As has been already explained in the Accidence the greater number of these words in Finnish are declinable substantives, and take the various cases under just the same rules as an ordinary noun. With the exception of a certain number of petrified and isolated forms, they may be compared to the word midst in English. We say he came from the midst, went into the midst, or stood in the midst. In the language of Finnish grammarians such forms would be considered as adverbs. Whereas in such expressions as in the midst, or from the midst of the crowd, they would be called postpositions or prepositions. This practice of declining adverbs and postpositions is, however, carried to lengths for which no analogy can be found in English. Thus myÖhÄ, is late (an adjective), but to come late is rendered by tulla myÖhÄÄn; on account of the idea of motion in the verb. To watch late into the night is valvoa myÖhÄlle yÖtÄ, and such an expression as later on (of a date) is rendered by the essive myÖhempÄnÄ.

Most, but not all, postpositions, are capable of taking the pronominal affixes, with or without a genitive of the personal pronoun before them.

The subjoined list of prepositions and postpositions gives all the words considered as falling under these categories by ordinary grammars. As a matter of fact, it might very well be either enlarged or curtailed, which last would be better, as some of the words are substantives in ordinary use. But I have thought it better to adhere to the conventional list.

I. Postpositions and Prepositions used in only one case.

(1) Ennen (instrumental of ensi). Preposition followed by partitive. Before. Ennen Kristuksen syntymÄÄ, before the birth of Christ. Ennen aikojansa, before one’s time; too soon. Ennen tuloani, before I came.

(2) Halki, across. Preposition followed by genitive. Halki metsÄn, through the wood. Lenti kokko halki taivon. (Kal. ii. 265).

(3) Ilman (instrumental of ilma), without, preposition with partitive. Ilman apua, without help. Ilman rahaa, without money. Ilman sitÄ, besides. Also used with the abessive. Ilman muiden avutta, without the help of others. HÄn otti rahat vastaan ilman lukematta, he received the money without counting it. Ilman maan alistamatta, Ilman kasken kaatamatta (Kal. ii. 254).

(4) Kanssa, with. Postposition with the genitive. Pojan kanssa, with the boy. IsÄnsÄ kanssa, with his father. Kanssa takes the pronominal suffixes. Minun kanssani, sinun kansassi, hÄnen kanssansa, etc. HÄn kulki kanssani koko matkan, he went all the way with me. Puhuiko hÄn kanssasi? did he speak to you?

(5) Kautta (partitive of kausi). Postposition after the genitive, through, or by the help of; like kanssa it takes the pronominal suffixes. Minun kauttani, by my help. HÄn on tunnetu isÄnsÄ kautta, he is known on account of his father. Also used as a preposition in the sense of all over. Huhu leviÄÄ kautta kaiken kaupungin, the rumour spreading over the whole city. KÄvelimme kylien kautta, we went through the villages.

(6) Paitsi, besides. Preposition with the partitive. Paitsi sinua ei ole minulla yhtÄÄn ystÄvÄÄ, I have no friend but you. Paitsi sitÄ, besides this. Paitsi veljensÄ apua olisi hÄn joutunut hukkaan, he would have been ruined without his brother’s help.

(7) Pitkin, along. Preposition with the partitive. KÄydÄ pitkin tietÄ, to go along a road. Lapset juoksentelevat pitkin pihoja, the children run about in the courts.

(8) Poikki. Postposition or preposition with genitive, across: Kulkea joen poikki, to cross the river. JÄnis juoksi poikki tien, the hare ran across the road.

(9) Puhki. Preposition or postposition, across. Luoti meni puhki lasin, the bullet came through the glass.

(10) Suhteen (illative of suhde), postposition with genitive, in relation to, compared with. WÄhÄ tarpeen suhteen, small for one’s wants. Palkan suhteen oli tyytyvÄinen, he was satisfied with the remuneration.

(11) Takia,Tautta, TÄhden, postposition with genitive, for the sake of, for, in consequence of.

ÄlÄ minun tÄhdeni vaivaa nÄe, do not trouble on my account. KipeÄn jalkani tautta en voi astua, I can’t stand on account of my bad leg. NÄlÄn tÄhden, from hunger. Kauppamies viipyi pari pÄivÄÄ asiansa takia, the merchant waited a couple of days for affairs.

(12) Varten. Preposition with partitive, for, for the use of. IsÄ osti vaatteita lapsiansa varten, the father bought clothes for his children. Kouluja varten, for the use of schools. MitÄ varten sinÄ itket? why do you weep?

(13) Vuoksi, for the sake of, for (much the same as tÄhden). Postposition with the genitive. Rahan vuoksi, for money. MinÄ lueskelen huvin vuoksi, I read for pleasure.

