read Ocella. The Ocelenses in Lusitania are commended by Pliny.

1175 Some MSS. read Opsicella.

1176 Strabo, or rather Artemidorus, seems to have confused the two kinds of lotus mentioned by the ancients. That whereof they ate the roots and the grain is the lotus of the Nile, and a plant of the species nymphÆa. The lotus alluded to in this instance is a shrub, (the rhamnus lotus of LinnÆus,) named seedra by the inhabitants of Barbary, with whom the fruit is an article of food. Herodotus mentions both kinds, (lib. ii. c. 92, and iv. c. 177,) and Polybius describes the second, as an eye-witness.

1177 The Island of Zerbi.

1178 The Gulf of Cabes.

1179 A celebrated stoic philosopher and grammarian contemporary with Aristarchus. He was of Mallos, a city of Cilicia, and surnamed the Critic and the Homeric, on account of the corrections, explanations, and remarks which he composed in nine books on the poems of Homer.

1180 Sertorius, on the return of Sylla to Rome, took refuge in Spain, where he put himself at the head of the Romans who had revolted against the republic; he was assassinated by one of his officers.

1181 Adra.

1182 Carthagena.

1183 Sucro.

1184 That is, the ancient name, Sucro.

1185 Malaga.

1186 Denia or Artemus.

1187 Denia.

1188 Isola Plana.

1189 S. Pola.

1190 Islote.

1191 A sauce so named from the garus, a small fish, from which originally it was prepared. Afterwards it was made with mackerel and other fish. Vide Pliny l. xxxi. c. 7, 8.

1192 Peniscola.

1193 Tortosa.

1194 Tarragona.

1195 New Carthage, or Carthagena, is intended.

1196 Sent from Rome.

1197 Majorca and Minorca.

1198 IviÇa.

1199 Ampurias.

1200 The text is here manifestly corrupt. Various other numbers, from 4 to 400, have been conjectured as the true reading. Gosselin and Groskurd are in favour of 200.

1201 Sic text. Siebenkees and Coray propose to read ??d??, and Casaubon also ??d?, now Rosas.

1202 Marseilles.

1203 Probably the river Fluvia, the Alba of the ancients.

1204 Iberia, or Spain, was anciently divided into two grand divisions, to which the Romans gave the names of Citerior and Ulterior Iberia. Augustus subdivided this latter into the two provinces of BÆtica and Lusitania, giving the name of Tarraco to Citerior Iberia. Nevertheless the ancient names of Citerior and Ulterior continued in use long after this division.

1205 Tarragona.

1206 We are not exactly acquainted with this place, it is probably Vidreras; though others suppose it to be Colonia Sagerra.

1207 Tortosa.

1208 Murviedro.

1209 Xativa.

1210 The cordage of the famous vessel built by Hiero of Syracuse was formed from the spartum of Iberia. Vid. AthenÆus, lib. v. p. 206.

1211 Yniesta.

1212 Caslona.

1213 Porcuna.

1214 Cordova and Cadiz.

1215 Fought against Pompey.

1216 The mountains of Burgos and CuenÇa, the Sierras of Oca, Lorenzo, and Moncayo.

1217 Carthagena.

1218 Malaga.

1219 The Sierra de Toledo.

1220 Saragossa.

1221 Xelsa.

1222 They occupied the northern half of Catalonia.

1223 Lerida.

1224 Huesca.

1225 Calahorra.

1226 Tarragona.

1227 Denia.

1229 Gosselin here labours to reconcile these distances with the actual topography of those parts, but it is useless to attempt to make all the loose statements furnished by Strabo tally with the exact distances of the places he mentions by supposing the stadia to be so continually varied.

1230 Pampeluna.

1231 Gosselin is of opinion that this Œaso, is not OjarÇo near Fontarabia, but thinks it probable that Ea near Cape Machicaco is the site where it stood.

1232 People of Biscay.

1233 The ancient Anas.

1234 The ruins of Numantia are seen a little to the north of Soria.

1235 BÆtis.

1236 Probably the small village of Varea, about half a league from LogroÑo; D’Anville supposes it to be LogroÑo itself.

1237 Aliter Bardyali.

1238 Kramer has altered the text into ?d?ta???, all MSS. having d?tta???. There is little doubt they are the same people mentioned in section 14 as Sidetani.

