John Evans

A

Achilles, shield of, 12;

spear of, 18, 242

Addua, Gauls defeated on the, 374

Æs importatum, 414, 419;

signatum, 422

Æschylus quoted, 11

Æsculapius, temple of, 18

Æstii, the, iron scarce among, 19

Æthiopians, bronze rare among, 17

African axe of iron, 149;

ironworkers, 181;

swords, 306;

trumpet, 359

Agamemnon, breast-plate of, 12

Agatharchides quoted, 8

Akerman, J. Y., F.S.A., cited, 391, 399

Alban necropolis, 341

Alcinous, walls of palace of, bronze-plated, 11

Algonquins, fusing of copper among the, 3

Alloys, various, of copper and tin, 22, 178, 265, 352, 415, 476

Amber, beads, 135, 189, 244, 366, 394, 487;

buttons or studs, 217;

cup with interment, 243, 486;

hilts or pommels, 228, 229;

ornaments, 373, 483, 485, 487;

trade in, 483, 486

American tomahawks, 162

Amulets, celts used as, 134

Analysis of metal of caldron, 412;

celts, 417, 421;

Indian celts, 40;

chisels, Mexican and Peruvian, 166;

shield, 346;

solder, 425;

trumpets, 360, 363;

various bronzes, 415 to 422

Anderson, Mr. Joseph, quoted, 239, 290

Anvils, 180 to 183, 375, 451

Ariantes, Scythian king, 318

ArmillÆ and Armlets. See Bracelets

Arreton Down type of spear-head, 257, 480

Arrow-heads, 216, 318, 323;

flint, 39, 42, 167, 190, 223, 226, 236, 318, 391, 487

Arundelian marbles, 14

Aryan name for copper, 10

Asiatic origin of bronze, 2, 276, 420, 477

Assyrians, early use of iron among, 9;

wore penannular bracelets, 383

AsteropÆus, breast-plate of, 13

Ausonius quoted, 29

Awls, 188 to 191;

double-pointed, 190;

tanged, 189, 190;

handled, 191;

with interments, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457

Axes, 14, 41, 147 to 156, 161, 162;

African modern iron, 149;

ceremonial, 450;

Egyptian, 147;

Hungarian, 147, 161, 482;

clay mould for, 428;

of copper, 265;

perforated, 161, 478, 482;

stone, 190, 226

Axe-hammers, of stone, 217, 224, 225, 243

Axe-shaped socketed celts, 142

Aymara Indians, 148

Aymard, M., collection, 215

Aztec chisel, 166

B

Banks, Sir J., quoted, 34, 155

Banks, Rev. S., collection, 78, 133

Barnwell, Rev. E. L., quoted, 55, 77

BarthÉlemy, AbbÉ, quoted, 20

Bateman collection, see Museums, Sheffield;

Mr., quoted, 42, 44, 151, 190, 225, 227, 228, 383, 390, 392, 393, 402, 409

Battle-axe of Menelaus, 14. See Axes

Bayonet-like blades, 255, 256

Beads, 393;

agate, 383;

amber, 135, 189, 244, 366, 487;

bone, 487;

bronze, 381, 393;

dentalium shells, 394;

fluted, 381;

glass, 134, 366, 394, 485;

gold, 391, 394;

ivory, 485;

jet, 118, 158, 366, 394, 487;

joints of encrinite, 394;

penannular, 285, 391;

pottery, 366;

pulley-shaped, 381;

tin, 394;

with leaf-shaped projections, 381;

with spiral ornaments, 394, 485

Beck, Rev. James, F.S.A., collection, 60, 84, 87

Beck, Dr. L., quoted, 15

Beger quoted, 28, 29

Bell or rattle of bronze, 364

Bell collection in the Ant. Mus., Edinburgh, 105

Bell-metal, 416

Bells to ear-rings, 393

??????, its meaning, 7

Bertrand, M. Alexandre, quoted, 300, 413

Birch, Dr. S., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 147, 374

Birds on rod, 406

Blackett, Sir Edward, collection, 351

Blackmore Museum. See Museums, Salisbury

Blades, bayonet-like, 255, 256;

curved, 264;

difficulty of determining character of, 258, 260;

lance-shaped, perforated, 213;

of dissimilar character, in the same interment, 241;

tanged, 211, 244

Blaeuw’s Atlas, 362

Bloxam, Mr. M. H., F.S.A., collection, 75, 179

Boars found at Hounslow, 406

Bodkin obsolete as weapon, 369

Bone, instruments of, 189, 285, 366;

of Horus, 8;

of Typhon, 6, 8;

plates for sword-hilt, 296;

pommels for dagger-hilts, 228;

rings, 51

Borlase, Dr., quoted, 30, 32, 439

Bourgeois, the AbbÉ, 160

Bouterolle. See Chapes

Boynton, Mr. T., collection, 327

Bracelets, 381-388, 90, 96, 135, 136, 155, 198, 333, 377;

American, 383;

Assyrian, 383;

beaded, 385;

circular, 384;

gold, 94, 180, 209, 283, 285;

jet, 385;

Late Celtic, 385 to 388;

looped, 76, 368, 378, 384, 386, 387;

penannular, 381, 382;

Scottish, 388, 400;

with interments, 135, 385, 387

Bracer of chlorite slate, 223

Brackenridge, Rev. G. W., collection, 67

Brackstone, Mr., collection, 93, 131, 132

Braybrooke, Lord, collection, 211, 398, 403, 440

Brent, Mr. John, F.S.A., 88, 114

Bridle-bits, 144, 322, 368, 404, 405, 470

Bristles, possible early use of, 191

Britain, condition of its inhabitants in the Bronze Age, 486

Britannic province of bronze antiquities, 478

British types of instruments mostly indigenous, 24, 481

Britons, ancient, merely cut off the ears of corn, 202;

used iron before the Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;

used no helmets in time of Severus, 355

Brixen, ancient inhabitants of, came from Etruria, 355

“Broad arrow” ornament on ring, 158

Bronze, analysis of, 22, 178, 265, 415 to 422;

Asiatic origin of, 2, 276, 420, 477;

bronze burning on to, 280, 293, 425;

cakes of, 423;

early value of, 17, 177, 204;

brittle when heated, 185, 409;

hardening of, 11, 12, 178, 415;

lumps of, see Metal;

moulding of, 427 to 470;

survival of use of, 18, 22

Bronze-founders’ hoards, 24, 55, 94, 110, 113, 185, 361, 422, 423, 440 (see Hoards);

classification of, 457, 459;

lists of principal, 460 to 468

Bronze Period, antiquities of, divided into provinces, 477;

chronology of, 455, 456, 472, 473;

condition of the inhabitants of Britain during the, 487;

succession of, to Stone Period, 9, 40;

succession of iron to, 16, 33, 274, 299, 300, 471

Brooches, 135;

Late Celtic, 400;

penannular, 304

Brooke, Capt., collection, 113, 206

Buckles, Late Celtic, 144, 368, 470;

penannular, 400

Bucklers, 303;

date of, 353;

not found with interments, 354;

Spanish, 354

“BullÆ,” 394

Burnishers, 22

Buttons, 400, 401;

annular, 290;

bone or ivory, 394;

gold, 394;

jet, 41, 225, 236;

polished shale, 230;

sandstone, 41

C

Cable-pattern, 48, 54, 140

CÆsar, Julius, quoted, 19, 354, 414;

time of, 19, 276, 354, 399, 419, 486

Caldrons, 409 to 413;

spheroidal, 481

Camden’s “Britannia” quoted, 31, 361

Canoe, rapier-blade found in, 250

Caprington horn, the, 362

Carelli quoted, 283

Carians armed with bronze, 8

Carnyx on British coins, 363

Carter, Mr. James, collection, 80

Cassiterides identified with Britain, 419

Casting from hafted celt, 154;

from worn instruments, 117, 121, 442, 449

Castings, defective, 81, 114, 428, 448;

unfinished, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328

Catti, the, used iron, 19

Caylus, Count de, quoted, 20, 104

Cazalis de Fondouce, M., 223

“Celestial iron,” 7

Celts, as amulets, 134;

analysis of, 40, 417, 421;

casting, method of, 111, 443;

casting from ready mounted, 154;

casting from worn specimens, 117, 121, 442, 449;

classification of, 38;

conjectures as to, 31 to 37;

copper, 2, 39, 40, 43, 61, 145;

decoration of, 44 to 49, 52 to 54, 60 to 63, 102;

derivation of name, 27 to 29;

flint, 189, 190;

gold (?), 135;

gradation of types of, 35, 70, 76, 77, 95, 99, 108, 153, 456, 469, 479;

hafting of, 70, 146 to 164;

moulds for, 136, 143, 428, 429, 430, 442 to 450;

