[1] In this work the term infant is used to denote all children under one year of age; where reference has to be made to infancy in the legal sense of a person under twenty-one years of age, the term infant-at-law or minor will be employed.—Translator.

[2] Boards of Guardianship.—This term is not used in the sense in which in England we speak of Boards of Guardians, to denote the ad hoc local authorities which administer the English Poor Law, but to denote local committees which, in the continental system of child-protection, administer the functions for which the State is responsible in its capacity of “Over-Parent” (an expressive and convenient term we owe to Mr. H. G. Wells). Dr. Engel suggests Court of Orphans or Court of Wards as alternate English terms.—Translator’s Note.

[3] Unless and until humanity is able and willing to apply its intelligence to purposive racial improvement, by discouragement of the procreation of the less fit, and by encouragement of the procreation of the more fit—by an application, that is to say, of the principle of negative or restrictive eugenics, on the one hand, and the principle of positive or constructive eugenics, on the other.—Translator’s Note.

[4] Krankenkassen.—These are the executive institutions for the administration of the medical benefits of the workmen’s insurance laws of Germany, and of other countries with laws based on the German model.—Translator’s Note.

[5] England lags behind the rest of the world in this matter.—Translator.

[6] This theory of the “born criminal” is associated chiefly with the name of Lombroso. See my translation of Kurella’s memoir, “Lombroso, his Life and Work,” London, 1911. Rebman.—Translator’s Note.

[7] Consult the chapter on “Women’s Labour and Child Labour.”