1239 Palencia.

1240 Saragossa.

1241 Baubola.

1242 Sasamo, west of Briviesca.

1243 Allusion is here made to the custom of the Roman generals, who caused to be carried at their triumphs, representations in painting or sculpture, not only of the kings or generals of the enemy, who had been slain, but likewise of the forts, cities, mountains, lakes, rivers, and even seas, conquered from the enemy. This usage explains the words of Cicero, “portari in triumpho Massiliam vidimus.” Appian, on occasion of the triumph of Scipio, says, ?????? te pa?af????ta? ??ata t?? e??????? p??e??.

1244 Sucro, now Xucar.

1245 The same people as the Edetani, mentioned in section 12.

1246 Carthagena.

1247 Malaga.

1248 At the present day the best castor comes from Russia, but the greater part of that found in shops is the produce of Canada. It is denominated a stimulant and antispasmodic. Formerly it was much used in spasmodic diseases, as hysteria and epilepsy. It is now considered almost inert, and is seldom employed. After this description, it is scarcely necessary to warn the reader against the vulgar error of confusing castor with castor oil, which is extracted from the seeds of the Ricinus communis or castor oil plant, a shrub growing in the West Indies.

1249 Apuleius, Catullus, and Diodorus Siculus all speak of this singular custom.

1250 A note in the French edition says, “This surprise of the Vettones is nothing extraordinary. Amongst all barbarous nations, savages especially, the promenade is an unknown exercise. When roused by necessity or passion, they will even kill themselves with fatigue; at other times they remain in the most perfect inaction. The first thing which strikes a Turk on coming to any of the polished nations of Europe, is to see men promenading without any other aim but that of pleasure or health.”

1251 Head-dress shaped like a drum.

1252 At the present day in Bilboa, the capital of Biscay, the women work far more than the men; they load and unload vessels, and carry on their heads burdens which require two men to place there.

1253 We must remark that so far from the dowry given by men to their wives being an evidence of civilization, it is a custom common amongst barbarous people, and indicative of nothing so much as the despotic power of the man over the wife. These dowries were generally a sum of money from the husband to the father of his intended, on the payment of which he acquired the same power over her as over a slave. Aristotle, speaking of the ancient Greeks, tells us expressly that they bought their wives, (Polit. ii. c. 8,) and observing that amongst barbarous nations women were always regarded in the same light as slaves, he cites the example of the Cyclopes, who exercised, according to Homer, sovereign authority over their families (Odyss. l. ix. 114). This custom was so well established amongst the Greeks at the time of the poet, that he does not hesitate to introduce it amongst the gods (Odyss. viii. 318). It was not unknown among the Jews, and Strabo, in his fifteenth book, tells us that the Indians bought their wives.

1254 CÆsar and AthenÆus attribute this custom to the Gauls, and Valerius Maximus to the Keltiberians. Those men who attached themselves to the interests of any prince or famous personage, and who espoused all his quarrels, even devoting themselves to death on his account, are named by AthenÆus s???d?????, and by CÆsar soldurii. Speaking of 600 soldiers devoted in this manner to a Gaulish prince, named Adcantuannus, CÆsar (l. iii. c. 22) says, “Sibi mortem consciscant; neque adhuc hominum memori repertus est quisquam, qui, eo interfecto cujus se amicitiÆ devovisset, mori recusaret.” Plutarch tells us that Sertorius had in his suite many thousand Iberians devoted to him. The following epitaph of these men, who, after the death of Sertorius, sacrificed themselves, being unwilling to survive him, was extracted by Swinburne from the Annals of Catalonia.

1255 The country between the Ebro and the Pyrenees.

1256 These Igletes are the same which Stephen of Byzantium names Gletes, and by an error of the copyist Tletes. Herodotus places them between the CynetÆ, and the Tartessians, and Theopompus in the neighbourhood of the Tartessians. The position between the Ebro and the Pyrenees, which Asclepiades the Myrlean thus gives them, supports the opinion of those who reckon that Rosas was founded by the Rhodians, and that the people of Marseilles did not settle there till afterwards; it is more than probable that the Igletes were nothing more than Ignetes or Gnetes of the Isle of Rhodes.

1257 Caslona.

1258 Merida.

1259 Casaubon supposes that this is the river Ptolemy names Merus. Lopez, Geograf. de Estrabon, lib. iii. p. 232, thinks it the Narcea.

1260 Pomponius Mela and Pliny coincide with Strabo in making this city belong to the Asturians; Ptolemy however describes it under the name of Noega Ucesia as pertaining to the Cantabrians. Some say it corresponds to the present Navia, others to Pravia. Groskurd reckons it Gajon, or Navia, or Santander.