“recipient” and “received,” 32, 107, 456;

restored at edge by hammering, 83, 112, 446, 454;

shortened by wear, 83, 87, 112;

stone, 40, 150;

superstitious reverence for, 39;

supposed identity with German framea, 151;

tanged, included under chisels, 38;

tinned appearance of, 55, 56;

votive, 69, 135, 417;

with interments, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352

Celts, countries where found.—

Austria, 69, 131, 144, 157;

Belgium, 116;

Cambodia, 142;

China, 142;

Cyprus, 40;

Denmark, 40, 52, 54, 60, 69, 95, 134, 159, 163;

Egypt, 142, 147;

Etruria, 39, 132, 156;

France, 43, 52, 54, 55, 77, 109, 110, 115, 119, 121, 122, 129, 131, 142, 144, 152;

Gaul, 115, 116;

Brittany, 117, 124, 419, 445, 477;

Savoy Lake-dwellings, 131;

Germany, 43, 52, 77, 109, 112, 116, 133, 142, 144;

Greece, 69, 160;

Holland, 77, 109, 133, 152;

Hungary, 40, 43, 110;

India, 2, 40;

Italy, 104, 132, 142, 143, 155, 157, 160;

Java, 142;

Jutland, 30;

Mexico, 43;

Portugal, 143;

Russia, 143;

Siberia, 131, 143;

Spain, 43;

Sweden, 52, 129, 143

Celts, flat.—

English, 39 to 48;

Scottish, 55 to 59;

Irish, 39, 45, 61 to 65;

copper, 39, 40, 43, 61;

decorated, 44, 49, 58, 59, 62 to 65, 69, 453;

double-ended, 69;

doubly tapering, 44, 49, 69;

earliest in date, 39, 107, 149, 469;

iron, 157;

largest found in Britain, 57;

moulds for, 430, 428, 438;

perforated, 160

Celts, flanged.—

English, 48 to 55;

Scottish, 59 to 61;

Irish, 66 to 68;

castings for, 55;

decorated, 48, 53, 54, 58 to 61, 66 to 69;

doubly tapering, 68, 69;

perforated, 59;

roughening blade of, 67;

with “flanches” on face, 60;

with stop-ridge, 68, 69, 73, 74, 479

Celts, socketed.—

English, 107-135, 87, 93, 94, 95;

Scottish, 135 to 137, 143;

Irish, 137 to 142;

apparently of German origin, 483;

axe-shaped, 142;

castings for, 86;

clay cores left in, 115, 116, 186, 445;

of copper, 145;

“flanches” on, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480;

of iron, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;

of lead, 445;

method of casting, 442;

moulds for, of bronze, 438 to 445;

moulds for, of burnt clay, 450;

moulds for, of stone, 432;

origin of, 107, 483;

rarely or never found with interments in Britain, 134;

with loop on face, 130;

with two loops, 142, 143;

without loops, 133, 142, 144;

with ribs inside socket, 109, 110, 111;

with ribs on face, 117, 127, 136, 137, 140

Celts, winged.—

English, 71 to 77;

Scottish, 97;

Irish, 99 to 102

Celts, trumpeters in army of, 363

Celtiberian method of preparing iron, 275

“Celtis,” Roman pronunciation of, 29

Census, method of taking, 318

Centres of manufacture, independent, 106, 143, 475

“Ceraunius,” 40

Cereals cultivated during the Stone Period, 194;

cultivated during the Bronze Period, 487.

See Sickles

Cesnola, General di, 40

Cetra in use in Spain and Mauretania, 354

Chabas, M., quoted, 6, 7

Chalybes, the, 17

Chantre, M. Ernest, quoted, 43, 55, 88, 109, 176, 183, 184, 202, 297, 358, 405, 478, 484;

his classification of hoards, 458

Chapes, 285, 305 to 307;

wooden, 302

Chariots of Early Iron Age, 389, 403

Chierici, Professor, quoted, 422

Chilian celt of copper, 145

China, steel imported to Rome from, 19

Chinese antiquarian work, 263;

halberd, 262;

influence, 478;

spear-heads, 329

Chisels, 165 to 173, 113, 148;

Aztec, 166;

celts used as, 38, 133, 146;

Egyptian, 8, 166;

flint, 165;

narrow, 259;

mould for, 449;

socketed, 171, 172;

from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 166;

tanged, 167 to 171, 315

Christy collection, 142

Chronos, sickle of, 15

Cicero’s facetious inquiry, 275

Cimbrians used iron, 19

“Cire perdue” method of casting, 427, 449

“Clachan nathaireach,” 394

Clasps, 396;

or slides, 308;

found with celts, 144;

gold, 139

Clerk, Baron, collection, 98, 214, 218

Clipeus longer than cetra, 354

Coins, British, 118, 134, 181, 354, 363, 399, 470;

of Cunobeline, 181, 354;

of Dubnovellaunus, 181;

of Eppillus, 363;

of Hadrian, 117;

of gold and silver, 322;

Italian, 283;

Roman, 115, 117, 363;

Spanish, 354;

Syracusan, 426;

of Tasciovanus, 354, 363;

of Verica, 354, 399;

unknown in Bronze Age, 487

Collars, with beads strung on iron wire, 381.

See Torques

“Commander’s staff,” 262

Commerce between Britain and the Mediterranean countries, 483, 485;

of the Etruscans, 413, 476;

of the Phoenicians, 419, 475, 479;

with the East, 413

Congress of Prehistoric ArchÆology, Buda-Pest, 180;

Stockholm, 288

Continental influence on British forms, 106, 143, 297, 379, 472, 479 to 486

Cooke collection, 128

Cooke, Mr. B., quoted, 33

Copper Age, in America, 2;

in Europe, 2;

in modern times, 4

Copper, bars of, 424;

blades, 265;

cakes, 422;

cakes with Roman inscriptions, 423;

celts, Chilian, 145;

celts, Etruscan, 39;

celts, Indian, 2;

celts, Irish, 61;

early sources of, 8, 14, 418;

halberds, Irish, 265;

ingots, 426;

knives, Esquimaux, 211;

lumps of (see Metal);

native, 3, 418, 419;

perforated axe, 265;

punches, or sets, modern, 265;

pyrites, 419;

saw from Santorin, 184;

smelting of, 422

Cord, traces of, on celt, 160;

traces of, on dagger, 226

Cores of clay for bells, 384;

extraction of, 186, 451;

method of casting with, 443;

remaining in celts, 115, 116, 186, 445;

wooden and bronze, 445

Cornwall, native copper in, 419;

native tin in, 419

Cotton, Charles, Esq., 133

Crannoges, Irish, 220, 486

Crawfurd, Mr. J., quoted, 9

Crofton Croker collection, 131

Cross-guards of daggers or knives, 309

Crotals or rattles, 361

Crowbar, 161

Crucibles, probably of clay, 427

CumÆ, Battle of, 355

Cuming, Mr. Syer, quoted, 37, 306, 340

Cunliffe, Sir R. A., collection, 55

Cunnington, Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 189, 242

Cunobeline, hammer on coins of, 181;

shields on coins of, 354

Cups, amber, 243, 486;

gold, 407;

hanging, 408;

with interments, 189, 190, 226, 239, 243

Curved cutting tools, 180

D

Dactyli, invention of metals ascribed to, 15

Daggers, 222 to 247, 254, 256 to 260;

Danish, 254;

Egyptian, 254, 420;

French, 223, 234, 238, 243, 254;

German, 246;

Hungarian, 236;

Irish, 234, 239, 244, 254;

Italian, 236, 241, 287;

methods of hafting, 227 to 236;

moulds for, Italian, 434;

ornamented on blade, 234, 241, 246;

Peruvian mode of holding, 246;

Scandinavian, 234, 236, 252;

socketed, 260, 480;

tanged, 222, 223, 224, 254, 258, 259, 260;

tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480;

with stone axes in interments, 161, 224, 225

DaÏmachus quoted, 17

Dalmatian hammer, 183;

chisels, 172

Danubian province of bronze antiquities, 478, 482

Darbishire, Mr. R. D., F.S.A., 438

Davy, Mr. H. A., 87

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, F.R.S., 475, 477

Day, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 61, 62, 65, 102, 105, 138, 139, 140, 141, 171, 172, 176, 212, 246, 59, 293, 315, 325, 358

Delas, inventor of bronze, according to Theophrastus, 15

De Bonstetten, 104

De Champlain quoted, 3

De Fellenberg referred to, 422, 425

Defoe quoted, 362

Dentalium necklace, 394

Desor, Prof., collection, 86, 180

Diadems, 184;

Danish and German, 394;

gold, 42, 393

Dickinson, Mrs., collection, 80, 84, 386

Diodorus Siculus quoted, 202, 275, 363, 426

Dionysius said to have struck coins of tin, 426

Discs with concentric circles, 401;

perforated, 403

Dolabra, Roman, 36

Dolmen, French, 293

Donovan’s analysis of trumpet, 360

Douce and Meyrick collection, 109

Douglas, “NÆnia Brit.,” quoted, 34, 233

Dow, Rev. John, quoted, 35

“Dowris Find,” golden lustre on articles from, 360

Drills. See Awls

“Druidical pruning-hook,” 32, 200

Druid’s altar, supposed, 114

Dryden, Sir Henry, collection, 74

Dubnovellaunus, hammer on coin of, 181

Duke, Rev. E., collection, 166, 377, 385, 393, 432

Dunoyer, Mr. G. V., quoted, 35, 132, 155, 160, 431

Durden, Mr., collection, 134, 250, 378, 393

Dusaussoy, Mr., analysis by, 418

Dyer, Mr. Thiselton, F.R.S., 313

E

Early Iron Age of Denmark, 159;

hoard at Vimose, 195;

interment, belonging to, 25;

trumpets of, 357, 363.