II. Postpositions and Prepositions which are declined in several cases.

(1) The following words, usually considered as cases of a nominative ali which is not found, are used as postpositions with the genitive to express rest or motion under an object.

a. Alla, rest under. PÖydÄn alla, under the table. Paljaan taiwaan alla, under the open heaven. Also metaphorically, HÄnellÄ on suuret maat allansa, large countries are under his dominion. Johdon alla, under the direction of. Oven suussa orren alla, Kal.

b. Alta, motion from under. Koira tuli pÖydÄn alta, the dog came from under the table. Itse altansa, of oneself. HÄn on mies itse altansa, he is a self-made man. Karhu nousi petÄjÄn alta, the bear got up from under the fir tree.

c. Alle, motion to the place under an object. Koira juoksi pÖydÄn alle, the dog ran under the table. Antaa asia toisten tuomion alle, to leave a thing to another person’s discretion. Kala ui sillan alle, the fish swam under the bridge.

d. Alitse or alatse, expressing motion across a space under an object. Lintu lensi auringon alatse, a bird flew under (or across) the sun. Yli kuun, alitse pÄivÄn, above the moon, but below the sun.

(2) From the nominative asen, place, come asemessa and asemesta, postpositions with genitive, in the place of, instead of. Miehen asemesta, leivÄn asemesta, instead of a man, bread, etc. Talon pojat suorittavat veronsa rahan asemesta viljassa, the peasants pay their taxes in corn instead of money.

(3) From esi, the space before an object, are formed the following postpositions which require the genitive before them.

a. EdessÄ, rest before. Hevonen on reen edessÄ, the horse is (harnessed) in front of the sledge. ÄlÄ seiso edessÄni, do not stand before me. Pilvet ovat kuun edessÄ, there are clouds over the moon.

b. EdestÄ, motion from before. SiirtyÄ jonkun edestÄ, to move from before some one, to get out of the way. EdestÄ is also used somewhat loosely to express for, instead of, etc.; e.g. Kristus kuoli meidÄn synteimme edestÄ, Christ died for our sins. Tee se minun edestÄni, do it instead of me, for me.

c. Eteen, the illative, expresses motion into the space before an object. Wiholliset seisahtuivat leirin eteen, the enemy marched up to the camp and halted. When used metaphorically, like edestÄ, it means for. IsÄ tekee tyÖtÄ lastensa eteen, the father works for his children. Katsoa eteensÄ, to look before or take care.

d. EdellÄ expresses rest on a space before an object, and is nearly the same as edessÄ, the only difference being that between the inessive and adessive cases. He kÄvivÄt minun edellÄni, they walked before me. Prepositionit kÄytetÄÄn partitivin edellÄ, prepositions are used before the partitive.

e. Edelle expresses motion into a place before anything. HÄn ajoi hevosensa koko joukon edelle, he drove his horse on to a place before all the people. Kuningas asetti johtajat kansan edelle, the king appointed leaders for the people.

f. Similarly edeltÄ expresses motion from a place in front of anything. Mies lÄksi toisten edeltÄ, he went from before the others.

(3) Joukko, a crowd, number.

a. Joukossa, in the crowd or among. Postposition with the genitive. ElÄÄ ihmisten joukossa, to live among men. ÄlÄ istu pilkkaajain joukossa, be not among the scornful.

b. Joukkoon expresses motion into or with. Katosi kansan joukkoon, he was lost in this crowd.

(4) JÄlki, footstep or trace, is used in several cases to mean behind, chiefly of motion.

a. JÄlessÄ, behind. MennÄ jonkun jÄlessÄ, to walk behind anyone. Paimen kulkee laumansa jÄlessÄ, the shepherd goes behind his flock. Tuli minun jÄlessÄni, he walked behind me.

b. JÄlestÄ, behind or after, with the idea of motion from. Jumalten jÄlestÄ ovat ihmiset, men come next to gods. HÄn tuli minun jÄlestÄni, he came later than I. Also used in exactly the same sense as jÄlessÄ. Sen jÄlestÄ on iso joki, behind it is a big river.

c. JÄlkeen means simply after, the force of the illative case having been lost. Kristuksen syntymÄn jÄlkeen, after the birth of Christ. Minun luuloni jÄlkeen, according to my opinion. Kello kolmen jÄlkeen, after three o’clock. MinÄ kirjoitan sanainne jÄlkeen, I write from your dictation.

(5) Kera, meaning company or society, is used as a postposition with the genitive in the nominative, adessive, and allative, in the signification of with, or beside.

a. Kera:—Sen kera, therewith. Istuin isÄnnÄn kera, I sat with the master of the house.

b. Keralla:—MinÄ menin hÄnen kerallansa, I went with him. KenenkÄ keralla olette olleet? with whom were you?

c. Keralle:—Tule keralleni, come with me.