1261 Carthagena.

1262 Tarragona.

1263 Murviedro.

1264 IviÇa.

1265 Majorca.

1266 Palma.

1267 PollerÇa.

1268 Gosselin observes that the greatest length of Majorca is 14 leagues and a half; its breadth at the narrowest part 8 leagues; and adds, that by confounding stadia of unequal value, Strabo makes Majorca a long narrow island, whereas in fact its form approaches nearer to that of a square.

1269 Minorca.

1270 Viz. the Phoenicians.

1271 Immediately after the word e?a???a??a?, which we have translated black rush, the text of our geographer runs on as follows: “resembling the schoenus, a species of rush from which cords are made. Philetas in his Mercury [says] ‘he was covered with a vile and filthy tunic, and about his wretched loins was bound a strip of black rush, as if he had been girt with a mere schoenus.’” It is evident that this passage is the scholium of some ancient grammarian, and we have followed the example of the French editors in inserting it in a note, as it is a great impediment in the middle of Strabo’s description of the equipment of the island warriors.

1272 “Cibum puer a matre non accipit, nisi quem, ipsa monstrante, percussit.” Florus, lib. iii. c. 8. The same thing is stated by Lycophron, v. 637, and Diodorus Siculus, l. v. c. 18.

1273 Cadiz.

1274 The rock of Gibraltar.

1275 This mouth of the Guadalquiver, opposite Cadiz, no longer exists.

1276 The Mediterranean.

1277 Padua.

1278 “The length of the island of Leon, at the extremity of which the city of Cadiz is situated, is about 9500 toises, which are equivalent to 100 Olympic stadia.” Gosselin.

1279 L. Cornelius Balbus was a native of Cadiz, and descended from an illustrious family in that town. His original name probably bore some resemblance in sound to the Latin Balbus. Cadiz being one of the federate cities, supported the Romans in their war against Sertorius in Spain, and Balbus thus had an opportunity for distinguishing himself. He served under the Roman generals Q. Mettellus Pius, C. Memmius, and Pompey, and was present at the battles of Turia and Sucro. He distinguished himself so much throughout the war, that Pompey conferred the Roman citizenship upon him, his brother, and his brother’s sons and this act of Pompey was ratified by the law of the consuls, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus and L. Gellius, B. C. 72. It was probably in honour of these consuls that Balbus took the Gentile name of the one, and the prÆnomen of the other. It was for this Balbus that Cicero made the defence which has come down to us. The reason which induced Strabo to notice, as something remarkable, that Balbus had received the honours of a triumph, we learn from Pliny, who, noticing the victories which he had gained over the Garamantes and other nations of Africa, tells us he was the only person of foreign extraction who had ever received the honour of a triumph. “Omnia armis Romanis superata et a Cornelio Balbo triumphata, uni huic omnium externo curru et Quiritium jure donato.” Plin. lib. v. c. 5. Solinus likewise says of him, (cap. xxix. p. 54.) “Primus sane de externis, utpote Gadibus genitus accessit ad gloriam nominis triumphalis.”

1280 This word signifies “The Twins.”

1281 Gosselin says, the temple of Saturn appears to have stood on the site of the present church of S. Sebastian, and that of Hercules at the other extremity of the island on the site of St. Peter’s.

1282 Groskurd supposes that we should here read, “[certain citizens of Cadiz have appropriated to themselves possessions in the interior of the island,] but the whole sea-shore is inhabited in common,” that is, by shepherds who pastured the grounds in common.

1283 Gosselin shows that we ought to read 500 stadia in this place.

1284 The rock of Gibraltar.

1285 The Ape-mountain near Ceuta.

1286 The text is corrupt, but it is needless to go through all the emendations proposed.

1287 This passage of Pindar has not come down to us.

1288 ?e?sa F?????????, a proverbial mode of speaking, having its origin in the bad faith of the Phoenicians [_fides Punica_].

1289 Regio.

1290 Strabo, in his 17th book, gives a different locality to these altars.

1291 These were twelve altars, of fifty cubits each, erected to the twelve gods. _Vide_ Diodorus Siculus, l. XVII. c. 95.

1292 The text is ?? t??? pa?ad?????, which Gosselin renders, “Les ouvrages qui traitent des choses merveilleuses.”

1293 Strabo’s argument is here so weak, that one can hardly believe it can have ever been seriously made use of.

1294 This method of explaining the ebb and flow of the sea, by comparing it to the respiration of animals, is not so extraordinary, when we remember that it was the opinion of many philosophers that the universe was itself an animal. Pomponius Mela, (De Situ Orbis, lib. iii. c. 1,) speaking of the tides, says, “Neque adhuc satis cognitum est, anhelitune suo id mundus efficiat, retractamque cum spiritu regerat undam undique, si, ut doctioribus placet, unum (_lege_ universum) animal est; an sint depressi aliqui specus, quo reciprocata maria residant, atque unde se rursus exuberantia attollant: an luna causas tantis meatibus prÆbeat.”