See also Hallstatt and Late Celtic Period.

Ear-rings, 391;

gold, 393

Edwards, Mr. G., C.E., 368

Egerton, Sir P. de M. G., F.R.S., collection, 91, 169, 331, 464

Egypt, bronze as circulating medium in, 8;

early rarity of iron and steel in, 6;

early use of bronze in, 475;

lead bronze used in, 419

Egyptian arrow-heads, leaf-shaped, 318;

axes, 142, 147;

celts with ears, 147;

chisels, 166;

daggers, 234, 254;

daggers, analysis of, 420;

daggers, socketed, 261, 480;

hatchet still hafted, 148;

hoe-like instrument, 142;

method of fixing adze blades, 159;

rings, penannular, 391;

swords, 298;

tongs, 185

Elissa, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Enamel on bronze articles, 135;

red, on shields, 343

Encrinite beads, 394

Engelhardt, Mr. Conrad, quoted, 159, 164, 195

Enniskillen, Earl of, F.R.S., 61, 180, 282

Ennius, iron used in Italy before the days of, 18

Epaulettes, originally intended for protection of shoulder, 374

Esquimaux, handles of instruments, 195;

knives of copper, 211

Etruscan, celts, 132;

commerce, 413, 476;

gold necklaces, 39;

helmets, 355;

influence on form of Irish vases, 412, 476, 481;

rings with loops, 400;

tomb, copper celt in, 39;

urns at Hallstatt, 412

Euripides quoted, 16

F

Fabrics, woven, 474

Fabricius, J. A., quoted, 151

Falmouth, Earl of, golden(?) celt belonging to, 135

Faussett collection, 129

Fenton, Mr., 223

Fenton, Mr. S., 306

Ferris, Dr., 348

Ferrules, 338 to 341, 256, 257, 309, 315, 317, 333;

African celt-like, 340;

Danish, 309, 340;

flat, 404;

gold, 309, 313;

Irish, 340;

iron, 341

“Ferrum” used for sword in CÆsar’s time, 276

Fibula of silver, 155;

with interment, 387, 400

Fiji, conch-shell trumpets from, 359

Files, bronze, 7, 181, 184, 185;

iron, 184

Finds of bronze. See Hoards of Bronze

Finger-rings, 198, 391

Fisher, Mr. Marshall, collection, 53, 78, 79, 91, 121, 248, 254, 272, 282, 286, 322, 328

Fish-hooks, 192

Fitch, Mr. R., F.S.A., collection, 52, 114, 120, 282

Flaminius Nepos, 374

“Flanches” on celts, 60, 107 to 111, 131, 480

Flint, arrow-heads, 42, 167, 223, 226, 236, 238, 318, 391;

Etruscan, 39;

celts, 189, 190;

chipped, 243, 366;

chisels, 165;

flakes, 167, 366;

flakes used as saws, 454;

implements, 189, 224, 225;

implements, French, 223;

implements, Irish, 271;

knives, 41, 225, 240;

scraper, 225;

similarity between Irish and Portuguese forms, 271;

spear-heads, 190, 225;

“strike-a-lights,” 22, 225

Flower, Mr. J. W., F.G.S., 122, 242, 270

Forbes, Mr. David, F.R.S., 148, 165

Forel, M., collection, 210, 441

Franks, Mr. A. W., F.R.S., quoted, 37, 49, 51, 135, 199, 257, 299, 302, 330, 353, 363, 404, 405, &c.

Frederick, Sir Charles, 257, 260

G

Gage, Mr., F.S.A., 343

Garrucci, Padre, 341

GÄrthe, Dr. Hugo, collection, 448

Gastaldi, Prof., 202

Gauls, gold torques among the, 374;

Isumbrian, had iron swords, 19;

of North of France had iron mines, 9

Gaulish reaping machine, 194;

torques used for trophy, 374;

trumpets, 363

Genthe, Rector, quoted, 21

Geoffroy’s experiments, 12

Gesenius, suggestion of, 5

Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., quoted, 11, 16

Glass beads, 134, 135, 366, 394, 485, 487

Gold, bracelets, 180, 209, 283, 285;

buttons, 394;

clasps, 139, 391;

Cornish celt, doubtful, 135;

diadems, 42, 393;

ferrules, 309, 313;

fillet, 239;

mines, Egyptian, 8;

necklaces, 39;

on dagger hilts, 51, 228, 232;

ornaments, 51, 304, 391, 393;

Merovingian, 117;

pins for inlaying, 51, 228, 232;

plates, 51, 232, 244;

plates, crescent-shaped, 394;

probably the first metal used, 418;

rings, 389, 390, 393;

torques, 90, 180, 209, 374, 375, 376, 379, 390;

trophy of Gaulish torques, 374

Gongora y Martinez, Don M., 238

Goodwin, Mr., 347

Gordon, Sir R., 218, 289, 340, 362

Gouges, 173 to 177, 319, 320, 336;

French, 176

Gozzadini, Count, quoted, 37

Gray, Mr. W., collection, 352, 412

Greece, early use of iron in, 14

Greek axe, 161;

fret on Chilian celts, 145;

language, testimony of, 10;

sword, 298;

vases, representations on, 340

Greenwell, Rev. Canon, F.R.S., collection, passim;

quoted, 37, 41, 151, 224, 227, 387, 389, 400, 407, &c.

Grimm quoted by M. MÜller, 10

Grose quoted, 363

Gross, Dr. Victor, collection, 114, 176, 183, 195, 422, 431, 449

Gudea, King of Assyria, 9

Gun-metal, 415

H

Hafting. See Handles and Hilts

Halberds, 261 to 270;

Chinese, 263;

Irish, 263, 266, 268;

iron, 263;

Italian, 480;

mode of attachment to shaft, 262;

rare in Britain, 270;

Russian, 263;

Scandinavian, 262;

Scottish, 269;

Spanish, 271

Hallstatt, 23, 25, 69, 144, 181, 184, 229, 288, 293, 308, 342, 355, 389, 393, 394, 401, 405, 409, 412

Hammers, 177 to 181;

bronze, 81, 94, 319, 442, 451;

in Bologna hoard, 180;

casting for, 361;

clay mould for, 450;

formed of part of palstave, 180;

Hungarian, 180;

Lake-dwellings, 181;

looped, 180;

stone, 165;

stone with interment, 51, 232, 353, 405

Handles to celts, 146 to 164;

to celts, club-like, 149;

to celts, elbowed, 146;

to celts, original, 150;

to iron celt, 144, 157;

to Italian celt, 155;

to knife, of amber, 228;

to stone celts, of stags-horn, 150;

to vessels, variety of, 414

Hare, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486

Harford, Mr. E. J., F.S.A., quoted, 34

Harland, Mr. H. S., 118, 226

“Hasta Pura,” 218

Hatchets, iron, 148

Hearne, quoted, 31

Hector, gold-ringed spear-head of, 313

Helmets, bronze, 355;

Late Celtic, 356

Herodian quoted, 355

Herodotus quoted, 17

Hesiod quoted, 16, 17

Hiero, Tyrant of Syracuse, 355

Hieroglyphic inscriptions on axes, 147

Hildebrand, Dr. Hans, quoted, 21

Hilts of daggers, 229 to 236;

of rapiers, 252 to 256;

of swords, 286 to 300;

proportional to blades, 277;

made of amber, 228;

made of ivory, inlaid with amber, 299;

made of ox-horn, 252;

inlaid, of dagger, 352

Hoards of Bronze—

Abergele, 144, 308, 404, 405, 471

Achtertyre, 136, 315, 382, 425, 468

Allhallows, Hoo, 214, 230, 467

Alnwick, 43, 113, 285, 321, 391, 465

Ambleside, 285, 465

Amiens, 52, 157, 176, 201, 206, 249, 371, 398

Arreton Down, 49, 243, 244, 257, 258, 260, 464, 473, 480

Barrington, 78, 118, 466

Battlefield, 43, 86, 405, 464

Beachy Head, 94, 283, 423, 467

Beacon Hill, 43, 174, 321, 466

Beddington, 110, 174, 320, 340, 423, 447, 468

Bernay, 77, 78, 79

Bilton, 113, 129, 282, 314, 320, 465

Blackmoor, 464

Bloody Pool, 338, 339, 465

Bo Island, 180, 292, 466

Bologna, 104, 143, 172, 173, 176, 180, 183, 184, 185, 210, 217, 288, 341, 448, 480

