[1] Vide “Histoire du Communisme,” par Alfred Sudre (5th ed., Paris, 1856), ch. xiv. sec. iv. pp. 232-250.

[2] Vide “Rousseau,” by John Morley (Lond. 1873), vol. i. p. 192.

[3] Vol. i. pp. viii. ix.

[4] Vide Von Sybel, “Geschichte der Revolutionszeit,” Bd. i. Buch i. Capitel 1, and Bd. ii. Buch vii. Capitel 3. In regard to absenteeism, consult, especially, Taine’s “Ancient RÉgime,” bk. i. ch, iii. pt. iii.

[5] Cf. De Laveleye’s “La DÉmocratic et l’Économie Politique” (Bruxelles, 1878), pp. 8, 9.

[6] To many a thoughtless man, who has misused his wealth and social position to drag down women of the poorer classes, it would doubtless seem like a new revelation to have the truth brought home to him that the fathers, mothers, and brothers of his victims had precisely such feelings as his own father and mother, or himself, towards his sisters. But the socialistic agitation in Germany has brought out clearly the fact that this is true. Poor men hate the wealthy on account of their sins. Nearly all of the thousands and tens of thousands of fallen women in cities like New York and Berlin, it is said, come from the poorer classes. It is terrible to think of the anguish they have brought to parents whose only crime has often been poverty. If the wealthy use their superior advantages to oppress and afflict the poor, terrible retribution will some day be exacted of them as a class, and the innocent will suffer with the guilty. The French Revolution should forever be a terrible warning to those to whom much has been committed.

Modern novelists have devoted themselves assiduously to the work of reform. Every oppressed class has found some one to sympathize with it and describe its wrongs. Married women, misused by their husbands; school children, maltreated by masters; orphans, wronged by tedious processes of law; the negro slave in our South—all have been made interesting, and excited our pity. The fourth estate, with which Dickens concerned himself more or less, has also found its novelist, whose skill reveals to us the laborer’s views and feelings, so that we laugh when he laughs and weep when he weeps. I refer to Max Kretzer, whose latest and best work is “Die Betrogenen” (Berlin, 1882). For an excellent review of his writings, vide the Wochenblatt der Frankfurter Zeitung, 20 Aug., 1882.

For a further illustration of the views of social democrats concerning the crimes of the wealthy, vide a story in the newspaper Die Fackel (Chicago, 20 Mai, 1883) entitled “Die Geschichte einer Arbeiterin.”

[7] In Contemporary Review, April, 1882.

[8] Quoted by Mrs. Fawcett in her article on “Communism” in the “EncyclopÆdia Britannica.” Cf. De Laveleye’s article on the “Progress of Socialism” (Contemporary Review, April, 1883, pp. 567, 568).

[9] “Money in its Relations to Trade and Industry,” by Francis A. Walker (New York, 1879).

[10] “Die deutsche Social-Demokratie” (Bremen, 1879).

[11] Vide the published programme of the Commune of Paris, April 19, 1871, in Pierroti’s “DÉcrets et Rapports Officiels de la Commune de Paris et du Gouvernement À Versailles du 18 Mars au 31 Mai, 1871” (Paris, 1871, pp. 181-185).

[12] The whole question is discussed in a satisfactory manner in Meyer’s “Emancipationskampf des vierten Standes” (Bd. ii. SS. 600-718). Among other authorities may be mentioned, as most noteworthy, Pierroti’s “DÉcrets et Rapports; EnquÊte Parlementaire sur l’Insurrection du 18 Mars”—an official report of the investigation of the French government; “Unter der Pariser Commune, ein Tagebuch von Wilhelm Lauser” (Leipzig, 1879); Maxime du Camp, “Les Convulsions de Paris” (6th ed., Paris, 1883); B. Becker, “Geschichte der revolutionÄren Pariser Kommune” (Brunswick, 1875).