1295 Thirty degrees.

1296 The Persian Gulf.

1297 Alcolea.

1298 Some MSS. read 50 stadia.

1299 This is the sense of the text, p?sa? t?? ????? pa???ea??t??.

1300 We are not aware that the Ebro passes through any lake.

1301 This is probably a description of the appearance of the Druids. Tacitus, (Ann. lib. xiv. 30,) speaking of the consternation into which the Druids of Anglesey threw the Roman soldiers who had disembarked there, says, “DruidÆque circum, preces diras, sublatis ad coelum manibus, fundentes, novitate adspectus perculere milites, ut, quasi hÆrentibus membris, immobile corpus vulneribus prÆberent.” Immediately before these words he thus describes the women, “Stabat pro litore diversa acies, densa armis virisque, intercursantibus feminis in _modum furiarum_, quÆ veste ferali, crinibus dejectis, faces prÆferebant.”

1302 Viz. that the Cassiterides are farther removed from the coasts of Spain than the rest of the southern coasts of England.

1303 Transalpine Gaul.

1304 Gaul is properly divided into the four grand divisions of the Narbonnaise, Aquitaine, Keltica, and Belgica. Strabo has principally copied CÆsar, who appears only to have divided Gaul into Aquitaine, Keltica, and Belgica. CÆsar however only speaks of the provinces he had conquered, and makes no mention of the Narbonnaise, which had submitted to the Romans before his time. Strabo seems to have thought that the Narbonnaise formed part of Keltica.

1305 Lyons.

1306 The whole of this passage, says Gosselin, is full of mistakes, and it would seem that Strabo quoted from an inexact copy of CÆsar. To understand his meaning, we must remember that he supposed the Pyrenees extended from north to south, instead of from east to west; and since he adds that these mountains divide the Cevennes at right angles, he must have supposed that this second chain extended from east to west, instead of from north to south. He likewise fancied that the Garonne, the Loire, and the Seine ran from north to south like the Rhine. Starting from such premises, it was impossible he could avoid confusion; thus we find him describing the Aquitani as north of the Cevennes, when in fact they dwelt north of the Pyrenees, between those mountains and the Garonne, and west of the southern portions of the Cevennes. Where he says that the Kelts dwelt on the other side or east of the Garonne, and towards the sea of Narbonne and Marseilles, it is clear that he prolonged Keltica into the Narbonnaise, since this last province extended along the Mediterranean from the frontiers of Spain to the Alps. CÆsar had stated that the Gauls (the Kelts of Strabo) _ipsorum lingua KeltÆ, nostri Galli_, dwelt between the Garonne, the Seine, the Marne, and the Rhine. Finally, Strabo appears to have assigned the greater part of Gaul to the BelgÆ in making them extend from the ocean, and the mouth of the Rhine, to the Alps. This considerably embarrassed Xylander, but as we have seen that Strabo transported a portion of the Kelts into the Narbonnaise, it is easy to imagine that, in order to make these people border on the BelgÆ, he was forced to extend them as far as the Alps, near the sources of the Rhine. CÆsar located the BelgÆ between the Seine, the ocean, and the Rhine.

1307 Liger.

1308 From the ocean to the Mediterranean, and vice versa.

1309 Alluding to the superiority of the climate on the shores of the Mediterranean.

1310 We shall see in the course of this book, that under the name of Alps Strabo includes the different mountain-chains separated from the range of Alps properly so called. This accounts for his extending those mountains on the west as far as Marseilles, and on the east beyond Istria.

1311 The Marseillese.

1312 The Salyes inhabited Provence.

1313 As Strabo has made no previous mention of this river, the words “as we have said before” are evidently interpolated.

1314 This temple was built on Cape Creus, which on that account received the name of Aphrodisium. Many geographers confound this temple with the _portus Veneris_, the modern Vendres, which is at a short distance from Cape Creus.

1315 NÎmes.

1316 Beaucaire.

1317 Aix.

1318 Gosselin, who considers that the former numbers were correct, enters at some length on an argument to prove that these 53 miles were 62, and differs also in computing the succeeding numbers.

1319 The cantons of Vaison and Die.

1320 Cottius possessed the present BrianÇonnais. That portion of the Alps next this canton took from this sovereign the name of the Cottian Alps. Cottius bore the title of king; and Augustus recognised his independence; he lived till the time of Nero, when his possessions became a Roman province.