Brechin, 290, 465

Broadward, 168, 285, 319, 320, 336, 338, 397, 465

Broxton, 91, 169, 331, 464

Burgesses’ Meadow, Oxford, 81, 169, 179, 467

Burwell Fen, 467

Camenz, 202, 384, 390, 459

Carlton Rode, 78, 94, 113, 119, 121, 122, 133, 167, 171, 173, 175, 178, 424, 467

Chrishall, 117, 283, 465

Clare, Postlingford Hall, 48, 464

Cleveland, 447, 468

Corsbie Moss, 290, 464

Cumberlow, 94, 110, 134, 424, 467

Danesbury, 423, 468

Dowris, 176, 179, 211, 220, 293, 335, 360, 361, 410, 411, 412, 452, 468

Dreuil, 109, 110, 129, 144, 176, 208, 283, 370, 393, 403, 404, 405

Duddingston Loch, 289, 315, 335, 409, 424, 465

Dunbar, 220, 465

Earsley Common, 113, 134, 424, 468

Eaton, 447, 468

Ebnall, 167, 174, 187, 466

Edington Burtle, 197, 249, 320, 325, 330, 377, 385, 391, 464

Exning, 174, 394, 466

Flixborough, 465

FresnÉ la MÈre, 180, 183, 189, 209, 375

Fulbourn, 279, 282, 320, 340, 464

Glancych, 285, 304, 315, 340, 389, 464

Greensborough Farm, Shenstone, 285, 465

Guilsfield, 87, 114, 174, 285, 302, 315, 336, 339, 424, 467

Hagbourn Hill, 144, 322, 368, 466, 470, 471

Harty, Isle of, 110, 111, 174, 177, 181, 186, 211, 214, 308, 403, 441, 442, 453, 457, 468

Haxey, 89, 129, 465

Haynes’ Hill, 297, 305, 320, 403, 467

Heathery Burn Cave, 110, 118, 166, 172, 175, 185, 206, 211, 219, 285, 314, 365, 372, 381, 386, 388, 391, 401, 402, 412, 424, 447, 451, 468

Helsdon Hall, 424, 467

High Roding, 109, 116, 424, 468

Hollingbury Hill, 76, 115, 378, 386, 390, 464

Hotham Carr, 84, 92, 440, 468

Hounslow, 128, 175, 210, 451, 466

Hundred of Hoo, 95, 466

Kenidjack Cliff, 95, 119, 423, 451, 467

Kensington, 158, 174, 401, 424, 450, 467

Kingston Hill, 126, 423, 467

Lamballe, 116

Lanant, 206, 285, 340, 423, 451, 467

Larnaud, Fonderie de, 68, 131, 167, 176, 184, 192, 448, 456

Little Wenlock, 113, 234, 314, 336, 452, 465

Llandysilio, 93, 119, 206, 465

Llangwyllog, 81, 192, 219, 387, 389, 400, 466

Longy Common, 321, 467

Maentwrog, 248, 328, 465

Marden, 198, 208, 211, 308, 366, 381, 388, 450, 451, 467

Martlesham, 113, 119, 120, 129, 174, 206, 424, 467

Mawgan, 116, 184, 250, 465

Melbourn, 174, 389, 397, 466

Meldreth, 172, 201, 411, 424, 466

Moussaye, 115, 116, 445, 477

Nettleham, 86, 92, 131, 314, 330, 395, 465

Newark, 118, 316, 402, 466

Nottingham, 93, 118, 317, 322, 339, 465

Panfield, 468

Pant-y-maen. See Glancych

Pierre du Villain, 214, 279, 397

PlÉnÉe-Jugon. See Moussaye

Plymstock, 50, 165, 241, 259, 464

Point of Sleat, 289, 315, 372, 465

Porkington, 168, 174, 466

Quantock Hills, 77, 377, 447, 464

Reach Fen, 79, 112, 118, 122, 133, 167, 174, 187, 205, 210, 211, 213, 216, 229, 283, 305, 314, 315, 317, 319, 396, 400, 467

Reepham, 466

Rhosnesney, 55, 90, 226, 464

Romford, 86, 172, 424, 467

Roseberry Topping, 129, 172, 174, 178, 397, 424, 468

St. Hilary, 285, 423, 467

Shenstone, 285, 465

Sittingbourne, 113, 174, 424, 467

Stanhope, 118, 129, 174, 179, 315, 403, 466

Stibbard, 84, 328, 457, 464

Stoke Ferry, 270, 282, 305, 314, 465

Tarves, 290, 372, 465

Taunton, 116, 178, 198, 218, 367, 389, 466

Thorndon, 174, 177, 189, 205, 319, 466

Thrunton Farm, Whittingham, 280, 288, 314, 335, 464

Tours, 448

Trillick, 180, 389, 399, 466

Ty-Mawr, 129, 168, 315, 381, 389, 466

Vimose, 159, 195

Wallingford, 87, 128, 167, 206, 219, 321, 457, 466

Wallington, 89, 333, 382, 465

Wandle River, 282, 316, 368, 465

Wedmore, 376, 378, 466

West Buckland, 96, 377, 386, 464

” Halton, 113, 118, 120, 424, 467

Westow, 85, 118, 130, 168, 172, 174, 388, 450, 467

Westwick Row, 112, 424, 468

Weymouth, 279, 313, 419, 464

Whittlesea, 131, 175, 179, 466

Wick Park, 120, 304, 423, 450, 467

Wicken Fen, 76, 199, 205, 287, 464

Wickham Park, 95, 340, 423, 448, 468

Wilmington, 87, 447, 468

Winmarleigh, 118, 314, 335, 466

Woolmer Forest, 378, 383, 390, 464

Worth, 254, 313, 402, 464

Worthing, 87, 423, 467

Wrekin Tenement, 285, 338, 465

Wymington, 113, 466

Yattendon, 169, 403, 466

Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, quoted, 34, 44, 51, 134, 163, 190, 232, 241, 242, 352, 369, 405, and passim

Hodgson, Rev. John, quoted, 35

Holmes, Mr. J., collection, 201, 328

Homer, bronze or copper? mentioned by, 11;

mentions tin, 12;

other metals, 13

Homeric Age, 16, 18, 161, 242, 313, 340

Hones. See Whetstones

Hood, Sir A. A., Bart., collection, 119

Hoops, 402

Horns, curved, found in Denmark, 363

Horn, the Caprington, 362

Horn, used, 225, 226, 227, 252, 487

Horse-trappings, 396

Hostmann, Dr., quoted, 21

Hugo, Rev. T., F.S.A., quoted, 36

Hugo collection, 65, 104, 105, 284

Hungary, native copper in, 419

Hungarian province of bronze antiquities, 482

Hutchins, Mr., quoted, 94

I

Imitation rivets, 235, 257, 260, 344

Inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297;

wood and amber, 51, 228, 232, 368, 487

Instruments, broken, converted into another form, 180, 211, 361, 454;

tanged, of earlier date than socketed, 456

Intercourse between Britain and the Continent, 106, 143, 162, 379, 413, 483;

Ireland and Spain, 271

Interments, 41, 42, 237, 238, 239;

burnt, 51, 96, 189, 190, 224, 226, 233, 241, 242, 243, 366, 384, 394, 474, 485;

contracted, 44, 51, 134, 190, 223, 244, 380;

comparison of size of men of the Stone and Bronze Periods, 277;

in a hide, with fern leaves, 225;

in wooden cist, 241;

Late Celtic, 23, 391;

with beads, 135, 366, 394;

with bracelets, 135, 385, 387;

with awls, 189, 190, 191, 225, 241, 319, 392, 457;

with axes, 190, 226;

with celts, 41, 42, 44, 47, 51, 134, 145, 150, 352;

with stone hatchets, 204;

with stone hammers, 51, 232, 353, 405;

with knife daggers, 41, 161, 204, 225, 226, 256, 367, 480;

with marine shells, 189, 394;

tree-burials, 190, 226, 228, 241, 243, 301, 367, 474;

urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391;

at Hallstatt, 412;

various modes of, 473

Ionians armed with bronze, 8

Ireland, use of iron probably later than in Britain, 471;

never occupied by the Romans, 276

Iron, ancient, preservation of, 25;

approximate date of introduction into Britain, 472;

“Celestial,” 7;

celts, 116, 144, 157, 159, 163;