[13] In his “History of American Socialisms” (Philadelphia, 1870), Noyes presents the opposite view, and argues forcibly in favor of it. He thinks “familism” and communism necessarily antagonistic, and adduces as proof the success of the Shakers and other communities which repress the family feeling, and the failure of many which allow marriage and private families as in the outside world. I do not think his arguments satisfactory. At most, they would hold of small communistic bodies living in a world practising individualism. They would not be conclusive in a discussion of the practicability of communism—much less socialism—as a universal system. It is true, also, that the leadership of social democracy in the United States and elsewhere has fallen into the hands of those who, for the most part, hold views regarding religion and the family which may fairly be called brutal. The irreligious attitude of social democracy is, however, to be explained partly by the fact that it is a German product, and Germany is to-day lamentably irreligious. What is, however, temporary, accidental, and transitional should not be mistaken for what is necessary and permanent.

[14] Dr. Rylance very properly distinguishes ecclesiasticism from Christianity.

[15] The decay of religion among the working classes was the subject of a conference of working-men, held in London in 1867. Mr. J. M. Ludlow, one of their friends and counsellors, writes as follows in the “Progress of the Laboring Classes from 1832 to 1867,” concerning their reasons for forsaking religious services: “At the bottom of those reasons there may be felt, not dislike or indifference to the Gospel itself, but, on the contrary, a deep yearning for some mighty manifestation of it. The complaint is not that Christianity is given, but that ‘priests and parsons’ have given of it ‘short weight and short measure;’ not that it is practised by its professors, but that their practice falls so far short of their professions; not that clergymen and minister intermeddle with the working-men, but that they do not come among them and show practical sympathy with them in their undertakings. Surely a temper like this, even when speaking out through hard and scornful words, instead of discouraging Christian ministers, should brace and quicken them to their work—ay, though that work should consist partly in the shaking off of their most cherished traditions and habits of religious thought” (p. 279).

[16] SchÄffle’s “Socialism as Expounded by Kaufmann” (London, 1874, p. 103).

[17] Vide his manly article on the Dangerous Classes in the North-American Review for April, 1883.

[18] The words socialist and socialism were introduced into economic discussion by L. Reybaud, in 1840, in his “Études sur les RÉformateurs ou Socialistes Modernes.”

[19] It does not fall within the province of this work to describe English communism. Its best representative is Robert Owen, about whose life and teachings information is to be found in “The Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself,” and in A. J. Booth’s “Robert Owen, the Founder of Socialism in England.” Both of the works are interesting and valuable.

[20] 1762 is also given as the year of his birth.

[21] For the details of the conspiracy, consult Von Sybel, “Geschichte der Revolutionszeit,” Bd. iv. Buch i. Capitel 4, and Buonarroti’s “Histoire de la Conspiration pour l’Égalite, dite de Baboeuf” (2 vols., Brussels, 1828). A fourth edition in one volume appeared in Paris in 1850. An English translation by Bronterre appeared in London in 1836.

[22] The best authority on the economic movements of this period is L. Blanc’s “Histoire de dix ans 1830-40” (12th ed. 1870).

[23] Vide the Manifesto of the Equals. This, as well as a number of their most important papers, may be found in Reybaud’s “Études sur les RÉformateurs” (vol. ii. pp. 423-453, 7th ed., Paris, 1864).

[24] Vide the “Manifesto of the Equals.”

[25] “Histoire Populaire de la RÉvolution FranÇaise de 1789 À 1830” (5 vols., 2d ed., Paris, 1845-47).

[26] “Voyage en Icarie” (2d ed., Paris, 1842, 1 vol. 8vo, pp. 566).

[27] Ibid. p. 3.

[28] Page 335.

[29] Mr. Albert Shaw, late graduate student in the Johns Hopkins University.

[30] After the death of Cabet a few of his adherents, in the quarrel at Nauvoo, founded a short-lived colony at Cheltenham.

[31] “The community adopt the institutions of marriage and the family purified from everything which injures and debases them. Voluntary celibacy, when not induced by any physiological reason, is regarded as a transgression of natural laws” (Arts. 32 and 33 of the “Icarian Constitution”).

[32] Cf. “Voyage en Icarie,” p. 137.

[33] Quoted by B. Malon, in his “ExposÉ des Écoles Socialistes FranÇaises” (Paris, 1872), pp. 104, 105.

[34] “Voyage to Icaria,” p. 563.

[35] Page 358.