1321 NÎmes.

1322 Durance and Cavaillon.

1323 Embrun.

1324 BrianÇon.

1325 Sezanne, or perhaps Chamlat de Seguin.

1326 Uxeau.

1327 About 600 years before the Christian era.

1328 ?f?d??? t? t?? ?e???. Gosselin gives a note on these words, and translates them in his text as follows, “one of the statues consecrated in her temple.”

1329 t??????, literally, one having honour and esteem.

1330 We have seen no reason to depart from a literal rendering of the Greek in this passage, its meaning, “whose ancestors have not been citizens,” &c., being self-evident.

1331 This name has evidently been corrupted, but it seems difficult to determine what stood originally in the text; most probably it was Rhodanusia.

1332 Agde.

1333 Taurenti.

1334 Eoube.

1335 Antibes.

1336 Nice.

1337 The people of Marseilles.

1338 AquÆ SextiÆ, now Aix.

1339 Solinus tells us that in his day the waters had lost their virtue, and that their fame had declined. “Quarum calor, olim acrior, exhalatus per tempora evaporavit; nec jam par est famÆ priori.” _Solin._ cap. 8. The victory of Sextius, mentioned by Strabo, is said to have been gained in the year of Rome 629.

1340 The Cape de Creus, a promontory on which was the temple of the PyrenÆan Venus.

1341 The Gulf of Lyons.

1342 The Cape de Cette.

1343 Gosselin says, “The Island of Blascon is a rock opposite Agde, on which remains a fortified castle, which preserves the name of Brescon. This rock has been connected with the mainland, to form the port of Agde.”

1344 ?ta?.

1345 At the present day Narbonne is not situated on the Aude, the course of that river being changed. The lake of Narbonne, mentioned by Strabo, is not the present lake of Narbonne, but the lake of Rubine.

1346 Arles.

1347 ?o?s?????.

1348 ? ????????.

1349 Viz. Ruscino, now superseded by Perpignan on the Tet; and Ilibirris, now Elne on the Tech.

1350 “This ancient city,” says Gosselin, “no longer exists, with the exception of an old tower, scarcely a league from Perpignan, which still bears the name of the Tower of Roussillon.”

1351 This river does not rise in the Cevennes, but in the Pyrenees.

1352 ????.

1353 This name is evidently corrupt; the Arauris of Mela and Ptolemy (the modern Herault) is probably intended.

1354 The Orbe.

1355 Beziers.

1356 Agde.

1357 The French _bise_.

1358 ??sta? se?s??, earthquakes attended with a violent fermentation.

1360 From the “Prometheus Loosed,” which is now lost.

1361 The historian, son of Andromachus.

1362 The mouths of the Rhone, like those of other impetuous rivers, are subject to considerable changes, and vary from one age to another. Ptolemy agrees with Polybius in stating that there are but two mouths to the Rhone, and those which he indicates are at the present day almost entirely filled up; the one being at Aigues-Mortes, the other canal now called the RhÔne-Mort.

1363 Two Helvetian tribes who united themselves to the Cimbri to pass into Italy, and were defeated near Aix by Marius.

1364 Now l’Étang de Berre or de Martigues.

1365 The French editors propose to read here five mouths, thus referring to the opinion of TimÆus. This, Kramer observes, Strabo probably intended to do. Still, as there were some who were of opinion the Rhone has seven mouths, as appears from Apoll. Rhod. Argonaut. iv. 634, he did not venture to touch the text.

1366 Taurenti.

1367 Eoube.

1368 Antibes.

1369 Nice.

1370 FrÉjus.

1371 Inhabitants of Provence.

1372 Les Isles d’HiÈres, a row of islands off Marseilles.

1373 Isle St. Honorat.

1374 Isle Ste. Marguerite.

1375 FrÉjus.

1376 Between the river d’Argents and Antibes.

1377 Cavaillon.

1378 From the mouth of the Durance to the mouth of the IsÈre, following the course of the Rhone, the distance is 24 leagues, or 720 Olympic stadia.

1379 The Vocontii occupied the territories of Vaison and Die. The Tricorii appear to have inhabited a small district east of Die, on the banks of the Drac. The Iconii were to the east of Gap; and the Medylli in La Maurienne, along the Aar.

1380 The Sorgue.

1381 Vedene.

1382 Avignon.

1383 Orange.

1384 Le mont Ventoux.

1385 Casaubon remarks that Æmilianus is a name more than this Roman general actually possessed.

1386 Livy states that 120,000 Kelts were slain, and Pliny, 130,000.

1387 Lyons.

1388 ??a?.