Celtiberian method of tempering, 275;

collars and belts, 355;

currency, 17;

date of discovery of, from the Arundelian marbles, 14;

effects of long burying, 275;

files, 184;

forms copied from bronze, 23, 95, 144, 299;

hatchet from Bolivia, 148;

meteoric origin of, 7;

mines in France, 19;

probably unknown till after the separation of Aryan nations, 10;

pyrites in urn, 243, with interment, 225;

for obtaining fire, 487;

religious avoidance of, in Egypt, 6;

self-fused mass of, 15;

succession of, to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23;

spear-heads, 342;

swords, 19, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354;

used in Britain before Roman invasion, 19, 276, 354, 471, 472;

used by the Catti, 19;

used by the Gauls, 19;

used in ancient Greece, 14, 15;

used in Italy, 19

Italian, coins with type of sword, 283;

origin suggested for Northern bronze antiquities, 21

Ivory, bracelets, 485;

buttons, 394, 485;

dagger handles, 233;

exported from Gaul to Britain, 486;

hilts to iron swords, 229;

hooks, 485;

nippers, 233;

pieces of, with bronze rivets, 241;

pins, 51, 233, 241, 485;

rings, Egyptian, 391;

tweezers, 241;

war trumpets, African, 359

J

James, Sir Henry, F.R.S., quoted, 426

Japanese sabres, 275

Java, socketed celt from, 142

“Javelin with loop,” 256

Jeffrey, Mr., F.S.A.Scot., 351

Jerome, St., quoted, 27, 28

Jet, beads, 118, 158, 189, 336, 394;

Buttons, 225, 236;

discs, 190;

loops, 308;

necklaces, 189, 190, 487;

ornaments, 485;

pendant, 190;

used for decorations, 373

Jets and runners, 450

Jewitt, Mr. Llewellynn, F.S.A., quoted, 44, 453

Job, book of, quoted, 5;

translation of, by St. Jerome, 27

Jones, Hon. Col. C. C., quoted, 3

Jutland, flat celts in, 30

K

Keller, Dr. F., quoted, 150, 195

Kendrick, James, M.D., 46, 158

Kirwan, Rev. R., 134, 224

Klemm, Dr., cited, 153

Knife-daggers, antiquity of, 222, 457;

associated with stone implements (see Stone and Bronze together);

attached to haft by perishable rivets, 226;

ornamented, 212, 237;

perforated, 225;

Scottish, 238;

short and broad, 240;

Spanish, 238;

with handle of yew, 207;

with haft of ox-horn, 225;

with interments, 41, 161, 204, 205, 226, 256, 367, 480

Knives, 204 to 216;

flint, 41;

flint with interment, 225, 240

Knives, socketed, curved, 204, 205, 209;

double-edged, 205 to 208, 167, 216, 480;

Irish, 207;

looped, 210, 215;

moulds for, 449;

with fluted blade, 205

Knives, tanged, 211 to 216;

curved, 209, 214, 215;

Danish and German, 215;

made from broken swords, 211;

moulds for, 433;

perforated, 213, 215;

single-edged, 214, 215, 480;

tang ending in head of animal, 213;

tangs flat, 211, 212;

with rings on blade, 215

Koudourmapouk, King of the Soumirs and Accads, 9

L

Laconia, steel of, 17

Lake-dwellers probably cut straw, 202

Lake-dwellings of Savoy, 95, 131, 191, 371;

of Switzerland, 13, 95, 114, 370;

insight into early civilisation given by, 486

Lake Superior, native copper found near, 3, 418

Lance-head, 368

Lane Fox, Gen. A. See Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A.

Late Celtic Period.—Arrow-heads, 318;

bridle-bits, 144, 368, 405, 470;

bracelets, 135, 387, 388;

brooches, 400;

buckles, 144, 368, 470;

celts, 137, 144, 157, 163;

chariots, 389, 403;

ear-rings, 393;

ferrules, Irish, 340;

helmet, 356;

interments, 23, 25, 135, 471;

pins, 144, 369;

remains, 135, 144, 385;

sheaths, 302, 308;

shield, 353;

spear-heads, 144, 342;

swords, 229, 275, 299, 343;

torques, 381;

trumpets, 362;

vessel with iron handle, 409

Lauth, Prof., quoted, 7

LaveissiÈre, Messrs., gun-metal, 416

Lawrence, Mr. W. L., F.S.A., 45

Layton, Mr. T., F.S.A., collection, 52, 126, 284, 302

Lead, absent in early bronze, 417;

at butt-end of palstave, 97;

socketed celts, made of, 445;

in small socketed celts, from Brittany, 417;

in articles from Dowris, 360;

spoken of by Job, 5

Lead bronze used in Egypt, 419

Leather sheath for flint dagger, 309;

for bronze knives, 309;

for Scandinavian dagger, 252;

thongs for securing hatchet, 148

Leland quoted, 30

Lepsius quoted, 7

Lichas the Lacedemonian, 18

Lichfield, Mr., collection, 94, 127

Lindenschmit, Dr. Ludwig, quoted, 21, 81, 202

Lisch, Dr. F., quoted, 151, 262

Livy quoted, 354

Local peculiarities of bronze antiquities, 24, 477

Londesborough, Lord, collection, 345

“Long Barrow” period, skeletons of, 277

Loops or slides, 403;

of jet, 404

Lort, Rev. Mr., F.S.A., quoted, 31, 33, 439

Lovelace, Earl of, 245, 316

Lubbock, Sir John, F.R.S., quoted, 20, 37, 149, 157, 274, 276, 427, 475

Lucretius quoted, 16

Lukis, Rev. W. C, F.S.A., 181, 385

“Lurer,” or curved horns found in Denmark, 363

Lusitanians, bronze spears among the, 17

Lycurgus, iron currency in time of, 17

Lydia, steel of, 17

M

Macadam, Dr. Stevenson, quoted, 56, 362, 410, 425

McCulloch, Mr. W. T., quoted, 349

Maces, 271, 272;

perforated stone, 51

Macrobius quoted, 275

Madsen quoted, 52, 54, 288, 404

Magnentius, bronze swords attributed to time of, 25

Malacca the principal Eastern source of tin, 424

“Malga,” Australian wooden weapon, 263

Manetho quoted by Plutarch, 8

Manillas, or African ring money, 387

Manlia Gens, denarii of, 374

Mariette, M., quoted, 6

Marine shells with interments, 189, 394

Martineau and Smith quoted, 415

Masons of Peru still use stone pebbles as mallets, 165

MassagetÆ a bronze-using people, 17

Mayer collection. See Museums, Liverpool

Medea, bronze sickle of, 18, 194

Medhurst, Mr., collection, 127

Medicinal use of iron in ancient Egypt, 6;

“virtue in brass,” 31

Mediterranean province of bronze antiquities, 478

Memnon, sword of, 18

Menelaus, battle-axe of, 14

Meriones, arrow of, 18

Merovingian gold ornaments, 117

Metals, 415 to 426;

admixture of other than copper and tin in bronze, 346, 360, 417, 420;

early use of, 1 to 20, 418, 420;

lumps of, 81, 87, 94, 113, 119, 120, 283, 423, 425, 442, 449, 459, 469

Meteoric origin of first-known iron, 7, 15

Mexican, bronze, 4;

name for copper transferred to iron, 10

Meyrick collection, 109, 205, 271, 351, 356;

Sir Samuel, quoted, 155

Milles, Rev. Dr., collection, 48

“Minds,” Irish, 42, 394

Mines, Egyptian gold, 8

Minerva, Temple of, at Phaselis, 18

“Missile hatchets,” 162

Mitchell, Dr. Arthur, F.S.A. Scot., 437

Molyneux, Sir T., quoted, 358

Money, suggestion that celts served as, 37

Montelius, Dr. O., quoted, 109, 262, 288, 298

Montezuma II., axe of, 148

Morlot, M., quoted, 26

“Morning Star,” or flail, 271

Mortillet, M. Gabriel de, 405, 456, 457

Mortimer, Messrs., collection, 43, 113, 190, 227, 230

Mortise and tenon, 171

Moseley, H. N., F.R.S., 263

Moulds, 427 to 450;

bronze, 84, 174, 438 to 448;

clay, 427, 428, 448, 449;

clay, for buttons, 401;

stone, 143, 158, 180, 250, 428 to 438;

notches on, 436;

wooden, for British coins of tin, 445

Movers, Prof., quoted, 5

MÜller, Prof. Max, quoted, 10

MÜller, Dr. Sophus, quoted, 21

Museums—

Abbeville, 335

Agram, 177

Alnwick Castle, 46, 116, 285, 287, 368, 386

Amiens, 119, 183, 201, 206, 208, 371, 398

Assen, 109

Belfast, 430

Berlin, 39, 173, 184, 234, 262, 263, 298, 299, 441, 448

Boulaq, 261

Boulogne, 238, 250

Bourges, 307

Bristol, 217

Brunswick, 288

Buda-Pest, 142, 327

Caen, 86

Cambridge Ant. Soc., 174, 199, 205, 259, 270, 271, 272, 279, 340, 346

Carcassonne, 328

ChambÉry, 131, 184

Chateaudun, 122

Clermont-Ferrand, 119, 176, 341, 438

Copenhagen, of Northern Antiquities, 172, 259, 288, 353, 432, 441

Cracow, Academy of Sciences, 181

Darmstadt, 91, 441

Devizes, see Stourhead

Dorchester, 432

Dover, 113

Dresden, Preusker collection, 437

Dublin, Royal Irish Academy, passim;

