All are familiar with the application of such calculations in fire insurance. Among ten thousand houses a certain number will be destroyed by fire every year, provided those houses are widely distributed under essentially similar conditions. The ten thousand house owners can insure each owner against entire loss of his house by mutual agreement to meet their share of the total loss. If ten houses are burned, each of the ten thousand house owners will pay one-thousandth part of the total loss, making a burden easily provided for. If at the beginning of the year each has laid aside this sum, the loss will be met when it occurs without disturbing the welfare of any. The machinery for such provision is called an insurance company, and the separate payment of each house owner is the premium or award expressing his share of the provision. This principle of estimating losses and providing a definite way of meeting them is the same in all forms of insurance. It has been recognized for hundreds of years, but only recently has entered into the business life of the world in all directions. For a long time false notions of reverence for the power that wields destiny stood in the way of such distribution of misfortune; but now the mass of people everywhere regard such foresight in united sympathy as natural as the planting of crops.

Various methods of insurance.—Satisfactory insurance rests upon certain definite business principles which every insurer may wisely study. There are various devices for accomplishing the same end. A body of men sufficiently large to make the average of losses uniform may bind themselves by a simple agreement to [pg 227] meet each loss as it occurs. To make this plan satisfactory they will need efficient business men as officers to devise means and methods for making the agreement effectual, for estimating the actual loss in each case, and for distribution of the claim by assessment sufficient to cover the loss and the expense of collections and estimates, as well as the maintenance of the officers. These officers must maintain the business standing of the organization in the community, so that it shall continue for a long series of years to keep its numbers large enough to maintain only the average loss.

This is a simple mutual insurance company, upon the assessment plan. Its weakness lies in the comparatively slight interest taken by each member in the selection of its officers, in the absence of security for the payment of assessments when needed, in the long delay liable to attend collections, and the uncertain interest of the officers in exact adjustment of losses. Such companies are liable to be too small to give a fair average of losses, and in any serious emergency to fail for want of expert business ability and trustworthy character in officers.

If, instead of the assessment after losses, a definite percentage of probable loss is paid in advance, the responsibility for use and maintenance of such funds calls for a business character and ability in the officers which usually secures better results. It especially avoids the danger of slackness and failure on the part of the insurer. It leads to closer scrutiny of actual losses, and helps the insurer to more carefully measure his interest, since he already has an investment in the business. Any [pg 228] overestimate of expected losses may be returned in dividends to the insured, or may be retained as a surplus for security against losses above the average of experience. The only weakness of this method is in the power entrusted to individual officers, elected on the ground of popularity by comparative strangers. Even when a board of directors chosen from well-known business men is added to the machinery, the dangers from incompetent and dishonest management are not avoided. Such directors are too prone to consider their names their only contribution to the welfare of the association.

A joint stock company, insuring with definite premium, is likely to bring the best business management, the quickest though not always the fairest adjustment of losses, and the confidence of the business community. Its prosperity, however, is hindered somewhat by the common judgment that the interests of the stockholders must be against the interests of the insured. The actual cheapness of insurance depends not so much upon the amounts paid from time to time as upon the actual quality of the insurance purchased. Assessment companies of all kinds, without a legal lien upon definite property, are decidedly lacking in quality, since their guaranty of payment involves the financial credit of every person insured. No one should be deceived by the promise of insurance at cost, until he knows exactly how genuine that insurance will remain during the period of years for which he desires it.

Governmental control of insurance.—The essential importance of insurance and the difficulties of providing [pg 229] against fraud and mismanagement have led naturally to government inspection, and in some countries to government control of insurance agencies. The laws of various states provide differently for inspection and reports, and restrict the action of companies in various directions. It is probable that time will develop the necessity of greater uniformity of insurance laws and more definite requirements in the way of published reports and expert inspection. At present, insurance commissioners often have the confidence of neither companies nor people, and no expert knowledge is demanded in the candidate for that office.

The desirability of insurance by government direct is questioned so long as governments themselves are unstable and popular will favors laxity in the business machinery. That insurance could in this way be made cheaper is a matter of doubt while great masses of people magnify their claims against government and minify their obligations to it. Frauds against government in both taxes and claims are proverbial. At any rate, governments will not wisely undertake the indefinite applications of insurance until larger experience and wider acquaintance with the methods in vogue are reached.

Applications of insurance.—The applications of insurance are indefinite in variety. There is no limit to the possibilities except in the lack of experience to settle the average of hardships. Insurance of property against fire and storm is well understood and almost everywhere practiced. Insurance of life is almost equally extended, in which the head of a family may in a measure [pg 230] provide against the suffering of his family in his unexpected removal by death. This is easily extended into insurance against accident. In this, as in life insurance, there is some lack of experience, as yet, as to the actual cost. It is possible even to insure against dishonesty of employÉs through so-called bond and security companies, which issue bonds for definite amounts payable in case of failure of the person whose character is insured to meet the expectations of his employer. Such companies, in their own interest, exercise an influence over the character of those for whom they have given bonds by attention to their habits of life and business methods. They make more prominent the maxim, “Honesty is the best policy,” whether they actually cultivate honesty in fact or not.

There is no conceivable limit to the possible applications of the principles of insurance. It seems possible that a body of business farmers, subject as they are to so many disasters from weather, insects and contagious diseases of stock and vegetation, might devise methods of equalizing and diminishing the disaster from such losses in a common system of insurance. As a basis for such systematic action, careful statistics for large regions of country are absolutely necessary. With such losses clearly presented and averages fairly estimated, insurance would be just as feasible as it is now against fire. It will be wisely undertaken first upon such matters as can be most definitely measured in dollars and cents. Losses from accidents to teams and other live stock have already been studied and insurance to a limited extent attempted. The difficulties of such insurance [pg 231] are greatly increased by the ease with which owners may contrive to market unsalable stock through a false representation of misfortune. The possibilities, however, of extending the advantages of insurance in a business of this nature are worthy of more careful study.