1389 The Allobroges and Segusii were separated by the Rhone; the former inhabiting the left bank of the river.

1390 The Saone rises in the Vosges.

1391 These people are elsewhere called by Strabo Lingones, the name by which they are designated by other writers.

1392 The Doubs rises in the Jura, not in the Alps. Ptolemy falls into the same mistake as Strabo.

1393 We have here followed the proposed correction of Ziegler.

1394 NÎmes.

1395 This name is written diversely, Tectosages, TectosagÆ, and Tectosagi. It appears to be composed of the two Latin words, “tectus,” covered, and “sagum,” a species of cassock.

1396 Viz. between LodÈve and Toulouse; we must remember that Strabo supposed the chain of the Cevennes to run west and east.

1397 Angora.

1398 These three nations inhabited Galatia, of which Ancyra was the capital.

1399 279 years before the Christian era.

1400 Justin tells us that the Tectosages on returning to Toulouse from the expedition, were attacked with a pestilential malady, from which they could find no relief until they complied with the advice of their augurs, and cast the ill-gotten wealth into a lake. Justin, lib. xxxii. c. 3.

1401 The Atlantic and Mediterranean.

1402 ??a?.

1403 The Lexovii inhabited the southern banks of the Seine, Lizieux was anciently their capital. The Caleti occupied the opposite side of the Seine, and the sea-coast as far as TrÉport.

1404 The inhabitants of Auvergne.

1405 The ancient Liger.

1406 ?ta?.

1407 The whole of Gaul bore the name of Keltica long before the Romans had penetrated into that country. After their conquest of the southern provinces, they distinguished them from the rest of Keltica by conferring on them the name of Gallia Narbonensis. Aristotle gave the name of Kelts to the inhabitants of the country near Narbonne. Polybius tells us that the Pyrenees separated the Iberians from the Kelts; while Diodorus Siculus fixed the position of the Kelts between the Alps and the Pyrenees.

1408 “Strabo,” says Gosselin, “always, argues on the hypothesis that the Pyrenees run from south to north; that the Garonne and the Loire flowed in the same direction; that the Cevennes stretched from west to east; and that the coasts of Gaul, from the Pyrenees, rose gently towards the north, bending considerably east.”

1409 The Garonne becomes navigable at CazÈres near to Rieux, in the ancient ComtÉ de Comminges. From this point to its mouth, following the sinuosities of the river, there are about 68 leagues of 20 to a degree, or 2030 Olympic stadia. The Loire is navigable as far as St. Rambert, about three leagues from St. Etienne-en-Forez, that is to say, double the distance assigned by Strabo. 2000 stadia measured from the mouth of the Loire would extend merely as far as Orleans.

1410 Probably the ArriÉge, the Tarn, and the Dordogne.

1411 ??s??? MSS.

1412 The present Saintes was the capital of this nation.

1413 Bordeaux.

1414 Poictiers was the capital of the Pictones or Pictavi, and Nantes of the NamnetÆ.

1415 Scipio Æmilianus.

1416 Saintes.

1417 The Gulfs of Gascony and Lyons.

1418 The Tarbelli occupied the sea-coast from the Pyrenees to the Lake of Arcachon.

1419 The Canton of Comminges.

1420 St. Bertrand.

1421 Xylander thinks that these Onesii may be identical with the Monesi of Pliny. Gosselin says that the hot springs are probably the baths of BagniÈres-sur-l’Adour.

1422 The territory of the city of Auch.

1423 The inhabitants of Vivarais.

1424 The inhabitants of VÉlai.

1425 The inhabitants of Auvergne.

1426 The Limousins.

1427 The inhabitants of PÉrigord, AgÉnois, Querci, and Berri.

1428 The inhabitants of Saintonge and Poitou.

1429 The inhabitants of Rouergue and GÉvaudan.

1430 Gosselin supposes that this city is Clermont in Auvergne at some distance from the Allier.

1431 Orleans.

1432 The people of the Chartrain.

1433 CÆsar himself (lib. vii. c. 76) states the number at 248,000 men.

1434 A city near Clermont.

1435 Alise. The ruins of Alesia, says Gosselin, still exist near to Flavigni in Burgundy, on Mount Auxois, between two small rivers, the Oze and the Ozerain, which flow into the Brenne.

1436 The Sorgue.

1437 In AthenÆus, (lib. iv. p. 152,) this name is written Luernius.

1438 Lyons.

1439 MSS. read ?p?, “under,” we have not hesitated to translate it ?p?, like the Italian, French, and German versions; although Kramer remarks “paulo audacius,” of Coray’s reading ?p? in the Greek.