Trinity College, 220, 431

Edinburgh, Ant., passim;

Advoc. Library, 289

Elgin, 333

Evreux, 77

Exeter, 51

Florence, 156

Geneva, 210

GÖttingen, 77

Gratz, Johanneum, 288

Hanover, 184, 308, 441

Kiel, 262

Laibach, 246, 393, 428

Lausanne, 260

Leipsig, Deutsche Gesellschaft, 221

Le Puy, 293

Lewes, 87, 447

Leyden, 89, 133, 173, 176, 221

Linz, 153

Liverpool, Mayer collection, 52, 81, 82, 83, 88, 129, 168, 319, 351

London, British Museum, passim;

Soc. Ant., 49, 90, 125, 348, and passim

Lyons, 131, 301, 441

Madrid, 97

Malmoe, 262

Metz, 131

Modena, Museo Civico, 401, 437

Munich, 445

Namur, 109

Nantes, 121, 124, 230, 250, 252, 281, 339

Narbonne, 43, 121, 122, 172, 254, 341

Newcastle-on-Tyne, 78, 116, 125, 285, 351

Norwich, 78, 80, 134, 173, 175, 178, 199, 281, 318

Oxford, 287; Ashmolean, 81, 169, 189, 216, 225

Paris, d’Artillerie, 301;

HÔtel Cluny, 176;

Louvre, 185

Plymouth, AthenÆum, 228

Poitiers, 119, 176, 214, 221, 398, 441, 447

Prague, 308

Rennes, 287

Rouen, 86, 280

St. Germain, 171, 248, 293, 328, 448

St. Omer, 131

Salisbury, Blackmore, 80, 81, 91, 110, 114, 120, 132, 175, 236, 237, 248, 426

Salzburg, 152, 355

Scarborough, 211, 401

Schwerin, 262

Sheffield, Bateman collection, 42, 44, 113, 122, 150, 168, 172, 190, 205, 225, 279, 280, 307, 321, 327, 390, 392, 393, 409, 430, 447

Sigmaringen, 173, 176

Soissons, 80

Stockholm, 122, 143, 353, 448

Stourhead, 219, 322, 368, and passim

Stuttgart, Cabinet of Coins, 142

Taunton, 119, 198, 249, 320, 325, 328, 330

Toulouse, 41, 97, 119, 122, 131

Tours, 86, 172, 207, 254, 401, 435

Trent, 107

Turin, Royal Armoury, 288

Vannes, 215, 449

Vienna, Ambras, 148;

Antiken Cabinet, 86, 131, 299, 355

Warrington, 123, 335

Wisbech, 131, 175, 179

Wurzburg, 308

Zurich, 166

“Museum Moscardi,” quoted, 31

N

Nail for fastening scabbard end, 305

Native copper, 3, 418, 419

Neb, projecting, on celts, 104, 160

Necklaces, amber, 244, 487;

bone, 487;

of dentalium shells, 394;

of glass beads, 135;

jet, 189, 190, 487

Necropolis, Alban, 341

Needle of bronze, 192;

wood, 226

Neolithic Period, gouges developed in, 165

Neville, Mr. F., quoted, 358

Nickel present in bronze of shield, 346

Nilsson, Prof., 419

Nitzsch quoted, 14

Noricum, iron swords of, 19

Norris, Mr., collection, 96

Northumberland, Duke of, collection, 46, 116

Norway, native copper in, 419

Noulet, Dr., 142

O

Objects of uncertain use, 306, 308, 396, 397, 405

Obsidian instruments from Santorin, 184

Odyssey, description of hardening axe in, 14;

testimony of, as to axe-heads, 161

O’Gorman, Mr. T., quoted, 398

Oppert, M., referred to, 9

Orestes, bones of, 18

Origin of term celt, 27;

of term palstave, 71, 72;

continental, of British bronze forms, 108, 115, 143, 297, 379

Ormerod, Mr. G. W., F.G.S., collection, 82

Ornaments, 374 to 395, 481, 483 to 486;

bronze, rare in Britain, 395, 481, 487;

gold, 51, 304, 391, 393, 487;

for horse-trappings, 404;

silver, 2

Ornamentation on bronze, preserved by patina, 46;

cable pattern, 54, 60, 140;

chevron patterns, 90, 145, 160, 180, 320, 321, 330, 338;

by enamel, 135, 338;

fern-leaf pattern, 61, 102;

Greek fret, 145;

by inlaying of metals, 13, 296, 297;

by hatched lozenges, 53, 66, 218;

by punching, 67, 187, 319, 453;

by matted patterns, 53, 74;

resembling Roman numerals, 203;

rings, 296;

rings concentric, on shields, 347 to 353;

ring and pellet, 124 et seqq.;

shield-shaped, 128;

on back of Swiss Lake knives, 203

Osteological observations, 278, 475

Overlapping of Stone and Bronze Periods, 1, 24

Owen, Prof., F.R.S., cited, 296

P

Paalstab, the term, 71, 72

Palafitta of Castione, 153

Palstaves, 70 to 106, 159, 169;

broken, with broken torques, 378;

castings for, 90, 448;

Danish, 95, 151, 163;

development of, from flat celts, 107, 472;

double-looped, 95 to 97, 104, 105;

edge renewed by hammering, 92, 454;

French, 81, 88, 91, 97, 160;

German, 80, 83, 91;

Icelandic, 71;

Irish, 81, 99 to 105, 160;

iron, 157, 159;

looped, 80, 98, 103;

moulds for, 431, 439, 440;

of two metals from Hallstatt, 95;

origin of term, 71;

roughening blade of, 77;

Scottish, 77 to 79, 99;

socketed celts evolved from, 108, 472;

Spanish, 90, 97, 161;

transitional forms between celts and, 76, 77, 95, 472;

with ridges on recesses for handle, 79;

with transverse edge, 85, 105, 159;

with socket formed by wings, 85;

worn by resharpening, 83, 87, 454

Paris Exhibition of 1878, 97, 448

Patina, preservation of ornament by, 46

Patrick, Mr. R. W. Cochran, F.S.A., 362

Patroclus, funeral games of, 15

Pausanias, quoted, 15, 18

Payne-Knight collection, 94

Pegge, Rev. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 33, 42, 226

Pelligot, Prof., analysis of Breton celts, 417

Pelta or buckler of Greeks and Macedonians, 354

Penguilly l’Haridon, M., quoted, 162

Pennant’s “Tour” quoted, 290

Pentateuch, mention of metals in, 5

Percy, Dr. J., F.R.S., quoted, 11, 40, 420, 424, 442

Perthes, Boucher de, collection, 335

Peru, bronze in, 4;

use of stone mallets in, 165

Peruvian mode of holding dagger, 246

Pest, Congress of Prehistoric ArchÆology at, 180

Petrie collection, 140

Phillips, Mr. J. A., F.G.S., 422, 426

Philology, testimony of, 9, 110

Philoxenus quoted, 168

Phoenician trade with Britain, 419, 475, 479

Pins, 365 to 373;

134, 135, 191, 282, 290, 322;

associated with swords, 290, 372;

bone, with Roman remains, 365;

curved, 368;

Danish, gold-plated, 372;

French, 370;

German, 371;

gold, for inlaying, 51, 228, 232;

Irish, 369, 371, 372;

Late Celtic, 368, 369;

looped, 368, 369;

Scottish, 372;

spiral, 370;

Swiss, 370;

twisted, 191, 366;

with amber inlaid, 368;

with annular heads, 367;

with flat heads, 290, 365, 371;

with perforated heads, 96

Pindar quoted, 17

Pipe of bone, 366

Pisander, axe of, 18

Pitt-Rivers, Gen. A., F.R.S., 37, 84, 205, 313, 328, 441, 475

Plates, conical, with central hole, 316;

convex, 351;

with rims, 402;

flat, 402;

gold, articles made of, 244;

gold, lozenge-shaped, 51, 232;

horse-shoe shaped, 405;

with lunate openings, 397

Pliny quoted, 18, 19, 194, 355

Plot, Dr., quoted, 31, 42, 133

Plutarch quoted, 19

Pollux, Julius, mentions currier’s chisel, 168

Polybius quoted, 275, 363

Pommels, of dagger hilts, 229;

to iron sword, 229;

object like, with links of chain, 296;

cast on core of clay, 290;

to Scottish swords, 290

Porsena, articles of peace tendered by, 18

Poseidon, trident of, 15

Poste, Mr. Beale, quoted, 308

Pottery, from barrows, 407;

of Bronze Age, 407, 487;

from Swiss Lake-dwellings, 13

Pownall, Governor, F.S.A., quoted, 293

Preservation of iron, 25

Prickers of bronze for extracting clay cores, 186.