[36] Vide p. 37 et seqq.

[37] An interesting account of his life and teaching is given in A. J. Booth’s “Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism” (London, 1871).

[38] It is so stated in the “EncyclopÆdia Britannica” and elsewhere.

[39] Vide Lettres À un AmÉricain, deuxiÈme Lettre in his “L’Industrie ou Discussions Politiques, Morales, et Philosophiques,” tome ii. pp. 33, 34 (Paris, 1817). Interesting comparisons between America and Europe are also to be found in the letters.

[40] One finds in the writings of Saint-Simon all the fundamental ideas of Comte’s philosophy: the oneness of science; its progress from the theological stage to positivism—called by Saint-Simon physicism—accompanying the transition from the military to the industrial rÉgime; the present crisis of society due to the fact that this is a transitional period, or disharmony in the material world accompanying the disharmony in the world of thought; the belief that a restoration of harmony is dependent upon the advancement of science, and that social regeneration must be physico-political; the subordination of knowledge to feeling; finally, the view that religion of some kind is indispensable to social progress, and that the priests of this religion must be the rulers of the world. Indeed, Comte did not hesitate to acknowledge more than once his indebtedness to Saint-Simon for his scientific impulse, although in later years he seems to have become embittered towards the Saint-Simonians and refused all credit to his former teacher. Comte was original in so far as he expanded and developed what he received from his master, but this does not lessen his obligation. This whole question, which has been much debated, is discussed in a masterly way by John Morley in his article on Comte in the last edition of the “EncyclopÆdia Britannica.” Consult also Karl Hillebrand’s essay on “Die AnfÄnge des Socialismus in Frankreich” in Deutsche Rundschau, Bd. xvii., 1878, and Booth’s “Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism,” pp. 61-81.

[41] “PremiÈre AnnÉe” (1828-29, 2d ed., Paris, 1830), pp. 72, 73.

[42] “Études sur les RÉformateurs” (7th ed., Paris, 1864), vol. i. pp. 83, 84.

[43] Vide “Du SystÈme Industriel” (Paris, 1821), preface.

[44] Vide “Chartism, Past and Present” (Harper’s ed.), pp. 320 and 345.

[45] “L’Industrie,” tome ii. p. 9 (Paris, 1817).

[46] Saint-Simon again and again protests against revolution, vide “CatÉchisme des Industriels” (ed. 1832), pp. 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 69, 70.

[47] Vide “CatÉchisme des Industriels” (ed. 1832), pp. 38, 44, 62, 63, 74, 75.

[48] Vide Kaufmann’s “Socialism,” p. 115.

[49] “Political Economy,” bk. ii. chap. xiii. sec. 1.

[50] Loc. cit. bk. ii. chap. 1. sec. 3.

[51] Quoted by A. J. Booth.

[52] Vide “CatÉchisme des Industriels,” p. 2.

[53] Reybaud, vol. i. pp. 82, 83.

[54] Taken from Reybaud, loc. cit. vol. i. pp. 105-7. The translation is abridged in places.

[55] i.e. one unit—man-woman.

[56] Perhaps there is no better authority than Louis Blanc concerning the activity of the Saint-Simonians at this time. Cf. his “Histoire de Dix Ans,” tome vii. ch. xxv. (ed. Bruxelles, 1843-44).

[57] His principal work is “De L’HumanitÉ,” published in 1840.

[58] Pages 102, 103.

[59] Quoted by Booth.

[60] Ibid.

[61] Quoted by Booth, p. 170.

[62] Isaiah ii. 4.

[63] Vide Lorenz von Stein, “Geschichte der Socialen Bewegung in Frankreich” (Leipzig, 1850), Bd. ii. SS. 226, 227. The translation is abridged and is rather free in places.

[64] Bd. ii. S. 228.

[65] That is, of so much importance to one writing or studying the history of social movements.

[66] In 1808.

[67] Vide Introduction to the “ThÉorie,” tome i. of Œuvres ComplÈtes.

[68] Vide Preface of editors to second edition (Paris, 1841).

[69] Tomes ii.-v. of Œuvres ComplÈtes (1841-43).