1440 ??a?.

1441 Kramer says that ????? is manifestly corrupt.—I have ventured to translate it _another altar_.

1442 Kramer concurs with Falconer and Gosselin in understanding this passage to have been originally between the Rhone and the Loire.

1443 S?????a?.

1444 The Sequani.

1445 ChÂlons-sur-Saone.

1446 Autun, according to Gosselin. Beurect, according to Ferrarius.

1447 CÆsar, Tacitus, and other writers, also speak of this relationship of the Ædui with the Romans.

1448 _Lit._ “As for the Ædui on these accounts indeed.”

1449 The sources of the Rhine take their rise in Mount St. Gothard and Mount Bernardin, while the Adda rises in the glaciers of the Valteline. Adula, however, may have been the name of the RhÆtian Alps.

1450 The Lake of Como.

1451 The Lake of Constance.

1452 The RhÆti occupied the Tirol; the Vindelici that portion of Bavaria south of the Danube.

1453 Ptolemy says it has three. It appears that the ancient mouths of this river were not the same as the present.

1454 Lyons.

1455 The Swiss.

1456 Gosselin identifies the Cimbri as the inhabitants of Jutland or Denmark.

1457 Casaubon remarks that the text must be corrupt, since Strabo’s account of the Helvetii must have been taken from CÆsar, who (lib. i. c. 29) states the number of slain at 258,000, and the survivors at 110,000.

1458 The Sequani occupied La Franche-ComtÉ.

1459 Metz was the capital of the Mediomatrici.

1460 These people dwelt between the Rhine and the Vosges, nearly from Colmar to Hagenau.

1461 The Allobroges dwelt to the left of the Rhone, between that river and the IsÈre.

1462 The Arverni have given their name to Auvergne, and the Carnutes to Chartrain.

1463 Strabo here copies CÆsar exactly, who, speaking of his second passage into Britain, (lib. v. c. 8,) says: “Ad solis occasum naves solvit ... accessum est ad Britanniam omnibus navibus meridiano fere tempore.”

1464 The capital of these people is TrÈves.

1465 Viz. to the western bank of the river.

1466 The Nervii occupied Hainault, and the ComtÉ de Namur.

1467 The Sicambri occupied the countries of Berg, Mark, and Arensberg. They afterwards formed part of the people included under the name of Franci or Franks.

1468 Bavai, to the south of Valenciennes, was the capital of the Nervii; Duricortora, now Rheims, of the Remi; Arras of the Atrebates, and Tongres of the Eburones.

1469 TÉrouane was the principal city of the Morini, Beauvais of the Bellovaci, Amiens of the Ambiani, Soissons of the Suessiones, and Lilebonne of the Caleti.

1470 CÆsar (lib. vi. c. 29) describes the forest of Ardennes as 500 miles in extent.

1471 Ardennes.

1472 West of the Rhine.

1473 Ptolemy names it Lucotecia; CÆsar, Lutetia. Julian, who was proclaimed emperor by his army in this city, names it Leucetia.

1474 The inhabitants of Vannes and the surrounding country.

1475 Neque enim his nostrÆ rostro nocere poterant; tanta erat in his firmitudo. CÆsar, lib. iii. c. 13.

1476 Vide CÆsar, lib. iii. c. 14.

1477 The Boii, who passed into Italy, established themselves near to Bologna.

1478 The Senones, or inhabitants of Sens, are thought to have founded Sienna in Italy.

1479 The promontory of Calbium, the present Cape Saint-MahÉ, is here alluded to.

1480 Gosselin observes, “These people called themselves by the name of Kelts; the Greeks styled them GalatÆ, and the Latins Galli or Gauls.”

1481 The Cimbri inhabited Denmark and the adjacent regions.

1482 The inhabitants of the Beauvoisis.

1483 Vide CÆsar, lib. ii. c. 4.

1484 This slashed garment is the smock frock of the English peasant and the blouse of the continent.

1485 Conf. CÆsar, lib. vi. c. 13. Plebs pene servorum habetur loco, quÆ per se nihil audet, et nulli adhibetur consilio.

1486 By the others are probably meant the Bards and Vates.

1487 These opinions are also to be found in the Pythagorean philosophy.

1488 These particulars are taken from Posidonius. See also Diodorus Siculus, lib. v. c. 29.

1489 A similar custom existed amongst the Spartans; the young people were obliged to present themselves from time to time before the Ephori, and if of the bulk thought proper for a Spartan, they were praised, if on the contrary they appeared too fat, they were punished. Athen. l. xii. p. 550. Ælian, V. H. l. xiv. c. 7. At Rome likewise it was the duty of the censor to see that the equites did not become too fat; if they did, they were punished with the loss of their horse. Aulus Gellius, Noct. Att. l. vii. c. 22.

