This chapter was for the most part written in 1868, and communicated to the International Congress of Prehistoric ArchÆology held at Norwich in that year. See Trans. Preh. Cong., 1868, p. 191, where a short abstract is given.

N. and Q. 7th S., vol. x. p. 172.

Mat. 3me S., vol. ii. (1885) p. 61.

Op. cit., p. 38.

Spec. NaturÆ, lib. ix. sect. 13.

Morlot in Rec. Arch., vol. v. (1862), p. 216. Geologist, vol. v. p. 192. Engelhardt found several similar pieces of pyrites at Thorsbjerg, with iron and other antiquities of about the fourth century of our era. He says that steels for striking fire are not at present known as belonging to the Early Iron Age of Denmark. This late use of pyrites affords strong evidence of iron and steel having been unknown to the makers of flint implements, for had they made use of iron hammers, the superior fire-giving properties of flint and iron would at once have been evident, and pyrites would probably soon have been superseded, at all events in countries where flint abounded.—Engelhardt, “Thorsbjerg Mosefund,” p. 60; p. 65 in the English edit. The quartz pebbles with grooves in them which belong to the Iron Age seem, however, to have been used for producing fire by means of a pointed steel.

Weddell, “Voyage towards the South Pole,” p. 167; Tylor, “Early History of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 249. Wood’s “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 522.

Hist. Nat., lib. xxxvi. cap. 19.

Lib. vii. cap. 56.

II. Macc. x. 3.

Æneid, i. v. 174.

Æneid, vi. v. 6. See also (Georg. I. 135)—“Ut silicis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem.” On this passage Fosbroke remarks (Enc. Ant. i. 307), “A stone with a vein was chosen as now.”

Eidyllia, v. 42.

Keller, “Lake-dwellings,” p. 119.

Vol. ii. p. 536. Bohn’s edit., 1846.

An interesting paper on tinder-boxes will be found in The Reliquary, vii. p. 65. See also Mitchell’s “Past in the Present,” p. 100, and Arch. Camb., 5th s., vol. vii. p. 294.

Stevens’. “Flint Chips,” p. 588.

Op. cit., vol. ii., p. 537.

“Classe MathÉmatique et Physique,” t. 3, an. ix. An abstract of this account is given in Rees’ Encyclop., s. v. Gun-flint.

“Physische und technische Beschreibung der Flintensteine,” &c., von Hacquet. Wien, 1792, 8vo. A nearly similar account is given in Winckell’s “Handbuch fÜr Juger,” &c., 1822, Theil iii. p. 546.

Skertchly, op. cit., p. 78.

Mat., 3me, s. ii., 1885, p. 61.

An account of the process of making gun-flints, written by the late Mr. James Wyatt, F.G.S., has been published in Stevens’ “Flint Chips,” p. 578. A set of gun-flint makers’ tools is in the MusÉe de St. Germain, and the process of manufacture has been described by M. G. de Mortillet (“Promenades,” p. 69). An account of a visit to Brandon is given by Mr. E. Lovett in Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., xxi p. 206, and an article on “Flint-Knapping,” by Mr. H. F. Wilson, is in the Magazine of Art, 1887, p. 404.

See postea p. 273.

Petrie, “Medum,” 1892, Pl. xxix., p. 18, 34.

Nature, vol. xxv. p. 8.

P. 52.

“Bosnia and Herzegovina,” 2nd ed. (1877), p. 153, B.A. Rep. 1885, p. 1216.

“Stone Age,” p. 6.

“Lake-dwellings,” p. 36.

l. c. pp. 86 and 97.

Comptes Rendus, 1867, vol. lxv. p. 640.

Troyon, “Mon. de l’AntiquitÉ,” p. 52.

Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. iv. p. 385.

Proc. Soc. Ant., 2nd series, vol. iii. p. 38.

Geol. Mag., vol. iii. (1866) p. 433.

“Monarquia Indiana,” lib. xvii. cap. 1, Seville, 1615, translated by E. B. Tylor, “Anahuac,” p. 331. See a correction of Mr. Tylor’s translation in the Comptes Rendus, vol. lxvii. p. 1296.

Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 332.

P. 871.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1889, p. 59.

Tylor’s “Anahuac,” p. 99.

“Last Rambles amongst the Indians,” 1868, p. 188. The whole passage is reprinted in “Flint Chips,” p. 82.

B. B. Redding in Am. Naturalist, Nov., 1880. Nature, vol. xxi. p. 613.

Transactions of the Ethnological Society, N. S., vol. iv. p. 242.