[70] Vide “ThÉorie des Quatre Mouvements,” Œuvres, tome i. p. 50. These phases are subdivided into thirty-two periods, of which a table accompanies p. 52.

[71] He seems finally to have been inclined to believe that they were so.

[72] Third edition, as vol. vi. of Collected Works (Paris, 1848).

[73] Vide Fourier’s Œuvres, tome ii. pp. 142-147, and references there given. Lorenz von Stein sets a high value on the philosophical value of this classification, as compared with similar efforts of Pythagoras and Bossuet. Although appreciative, he criticises Fourier vigorously, and shows the contradictions involved in his classification (vide Stein, “Sociale Bewegung,” Bd. ii. SS. 276-285).

[74] Always thus designated by Fourier. He attaches such a reproachful meaning to it that the word has an ugly sound to one immediately after reading his works.

[75] Vide “Fourier et son SystÈme,” par Madame Gatti de Gammond (3d ed. 1839), p. 86.

[76] “Vices de Nos ProcÉdÉs Industriels” (1824; 2d ed., with the title “AperÇus sur les ProcÉdÉs Industriels,” 1840) and “Nouvelles Transactions Sociales, Religieuses et Politiques de Virtomnius” (1832).

[77] “Fourier et son SystÈme” (1st ed. 1838; 3d ed. 1839, pp. 384). Madame de Gammond modifies Fourier’s views concerning the relations of the sexes in her presentation, as would naturally be expected of a lady of culture.

[78] Wrote “Paroles de Providence” (1835).

[79] “Fourier, Sa Vie et sa ThÉorie” (5th ed. 1872).

[80] “Études sur la Science Sociale” (2 vols. 1831-34).

[81] 1832, La RÉforme Industrielle, ou le PhalanstÈre; La Phalange, whose mottoes were “Social Reform without Revolutions,” “Realization of Order, of Justice, and of Liberty,” “Organization of Industry;” La DÉmocratie Pacifique, the daily, suppressed in 1850.

[82] Arthur Booth, in article on Fourier in Fortnightly Review, vol. xii. N. S. (July-Dec. 1, 1872).

[83] Godin’s “Solutions Sociales” (Paris, 1871), p. 529.

[84] “Association of Capital with Labor” (translated by Louis Bristol; published by the “New York Woman’s Social Science Society,” Room 24, Cooper Institute, 1881).

[85] The exercises at the former of these celebrations is described in the Overland Monthly for March, 1883, by Marie Howland; in the Californian for January, 1881, a description of the latter festival may be found.

[86] “Association of Capital with Labor,” pp. 5, 6.

[87] This enterprise is admirably described in an article entitled “The Social Palace at Guise” (Harper’s Monthly, April, 1872).

[88] Wrote “The Social Destiny of Man,” founded on Considerant’s “DestinÉe Sociale.”

[89] Published in the “American Men of Letters Series,” and vide also Noyes’s “History of American Socialisms,” ch. xi.

[90] Small 12mo.

[91] 8vo.

[92] G. W. Smalley, New York Tribune, Feb. 4, 1883.

[93] C. K. Adams’s “Manual of Historical Literature,” p. 332.

[94] For a satisfactory description of the true import of this measure, vide John Stuart Mill’s essay, “The French Revolution of 1848 and its Assailants;” “Dissertations and Discussions” (Am. ed.), vol. iii. pp. 54-58.

[95] Vide “Lorenz von Stein,” iii. S. 292.

[96] There was once some doubt about the case, but the publication of official documents and later testimony has settled the question conclusively, vide article on Louis Blanc in “Nouvelle Biographie GÉnÉrale,” vol. vi.; Roscher’s “Political Economy,” sec. 81, note 6; E. Thomas, “Histoire des Ateliers Nationaux;” Louis Blanc, “Historical Revelations,” and “La RÉvolution de 1848,” vol. i. ch. xi.

[97] “Lettres sur l’Angleterre” (Paris, 1866-67); “Letters on England,” translated from the French by James Hutton and revised by the author (London, 1866, 2 vols.). “Letters on England,” second series, translated by James Hutton and L. J. Trotter (London, 1867, 2 vols. in one).

[98] Paris, 1873.