1490 Transalpine Gaul.

1491 The coasts occupied by the Morini extended from la Canche to the Yser.

1492 The Menapii occupied Brabant.

1493 General opinion places the port Itius at Wissant, near Cape Grisnez; Professor Airy, however, is of opinion that the portus Itius of CÆsar is the estuary of the Somme. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London, 1852, vol. ii. No. 30, p. 198.

1494 CÆsar passed twice into Britain: the first time he started about midnight, and arrived at the fourth hour of the day; the second time he started at the commencement of the night, and did not arrive until the following day at noon, the wind having failed about midnight.

1495 The fleet consisted of 1000 vessels, according to Cotta. (Athen. l. vi. c. 21.) The great loss spoken of by Strabo occurred before the first return of CÆsar into Gaul. (CÆsar, l. iv. c. 28.) As to his second return, it was occasioned, to use his own words, “propter repentinos GalliÆ motus.” L. v. c. 22.

1496 Called by CÆsar, Hibernia; by Mela, Juverna; and by Diodorus Siculus, Iris.

1497 This custom resembles that related by Herodotus (lib. i. c. 216, and iv. 26) of the MassagetÆ and Issedoni. Amongst these latter, when the father of a family died, all the relatives assembled at the house of the deceased, and having slain certain animals, cut them and the body of the deceased into small pieces, and having mixed the morsels together, regaled themselves on the inhuman feast.

1498 Strabo intends by fa?e??? what Herodotus expresses by ???? ?fa??a, ?a??pe? t??s? p???t??s? (concubitum, sicuti pecoribus, in propatulo esse).

1499 Herodotus, (l. iv. c. 180,) mentioning a similar practice amongst the inhabitants of Lake Tritonis in Libya, tells us that the men owned the children as they resembled them respectively. Mela asserts the same of the Garamantes. As to the commerce between relations, Strabo in his 16th Book, speaks of it as being usual amongst the Arabs. It was a custom amongst the early Greeks. Homer makes the six sons of Æolus marry their six sisters, and Juno addresses herself to Jupiter as “Et soror et conjux.” Compare also CÆsar, lib. v.

1500 An extremity to which the Gauls were driven during the war they sustained against the Cimbri and Teutones, (CÆsar, lib. vii. c. 77,) and the inhabitants of Numantia in Iberia, when besieged by Scipio. (Valerius Maximus, lib. vii. c. 6.) The city of PotidÆa in Greece experienced a similar calamity. (Thucyd. lib. ii. c. 70.)

1501 Pytheas placed Thule under the 66th degree of north latitude, which is the latitude of the north of Iceland.

1502 Transalpine Gaul.

1503 Port Monaco.

1504 Vadi.

1505 Albinga.

1506 Vintimille.

1507 Kramer conjectures that instead of ??p????a, we should read ??pe???.

1508 These people occupied the borders of the province of Murlaka, near to Istria, on the Gulf of Venice. Mount Albius is still called Alben.

1509 Casaubon observes that the Roman writers separated the name Albium Ingaunum, in the same manner as Albium Intemelium.

1511 Or amber.

1512 ????????, an epithet of Hercules signifying “sole inhabitant.” According to Servius, either because after he had driven out the Ligurians he remained the sole inhabitant of the country; or because it was not usual to associate any other divinities in the temples consecrated to him.

1513 ????e?, or Ligurians.

1514 ????st???, or Liguria.

1515 ?e?t?????e?, or Kelto-Ligurians.

1516 Kramer is of opinion that we should adopt the suggestion of Mannert, to read here Avignon.

1517 We have adopted the reading of the older editions, which is also that of the French translation. Kramer however reads f???, and adds f???? in a note.

1518 The Albioeci are named Albici in CÆsar; the capital city is called by Pliny Alebece Reiorum; it is now Riez in Provence.

1519 NÎmes.

1520 There are two rivers of this name which descend from the Alps and discharge themselves into the Po. The Durias which rises near the Durance is the _Durias minor_ of the ancients, and the Doria Riparia of the moderns; this river falls into the Po at Turin.

1521 Gosselin observes:—The Salassi occupied the country about Aouste, or Aoste. The name of this city is a corruption of Augusta PrÆtoria Salassorum, which it received in the time of Augustus. The Durias which passes by Aouste is the _Durias major_, the modern Doria Baltea. Its sources are between the Great Saint Bernard and Mont Blanc.