See Awls

Prigg, Mr. H., quoted, 187;

collection, 127

Proportion between size of tool and handle, 277

Proximity of objects no proof of identity of date, 25, 117, 273, 470

Psammetichus, brazen helmet of, 8

Punches, used in ornamenting, 67, 68, 187, 188, 453;

serrated, 319, 320

Punic War, Second, 19, 275

Pyramid, Great, iron wedge found in, 7

Pyrites, iron, 225, 243, 487;

copper, 419

Q

Queen Aah-Hotep, axe found in tomb of, 148

Queen’s Drive, Edinburgh, swords found at, 289

“Quincussis,” 283

R

Rabat, M., collection, 180, 368

Rameses III., tomb of, 7

Ramsauer, Herr, 157

Ramses, the name on Egyptian axe, 147

Rapier-shaped blades, 245 to 254, 328, 333;

broken, regarded as a steel, 250;

rare in hoards, 256;

with hilt of ox-horn, 252

Rattles, crotals, or bells, 361, 364

RavaliÈre, LÉvesque de la, quoted, 20

Ravensworth, Lord, collection, 288, 335

Razors, 217 to 221, 480;

continental forms, 221;

crescent-shaped, 221;

from Lake-dwellings, 215;

Irish, 218, 318;

perforated, 218 to 221;

tanged, 217 to 219;

tanged, peculiar to Britain, 480

Read, Mr. C., 231

Reaping-hooks, of flint, 194 (see Sickles);

Saturn’s, 17

Reaping-machine, Gaulish, 194

“Recipient” and “received,” the terms as applied to celts, 107

Religious rites, use of bronze in, 18

RepoussÉ work on Late Celtic bracelets, 388

Reproduction in bronze of stone forms, 40

Reverence, superstitious, for celts, 39

Rhoecus and Theodorus, the Samians, 15

Rhind, Mr. A. Henry, 274, 275

Richardson, Dr. Richard, quoted, 155

Rickman, Mr., quoted, 35

Rings, 388 to 391; 82, 135, 158, 290;

bone, 51, 232;

of caldron, 411;

concentric, on shields, 347 to 353;

connecting straps of harness, 399;

dentated, for maces, 271;

Egyptian, 391;

Etruscan, 400;

gold, 389, 390, 391;

hollow, with transverse perforations, 389, 398, 399;

interlinked, 405;

Irish, in pairs, 389;

on loop of celt, 118, 158;

penannular, 198, 390, 391;

and plates as ornaments for horse-trappings, 404;

and pellet ornament, 124 to 127;

spiral, 76, 390, 391;

stone mould for, 158;

twisted, 390

Ring-money, African, 387;

Irish, 391

Rivets, horn or wood, 227;

imitation of, 235, 257, 260, 344;

long, for barbed spear-heads, 338;

numerous, for trumpet, 362

Robinson, Mr. T. W. U., F.S.A., collection, 411, 412

Rod, with birds and rings, 406

Rolleston, Prof., F.R.S., quoted, 25, 277, 287, 380

Roman, coins, at Karn BrÉ, 32, 115;

commemorative of victories, 363;

priests, bronze knives of, 18;

pronunciation of celtis, 29;

remains, 116;

sword, long, 275

Roman numerals, ornaments resembling, 203

Rome, best steel imported to, from China, 19

Rosse, Earl of, collection, 361, 411;

his speculum metal, 416

Rossi, Prof. Stefano de, quoted, 37

Roughening of butt-end of celts, 67, 77, 160

Rowland quoted, 31, 32

Rubbing-stones for grinding and polishing, 361, 452

S

Sabine priests, bronze knives of, 18

Sabres, Japanese, 275

Sacken, Baron von, 157, 181, 246, 308

Sagartii, the, had bronze daggers, 17

Sagas, use of term Paalstab in, 72

Sanford, Mr. W. A., F.G.S., collection, 96, 377

Sanscrit term for iron, 10

“Sarcophagus with ashes” in cairn, 273

Savoy Lake-dwellings. See Lake-dwellings

Saws, 183, 184;

flint flakes used as, 454

Saxon cemeteries, preservation of iron in, 25

Saxony, native copper in, 419

Scabbards and scabbard-ends, 301 to 309, 336;

French, 301;

localities where found, 481;

Scottish, 304

Scandinavia never occupied by the Romans, 276

ScarabÆus of bronze, 155

Schliemann, Dr., quoted, 40, 166, 224, 297, 438

Schreiber, quoted, 43, 52, 104

Scott, Lady John, collection, 60

Scythians, the, did not use bronze, 17;

method of taking census among, 318

“Seare” or Sickle, 200

Segested cited, 52

Seidler, Mr. Charles, collection, 441

Severus, Britons of the time of, 355

Sharp, Mr. S., F.S.A., collection, 43

Sharpeners, 7;

broken bronze rapier regarded as, 250

Shaw, Mr. S., collection, 234

Sheaths, bronze, 301;

bronze, for iron sword, 302;

leather, 252, 289;

wooden, with interment, 301, 302

Shields, 343 to 356;

on British coins, 354;

Italian, 353;

Late Celtic, 363;

Scottish, 349;

with Early Iron swords, 354;

with interment, 352

Shiffner, Sir H., Bart., collection, 53

Shipp, Mr., 233

Sickle of Chronos, 15;

of Elissa and Medea, 18, 194;

of Saturn, 17

Sickles, 194 to 203, 480, 487;

English, 197;

Scottish, 199;

Irish, 200;

French, 201;

German, 202;

Italian, 202;

Scandinavian, 195;

Swiss, 195, 202;

method of hafting, 196;

flat, with knobs on blade, 197, 480;

socketed, 195, 198 et seqq., 480

Sidonius quoted, 162

Sigimer, his followers provided with missile hatchets, 162

Silver, apparently unknown in the Bronze Age, 487;

ornaments at Gungeria, 2

Simpson, Rev. Sparrow, D.D., collection, 147

Sinai, copper from peninsula of, 8

Sinclair quoted, 200

Sinope, steel of, 17

Sistrum-like instruments, 405

Slafter, Rev. E. F., quoted, 3

Smith, Dr. Aquilla, 67

Smith, Mr. C. Roach, F.S.A., quoted, 274;

collection, 249, 280, 325, 330, 351

Smith, Mr. Ecroyd, 168

Smith, Dr. John Alexander, 56, 199, 221

Soldering unknown in the Bronze Age, 425

Solly, Mr. S., F.S.A., 233

Sophocles quoted, 194

Spain, tin in, 419, 424

Spear-heads, 310 to 338;

absent from barrows, 342;

African, 340;

Arreton Down type, 257, 260;

barbed, 337, 338, 481;

castings for, 84;

Celtic, in the Alban Necropolis, 341;

Chinese, 330;

“eyed,” 333;

ferruled, 257;

flint, 100, 225;

Greek, 313, 340;

inlaid with gold, 313;

Irish, 311, 320;

iron, 342;

leaf-shaped, 248, 254, 312 to 321, 341, 481;

looped on blade, 248, 327 to 331;

looped on socket, 321 to 326;

moulds for, 435 to 438;

perforated, 288, 330 to 337;

retaining portion of shaft, 312, 313, 316, 327;

tanged, 257, 258;

types peculiar to Britain, 341;

where found, 481

Speculum-metal, 178, 416

Spindle-whorl, 383

Spirals, their absence in Britain, 287, 394;

on beads, 394, 485

Spiral rings, 76, 390, 391

Spoon-like articles, 406

Squier and Davis quoted, 3

Stag’s-horns, 284;

horn handle to brass instrument, 163;

handle to celts, 150;

instruments in barrow, 226;

instruments like netting-meshes in barrow, 190

Stair, Earl of, collection, 137

“Stake,” possible origin of this name for a small anvil, 181

Stature of men interred in Yorkshire barrows, 278

Steel of three kinds produced by the Chalybes, 17;

helmet of Hercules, 17;

known in Homer’s day, 14;

Japanese method of preparing, 275;

reaping-hook of Saturn, 17;

of Sinope, 17

Stevenson, Mr., collection, 440

Stiletto and bodkin, served a double purpose, 369

Stone, Mr., 391

Stone, Mr. Edward, 111

Stone anvils, 181;

mallets, 165

Stone, forms reproduced in bronze, 40;

and bronze associated, 41, 42, 51, 161, 165, 189, 190, 223, 224, 225, 226, 232, 236, 238, 243, 256, 366, 391, 405, 452, 453, 456, 480, 487

Strabo quoted, 17, 19, 486

Strobel, Prof., quoted, 108, 202

Stukeley quoted, 31, 87, 107, 189

Succession of iron to bronze, 4, 6, 16, 22, 23

Sullivan, Prof. W. K., 417, 420

Superposition of articles of different date, 26

Superstitious reverence for beads, 394;

for celts, 39

Survival of celts as amulets, 134;

of “flanches” as ornaments, 60, 107, 108, 110, 111, 131

Sweden, native copper in, 419

Swiss Lake-dwellings. See Geographical Index.