[99] The vote was 380 to 85.

[100] Edward King in Evening Post, Dec. 28, 1882.

[101] In the letter in the New York Tribune already referred to.

[102] Die Gegenwart, 6. Januar, 1883.

[103] “Organisation du Travail,” 9th ed. p. 9.

[104] Quoted from Louis Blanc, by H. Baudrillart in his “Publicistes Modernes” (Paris, 1863), p. 308.

[105] Quoted in Baudrillart, ibid. Cf. “Droit au Travail,” pp. 9, 10.

[106] “Organisation du Travail,” p. 4. Cf. “Histoire de la RÉvolution de 1848,” pp. 265, 266.

[107] “Organisation du Travail,” p. 13.

[108] “Droit au Travail” (Paris, 1849), pp. 65-67; “Organisation du Travail,” pp. 18, 19.

[109] Ibid. pp. 13, 14, 17, 18, 199.

[110] Ibid. p. 71.

[111] Article 3 on p. 120 of “Organisation du Travail.”

[112] “Organisation du Travail,” pp. 72, 114, 120.

[113] Loc. cit. pp. 18, 19.

[114] “We then that are strong ought to bear the infirmities of the weak.”—Rom. xv. 1.

[115] “Histoire de la RÉvolution de 1848,” vol. i. pp. 147, 148.

[116] “Organisation du Travail,” p. 72.

[117] Cf. loc. cit. pp. 72, 73, 77, 187, 188, 195, 196, 207, 208, et passim.

[118] Quoted from Sainte-Beuve’s “P.-J. Proudhon, Sa Vie et sa Correspondance” (1872), by H. Baudrillart, in his article on Proudhon in the Revue des deux Mondes, 1873.

[119] New edition (Paris, 1873, tome i.) of “Œuvres ComplÈtes.”

[120] Preface to “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” p. 5.

[121] Chap. iv. 2d Proposition. I do not mean to assert positively that Marx borrowed his ideas from Proudhon. He was more indebted to Rodbertus, who, contemporaneously with Proudhon, but probably independently of him, was carrying on similar investigation and arriving at similar results. It is, however, true that Proudhon was the first of the three to publish an extensive presentation of his ideas.

[122] Vols. iv. and v. of “Œuvres ComplÈtes.”

[123] Details given in “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” vol. vii. pp. 263-313.

[124] New edition (Paris, 1864) of “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” tome vii.

[125] “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” vols. xxi.-xxvi.

[126] The formula of Roman law is “Res nullius cedit primo occupanti.”

[127] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” pp. 133-137.

[128] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” p. 204; cf. pp. 205, 206.

[129] Henry George and others might get some useful hints from him.

[130] “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” tome i. pp. 214, 216, 217.

[131] “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” tome vii. p. 271.

[132] Ibid. p. 290.

[133] This name is frequently given to Proudhon’s plans by the socialists.

[134] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” chap. v. 2e partie, sec. 2.

[135] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” chap. v. 2e partie, sec. 3. Cf. also his speech in the National Assembly on 31st of July, 1848, in “Œuvres,” vol. vii. pp. 268, 269.

[136] Ibid. chap. iv. 5e “Prop. et Appendice.”

[137] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” p. 157.

[138] “Qu’est-ce que la PropriÉtÉ?” pp. 222-224.

[139] “Œuvres ComplÈtes,” tome i. pp. 224, 225.

[140] Bd. i. S. 42.

[141] Fortnightly Review, May, 1878.

[142] “ExposÉ des Écoles Socialistes FranÇaises,” par B. Malon (2d ed. Paris, 1872). “Avant-Propos,” p. iii.

[143] Frederic Harrison, in article in Fortnightly Review, already referred to.

[144] For this, as well as a few other facts, I am indebted to an article on “French Socialists” which appeared in the weekly edition of the London Times, March 30, 1883.

[145] Vide B. Malon’s “ExposÉ,” etc., p. 230.

[146] Consult, on this point, Stepniak’s “Underground Russia” (London, 1883). Careful inquiry of a large number of Russians, young and old, rich and poor, convinced me long since that the views this book expresses concerning the condition of Russia are substantially correct.