Op. cit., N. S., vol. i. p. 138.

“VÖlkerkunde,” vol. ii. (1888), p. 748.

Zeitsch. f. Ethnol., vol. xvi. p. 222.

Rep. of U.S. Nat. Mus., 1888, Niblack, Pl. xxii.

Rep. of Bureau of Ethn., 1887–8, p. 95.

Anthrop. Rev., vol. iv. p. civ. Mr. Baines has also communicated an interesting letter on this subject, with illustrations, to Mackie’s “Geol. Repertory,” vol. i. p. 258.

ArchÆologia, vol. xl. p. 381. See also Prof. Steenstrup and Sir John Lubbock in the Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N. S., vol. v. p. 221.

Arch., vol. xlii. p. 68. Arch. Jour., vol. xxv. p. 88. Suss. Arch. Coll., vol. xxiv. p. 145. Jour. Anth. Inst., vol. v. p. 357; vi. p. 263, 430; vii. p. 413.

Journ. Ethnol. Soc., N. S., vol. ii. p. 419. See also Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. viii. p. 419.

Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. i. p. 73.

Pennant describes a flint axe as having been found stuck in a vein of coal exposed to the day in Craig y Parc, Monmouthshire.

“Rapport sur les DÉcouvertes GÉologiques et ArchÉologiques faites À Spiennes en 1867.” Par A. Briart, F. Cornet, et A. Houzeau de Lehaie. Mons, 1868. Malaise, Bull. de l’Ac. Roy. de Belg., 2° S. vols. xxi. and xxv., and Geol. Mag., vol. iii. p. 310. See also Cong. PrÉh. Bruxelles, 1872, p. 279; l’Anthropologie, vol. ii. p. 326. Mat. 3me s. vol. i. (1884), p. 65, likewise Bull. de la Soc. d’Anthrop. de Bruxelles, tom. viii. 1889–90, Pl I. C. Engelhardt has described Spiennes and Grime’s Graves in the Aarb. for Oldkynd., 1871, p. 327. What appears to have been a neolithic flint mine at Crayford, Kent, has been described by Mr. Spurrell, Arch. Journ., vol. xxxvii. p. 332. The Deneholes were probably dug for the extraction of chalk and not of flint.

l’Anthropologie, vol. ii. (1891) 445.

Mat., 3me s. vol. iv. (1887) p. 1.

Arch. Assoc. Journ., vol. xxviii. 220.

Cochet, “Seine Inf.,” pp. 16. 528. Archivio per l’Antropol., &c., vol. i. p. 489.

Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot., vol. xxx. (1896) p. 346.

Mat., vol. x. (1875) p. 521.

Lartet and Christy’s Rel. Aquit., p. 13.

Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N.S., vol. i. p. 139. See also Rev. Arch., vol. iii. (1861) p. 341.

“Rel. Aquit.,” p. 18. For the loan of this cut I am indebted to the executors of the late Henry Christy. The same specimen has been engraved by the Rev. J. G. Wood. “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 717. Another example from Greenland is figured in Mat., vol. vi. p. 140.

Gastaldi’s “Lake Habitations of Northern and Central Italy,” translated and edited by C. H. Chambers, M.A. (Anth. Soc., 1865), p. 106.

Mortillet, Mat. pour l’Hist. de l’Homme, vol. ii. p. 517.

“Flint Chips,” p. 78.

Arch. f. Anth., vol. vii, p. 263. Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, vol. iii. p. 547.

Nat., vol. xxi. p. 615.

Nat., vol. xxii. p. 97.

Amer. Anthrop., 1895, p. 307. Nat., vol. xx. p. 483.

Trans. Ethnol. Soc., N. S., vol. iii. p. 365. “Rel. Aquit.,” p. 17.

“Articles on Anth. Sub.,” 1882, p. 9.

Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. i. p. 212.

Sixth voyage, “Pinkerton’s Travels,” vol. xiii. p. 36, quoted also in “Flint Chips,” p. 79.

Bracer, a girdle or bandage.

Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. iii. p. 81; see also 467.

Arch. Journ., vol. liii. 1896, p. 51.

P. 46.

Mortillet, MatÉriaux, vol. ii. p. 353.

“Pfahlbauten, 1ter Bericht,” p. 71. “Lake-dwellings,” pp. 18, 125. See also Lindenschmit, “Hohenz. Samml.,” taf. xxvii.