Swords, 273 to 300;

British, 275, 278 to 287;

Celtiberian, 275;

Danish, 286, 296, 298, 309;

Egyptian, 298;

Finnish, 299;

French, 281, 287, 293, 297, 301;

Gaulish, 300;

German, 298, 299;

Greek, 297;

Hallstatt, 299;

Hungarian, 276;

Irish, 291, 293 to 296;

Italian, 274, 297;

from MycenÆ, 297;

Roman, 275;

Scandinavian, 274, 276, 287, 296, 298;

Scottish, 273, 289, 290, 291;

from site of Troy (presumed), 298;

Spanish, 275;

Swiss Lakes, 280, 287, 297

Swords, absent from interments, 273, 274, 277;

date of, 273, 274, 275, 276;

Early Iron, 274, 275, 276, 280, 287, 297, 299, 300, 343, 354;

found in a moss arranged in a circle, 288;

inlaid, 296, 297;

length of, 275;

methods of mending, 254, 293;

mode of grasping, 276;

on Italian bronze coin, 283;

types almost peculiar to Britain, 481;

with bronze sheaths, 301

Sword-hilts and hilt-plates added by casting, 287, 290;

Danish, 276;

Hungarian, 276;

ferrules on, 306;

gold on, 286, 296, 298;

of ivory inlaid with amber, 299;

longitudinal slots in, 278, &c.;

pommels to, of alabaster, 291;

pommels with curved horns, 288;

pommels of lead, 285;

with plates of bone, horn, or wood, 278, 286, 290, 293, 296;

spirals on, rare in Britain, 287

Sydenham, Mr., 237

T

Tacitus, quoted, 275, 354

Talbot de Malahide, Lord, collection, 104

Tamassus, mart for copper at, 14

Tasciovanus, coins of, 354, 363

Teeth of animals in barrows, 42, 189

Telamon, battle of, 275

Telchines, the, gold, silver, and copper discovered by, 15

Teutonic languages, name for copper in, 10

Thebes, paintings in sepulchres at, 7, 185

Theophrastus quoted, 15

Theseus, grave of, 18

Thoms, Mr., note on Paalstabs, 72.

Thomsen, Councillor, 72

Thorlacius quoted, 151

Thurnam, Dr., F.S.A., quoted, 44, 134, 188, 189, 191, 216, 222, 225, 230, 232, 236, 241, 242, 369, 393, 475, 485

Tin, bead of, 394;

coins of, 445;

early sources of, 418;

Egyptian, source unknown, 8;

exported from Britain, before Roman invasion, 419, 476;

found in Brittany, 419;

fragments of, 136, 315, 425;

in bronze, loss of, by fusion, 418;

in hoards of bronze, 425;

in ingots, 426;

Malacca, principal Eastern source of, 424;

mentioned by Homer, 12;

pure metallic, 425;

pure, used by early Greeks, 12;

Spain, principal Western source of, 424;

trade with Britain for, 424;

used for soldering, 363

Tinned, implements supposed to be, 55, 56, 57

Tischler, Dr. Otto, 24

Tongs, 185

Torquati, origin of their name, 374

Torques, 374 to 381; 76, 96, 198;

beaded, 381;

Danish, 379;

on denarii of the Manlia Gens, 374;

derivation of name, 374;

funicular, 375 to 377;

gold, 90, 180, 209, 375, 376;

gold, Gaulish, 374;

gold, Irish, with ball at each end, 379;

Late Celtic, 381;

ribbon, 90, 379;

rings on, 390, 391

Towneley, Mr. Charles, 48

Tree-burial. See Interment.

Tresca, M., 416

Trevelyan, Sir Charles, collection, 89, 333;

Sir Walter, 386

“Tribulum,” the, 202

Trojans, “bronze-speared,” 16

Troy, swords rare on the presumed site of, 298

Troyon, M., collection, 131

Trumpets, 357 to 364;

African, of elephants’ tusks, 359;

broken and repaired by burning, 360;

English, 363;

found at Dowris, 361;

from Fiji, of conch shells, 359;

Gaulish, 363;

Irish, 357, 361;

Late Celtic, 362;

metal of, 360, 363;

Scottish, 363;

with lateral opening, 358

“Tuagh-catha,” Irish war-axe, 263

Tubal-Cain, 5

Tubes, 265;

looped, 397

Tucker, Mr., F.S.A., 254

Tuscan cities, bronze ploughshare used in founding, 18

“Tutuli,” 402

Tweezers, 191, 192;

ivory, 241

U

Umbrian coins with the type of a sword, 283

Unfinished castings, 84, 90, 115, 175, 328

Uralian province of bronze antiquities, 477

Urn-burials, 42, 190, 191, 217, 226, 234, 384, 391;

at Hallstatt, 412

Urns, cinerary, 474;

cinerary, said to contain sword, 273;

of coarse earthenware, 87;

found at Chiusi, 156;

inverted, 234

Urus, remains of, at Barton Mere, 486

Utilization of broken instruments, 180, 361, 454

V

Vallancey quoted, 138, 176, 200, 201, 234, 263, 361, 399;

as to Irish moulds, 439

Variations in implements cast in the same mould, 111, 442, 444

Various centres of bronze-founding in Britain 143, 477

Vases of Etruscan origin, 413, 481

Vauquelin’s analysis of Egyptian dagger, 420

Verica, gold coins of, 354, 399

Vessels, amber, 407;

bronze, 361;

bronze, conical, 413;

bronze, ornamented, 413;

bronze, with iron handle, 409;

gold, 408;

sandstone, 409;

shale, 407

Virgil quoted, 12, 13, 16, 194

Von Bibra, referred to, 422

Von Estorff quoted, 315

Von Sacken quoted, 157, 181, 246, 308

Votive celts or hatchets, 69, 135, 417;

hoards, 457

Vulgate, different readings of, 28

W

Wakeman, Mr., collection, 303

Wakeman, Mr., quoted, 252

Wallace, Mr. J. R., collection, 43, 120

Warburton, Mr., 447

Ware, Mr. Samuel, F.S.A., quoted, 48

Warne, Mr. C, F.S.A., quoted, 234, 238, 243

Watson, Mr. C. Knight, Sec. S.A., quoted, 27

Way, Mr. Albert, F.S.A., quoted, 37, 50, 51, 166

“Welding,” the term, 293

Westendorp quoted, 152

Westwood, Prof., quoted, 81

Whetstones in hoards, 113, 397, 452;

with interments, 51, 225, 226, 242, 366;

in urns, 163, 217;

use of, 453

Whincopp, Mr., collection, 260

Whitaker, Dr., collection, 48;

quoted, 47

Whitaker, Mr. W., F.G.S., 248

Wibel, Dr., 419

Wickham, Mr. Humphrey, collection, 214, 230

Wilde, Sir W. R., 37, 39, 40, 61, 65, 67, 101, 155, 170, 184, 252, 264, 293, 306, 311, 357, 360, 361, 364, 372, 389, 399, 410

Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, quoted, 5, 6, 185

Wilshe collection, 208

Wilson, Prof. Daniel, quoted, 58, 72, 99, 136, 137, 169, 176, 207, 209, 214, 272, 273, 337, 348, 354, 425, 432

Wilson, Rev. George, 167.

Wood preserved by salt, 152;

preserved by salts of copper, 160;

preserved by salts of iron, 157

Wooden hafts for celts, 144, 149, 150, 151, 155, 157;

handle of sickle, of yew, 195;

handle of knife, of yew, 207;

shafts for spears, of ash, 312, 313;

shafts for spears, of beech, 339;

shafts for spears, of bog-oak, 313;

sheath for dagger, 308;

sheath for dagger, apparently of willow, 233

Woodward Collection, 167

Worm, Dr. Olaf, quoted, 30

Worsaae, Councillor, quoted, 72, 163, 276, 298, 457, 478, 482

Wright, T., F.S.A., quoted, 9, 20, 37, 274, 400

Y

Yates, Mr. James, F.R.S., quoted, 36, 168

Young, Mr. A. Knight, collection, 296