[147] Cf. Rudolf Meyer, Bd. i. SS. 42, 43, and two articles on Michael Bakunin, in the Deutsche Rundschau (1877), Bde. 11 u. 12.

[148] This was copied in the February (1883) number of the Journal des Économistes from the RÉvoltÉ. I take it from the Journal.

[149] “ExposÉ,” etc., p. 260.

[150] April, 1883.

[151] Vide Malon’s “ExposÉ,” etc., p. 183. A further account of Colins’s ideas is given in a very interesting manner in an article already referred to—viz., De Laveleye’s “European Terror” (Fortnightly Review, April, 1883).

[152] A little book which a workman is compelled to keep and exhibit to each employer, in order that the latter may know who have employed him before, the new employer in turn signing his name in the book when the laborer enters his service and when he leaves it, and expressing his opinion of the laborer’s conduct.

[153] Quoted from Journal des Économistes for March, 1883, pp. 450-452.

[154] “ExposÉ des Écoles Socialistes FranÇaises,” pp. iii., iv.

[155] “Emancipationskampf,” etc., Bd. i. S. 43.

[156] Free-trader is used here, as often in Germany, not to denote simply an advocate of free-trade, but a supporter of the entire abstract and theoretical system of the English free-traders.

[157] Page 1023.

[158] “Die Lage der arbeitenden Klassen in England” (1845).

[159] “System der WeltÖkonomie, oder Untersuchungen Über die Organisation der Arbeit.”

[160] As this German custom is not generally understood in America and often leads to confusion, it may be well to state that it is customary to affix the name of a man’s estate or native village or even his wife’s name to his own to distinguish him from others of the same name. Thus, the founder of the people’s banks is called Schulze-Delitzsch, because he lived formerly in a little place called Delitzsch. He afterwards lived in Potsdam, but was still called Schulze-Delitzsch. Delitzsch is, however, really no part of his name. In speaking to him you would generally have addressed him as Mr. Schulze, never Mr. Delitzsch. In reading a book recently written by a learned American, I was amused to see him spoken of seriously as Mr. Schulze von Delitzsch. It originated undoubtedly in Lassalle’s calling him in contempt for his admiration for the bourgeoisie Mr. Bastiat-Schulze von Delitzsch.

[161] Cf. Wagner, in TÜbinger Zeitschrift (1878), SS. 211, 212.

[162] “Zur Beleuchtung,” etc., SS. 23, 24.

[163] That is, the labor of man in economic society.

[164] “Zur Beleuchtung,” S. 24.

[165] The Fourteenth Annual Report of the Massachusetts Bureau of Statistics of Labor for 1883 goes to substantiate this theory. In 1875 the “percentage of wages paid of value of product” in over two thousand establishments was 24.68; in 1880 only 20.33. Vide p. 371; cf. also other statistics on the same page and on p. 370.

[166] “Normal Arbeitstag;” TÜbinger Zeitschrift, S. 361.

[167] “Offener Brief,” etc., in Lassalle’s “Reden,” Bd. i. S. 270.

[168] Cf. Lassalle’s “Reden,” Bd. i. SS. 40-42, where this thought is brought out clearly and forcibly.

[169] I do not mean by this to state that I consider the explanation correct.

[170] “HÜlfstafeln zu Preisberechnungen fÜr Zimmerarbeiten, auf Grundlage der durchschnittlichen Leistung der Arbeiter,” von H. Peters. Schwerin i. M., and “HÜlfsbuch zur Aufstellung von Lohnregulativen und Preisberechnungen fÜr Bautischlerarbeiten, mit Angabe des Materialbedarfs und des durchschnittlichen Arbeitswerths nach Stunden und Minuten,” von H. Peters (Berlin, 1877).

[171] For these and other facts, vide Mehring’s “Die Deutsche Social-Demokratie,” ch. v.

[172] This translation, by Ernest Jones, appeared in John Rae’s “The Socialism of Karl Marx and the Young Hegelians” (Contemporary Review, October, 1881).

[173] Second edition (Hamburg, 1872).

[174] “Wochenausgabe,” 23. MÄrz, 1883.