Proc. Ethnol. Soc., N. S., vol. vii. p. 47.

Anzeiger fÜr Schweiz. Alterth., 1870, p. 123.

“Habit. Lacust.,” p. 19.

See Comptes Rendus, vol. lxvii. p. 1292, where a suggestion is made of some stone implements from Java having been sawn in this manner.

An article by Dr. Rudolf Much on the preparation of Stone Implements is in the Mitth. d. Auth. Ges. in Wien, 2d. S., vol. ii. (1883), p. 82; and one by Mr. J. D. McGuire, in the Amer. Anthrop., vol. v., 1892, p. 165. He has also written on the Evolution of the Art of Working in Stone, in a manner that has called forth a reply from Mr. C. H. Read, F.S.A., Amer. Anthrop., 1893, p. 307; 1894. p. 997.

“Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob,” 1891, p. 51.

Fischer in Arch. f. Anth., vol. xv., 1884, p. 463.

The Reliquary, vol. viii. p. 184.

MatÉriaux, vol. iv. p. 293.

“Prehist. Ann. of Scotland.” 2nd edit., vol. i. p. 193.

“Cat. Stone Ant. Mus. R. I. A.,” p. 78.

P. 26.

MatÉriaux, vol. i. p. 463; vol. iii. p. 307.

Anz. f. Schweiz. Alt., 1870, pl. xii. 18–20.

Archivio per l’Ant. e la Etn., vol. xx. 1890, p. 378.

“Primeval Ants. of Denmark.” p. 16.

P. 392. Archiv fÜr Anthrop., vol. iii. p. 187.

Schoolcraft, “Ind. Tribes,” vol. iii. pp. 228, 466.

Tylor, “Early Hist, of Mankind,” p. 248.

Wilkinson, “Anc. Egyptians,” vol. ii. pp. 180, 181; vol. iii. pp. 144, 172.

Odyss., ix. 384.

2nd ed., pp. 341 et seqq.; see also “Flint Chips,” p. 96.

Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1894, p. 623.

“Guide ill. du Mus. des Ant. du Nord,” 2nd edit. p. 8.

Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt., 1870, pl. xii. 24. Munro’s “Lake Dw.,” fig. 24, No. 12.

Keller’s “Lake-dwellings,” p. 22. 1ter Bericht, p. 74. See also Anzeiger fÜr Schweiz. Alterth., 1870, p. 139.

Aarsb. Soc. Nor. Ant., 1877, pl. i. 5. Montelius, “Ant. SuÉd.,” 1874, fig. 34.

Morgenblatt, No. 253.

“Allgemeine Culturwissenschaft,” vol. i. p. 80. See also Preusker, “Blicke in die VaterlÄndische Vorzeit,” vol. i. p. 173.

MÉm. de la Soc. des Ant. du Nord, 1863, p. 149.

“Heidnische AlterthÜmer,” p. 66.

“AlterthÜmer. u. h. V.,” vol. i. Heft viii. Taf. i.

“Frederico-Francisceum,” p. 111.

Journal of the Anthrop. Soc., vol. vi. p. xlii.

“ArchÆol. UndersÖgelser,” 1884.

“Smithson. Report,” 1868, p. 399. “Drilling in Stone without Metal.”

Schoolcraft, “Indian Tribes,” vol. i. p. 93.

Anzeiger f. Schweiz. Alt., 1870, p. 143.

Mitth. d. Anth. Ges. in Wien, vol. vii. (1878), p. 96.

“Habitations Lacustres,” p. 66. Rev. Arch., 1860, vol. i. p. 39.

MatÉriaux, vol. iii. p. 264.

Ibid., vol. iii. p. 294.

“Les Palafittes,” p. 19.

Keller, “Lake Dwellings,” xxv. 1. 7, p. 91.

Op. cit., xxvii. 11, 24, p. 110.

Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1881, p. 698.

“Thor’s Donnerkeil,” p. 13.

“Stone Age,” p. 79. The boring-tool is, in the English edition, mistakenly called a centre-bit.

“Stone Age,” p. 80.

Wood, “Nat. Hist. of Man,” vol. ii. p. 157.

“Moeurs des Sauv. AmÉr.,” 1724, vol. ii. p. 110. “Flint Chips,” p. 525.

Tylor, “Early Hist. of Mankind,” 2nd edit., p. 191. Wallace, “Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,” p. 278.

C. C. Abbott in Nature, vol. xiv. p. 154.