[175] “Das Kapital,” 2te Aufl. S. 793.

[176] “Das Kapital,” S. 158.

[177] Quoted by Knies in “Das Geld,” S. 53.

[178] “Das Kapital,” SS. 656, 657.

[179] A good account is given in Rudolf Meyer’s “Emancipationskampf,” etc., Bd. i. SS. 93-174. The Frenchman Villetard has written a “History of the International,” which was translated into English by Susan M. Day, and published in New Haven in 1874.

[180] Vide De Laveleye’s “European Terror” (Fortnightly Review, April, 1883).

[181] “Die Philosophie Heracleitos des Dunkeln,” 2 Bde. On account of his absorption in the celebrated Hatzfeldt case for eight years, it was not published until 1858.

[182] Vide “Briefe von Lassalle und Carl Rodbertus-Jagetzow, mit einer Einleitung von Adolf Wagner” (Berlin, 1878), SS. 44, 67, 71, 72.

[183] This matter was referred by Louis Blanc to Karl Blind, who advised him to not grant the request, as he had no faith in Lassalle, believing that he intended from the start to “sell out” to Bismarck. Vide article on Louis Blanc, in Die Gegenwart, 6. Januar, 1883.

[184] Quoted from my article on “Bismarck’s Plan for Insuring German Laborers” (International Review, May, 1882).

[185] Vide Lassalle’s “Ronsdorfer Rede,” held May 22, 1864, and published in Berlin.

[186] See first note above.

[187] On the 17th of September, 1878. I translate Bismarck’s words as given in his “AusgewÄhlte Reden,” Bd. iii. SS. 131, 132.

[188] “Political Economy,” bk. ii. chap. xi. sec. 2.

[189] Bk. i. ch. viii.

[190] Beamtenfamilie is a common expression.

[191] John Rae (Contemporary Review, June, 1881).

[192] One candidate was elected in two districts which required a new election in one of them, in which the social democrats lost. This reduced the number of their members to twelve.

[193] The leading organ of the social democrats, the Sozial-demokrat, of Zurich, gave a fair report of the proceedings, which was reprinted in the Vorbote of Chicago, May 5, 1883.

[194] This quotation is taken from my article in the International Review on “Bismarck’s Plan,” etc., May, 1882. The remaining quotations in this chapter are taken from the same article when no other reference is given.

[195] Vide a description of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Employees’ Relief Association, by B. J. Ramage, in the Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science.

[196] The first four conditions are taken from the American translation of Roscher; the fifth is translated by the author from a subsequent German edition.

[197] Mehring, S. 80.

[198] Born in 1833.

[199] The Rev. Samuel A. Barnett mentions the following as socialistic laws on the statute-book of England: “The Poor Law,” “The Education Act,” “The Established Church,” “The Land Act,” and “The Libraries Act;” vide his article on “Practicable Socialism” (Nineteenth Century Magazine, April, 1883).

[200] Cf. Lev. xxv. and Deut. xv.

[201] “Munera Pulveris” (New York, 1872), pp. 141, 142.

[202] Cf. Wagner’s celebrated “Rede Über die sociale Frage” (Berlin, 1872).

[203] Vide Macaulay, “History of England.” Cf. article “Budget,” by Spofford, in “CyclopÆdia of Political Science,” in regard to increase of expenses of various states.

[204] “Ueber einige Grundfragen des Rechts und der Volkswirthschaft” (Jena, 1875).

[205] Quoted by Kaufmann in “Lamennais and Kingsley,” Contemporary Review, April, 1882.

[206] “Paroles d’ un Croyant,” pp. 16-18.

[207] Alton Locke, ch. xli.

[208] Quoted from Kaufmann’s article.

[209] Dated Chester, October 6, 1882.

[210] “Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christenthum” (Mainz, 1864), Seite 112.

[211] He attributes the abolition of slavery to the Church.

[212] The Catholic Church in Germany has been instrumental in establishing a large number of Gesellenvereine, or bachelors’ unions. They resemble in many respects our Young Men’s Christian Associations.

[213] De Laveleye.

[214] Quoted by Kaufmann in his article on Lamennais and Kingsley, in the Contemporary Review, April, 1882.