(6) Keski, the middle. From this are formed the following:—

a. Kesken.

i. Preposition with the partitive, or rarely with the genitive, in the midst of. HÄn pysÄhtyi kesken puhettansa, he stopped in the middle of his speech. Poika itki kesken lauluansa, the boy wept in the midst of his song.

ii. More commonly as a postposition with the genitive. HeidÄn kesken syntyi riita, a controversy arose between them. Kahden keskan, tÊte-À-tÊte. Olkoon se sanottu kahden kesken, let this be between ourselves. Asia on sovittu miesten kesken, the matter has been arranged among the men.

b. KeskenÄ, literally, in the midst, is used with the pronominal suffixes in a reflexive sense which closely resembles the Latin inter se. He pitÄvÄt vihaa keskenÄnsÄ, they hate one another. Me sovimme keskenÄmme, we became reconciled. Pilatus ja Herodes tulivat ystÄviksi keskenÄnsÄ, Pilate and Herod were reconciled.

c. KeskellÄ (dial. KesellÄ). Preposition with the partitive, or postposition with the genitive, in the midst of. KeskellÄ kaupunkia or kaupungin keskellÄ, in the middle of the town. KeskellÄ virtaa, in the middle of the stream. KeskellÄ kesÄÄ, alvea, yÖtÄ, pÄivÄÄ, in the middle of summer, winter, the night, the day.

d. KeskeltÄ, from the midst. Preposition with the partitive, or, more usually, postposition with the genitive. Tulla keskeltÄ peltoa or pellon keskeltÄ, to come from the middle of the field. En nÄhnyt miestÄ keskeltÄ huonetta, I did not see the man from the middle of the room.

(7) Kohta, a place (or kohti) gives the following forms:—

a. Kohdalla, kohdalta, and kohdalle, denote rest in, or motion from and to a place in the vicinity of something else, and are postpositions with the genitive. Talo on kirkon kohdalla, the house is near the church. Ota pois tuolit ikkunan kohdalta, take the chairs away from the window. Katu on laaistu talon kohdalta.

b. Kohtaan, the illative postposition with the partitive, means for or in respect of. HÄn on hyvÄ ystÄviÄnsÄ kohtaan, he is good to his friends. Rakkaus Jumalaa kohtaan, love of God. Lapset ovat nÖyrÄt isÄÄnsÄ kohtaan, the children are humble before their father.

c. Kohti, or kohden, postpositions with the partitive. Tulla kaupunkia kohti or kohden, to come to the town. HÄn kulki kotia kohti. Maksetaan viisi markkaa pÄivÄssÄ miestÄ kohden.

(8) Liki. The nominative, adessive, allative, and ablative are used to mean near.

a. Liki, preposition with partitive. Talo on liki kaupunkia, the house is near the town. ReppÄnÄ on liki lakea, the smoke hole is near the roof.

b. LikellÄ

c. Likelle

d. LikeltÄ

are used either as prepositions with the partitive, or as postpositions with the genitive. MinÄ asun kaupungin likellÄ, or better, likellÄ kaupunkia, I live near the town. And similarly the other two cases are used to express motion towards or from the neighbourhood of an object.

(9) LÄhi, neighbourhood, is used in the adessive, allative, and ablative in exactly the same sense as liki, either as a preposition with the partitive, or as a postposition with the genitive. Kirkon lÄhellÄ or lÄhellÄ kirkkoa, near the church, etc. Rannan lÄhellÄ (or lÄhellÄ rantaa) kasvavat kaihlat. MinÄ ammuin linnun aivan lÄheltÄni, I shot a bird quite near me.

(10) Luo, which is not found as a substantive in the nominative, is used in the essive, partitive, and translative as a postposition with the genitive.

a. The essive, luona, means with or at the house of (French chez). Lapset asuivat setÄnsÄ luona, the children lived with their uncle.

b. The translative, luoksi, is used to express motion to the house or presence of a person. Milloin tulette minun luokseni? when are you coming to see me? Keisari kÄski ruhtinaan tulla hÄnen luoksensa, the emperor ordered the prince to appear before him.

c. There is a form luo, no doubt shortened from luoksi and really a translative, which is used in the same sense as luoksi. MinÄ menen tuttujeni luo, I am going to see my acquaintances.

d. The partitive luota denotes motion from the house or presence of a person. LÄhettilÄs tuli keisarin luota, the ambassador came from the emperor. Milloin lÄksit hÄnen luotansa? when did you leave him?

(11) LÄpi, lÄvitse (lÄpitse), mean across. LÄpi means literally a hole.

a. LÄpi is either a postposition with the genitive, or a preposition with the same case. Kuula meni ikkunan lÄpi, the bullet came through the window. Aurinko paistaa lÄpi ikkunan, the sun shines through the window. Katosi lÄpi kÄsien, it fell through his hands and was lost.

b. LÄpitse or lÄvitse, the prolative, is used in much the same sense, expressing a motion along and through an object. Nuoli tunkesi seinÄn lÄpitse, the arrow passed through the wall. Ei puhalla tuuli turkin lÄvitse, the wind does not pierce through a fur.

(12) Muka, nearness or likeness.

a. Muassa, with. Postposition with genitive. Kulkea muiden muassa, to journey in company with others. Ei minulla ollut rahoja muassani, I had no money about me.

b. The essive mukana is also used in the same sense. Kuka on sinun mukanasi? who is with you?

c. Mukaan, postposition with the genitive, means with, or according to, agreeably to, after. LÄhteÄ toisten mukaan, to go with the others. TehkÄÄ kÄskyn mukaan, do as you are bid. Neuvon mukaan, according to the advice. Luonnon mukaan, naturally. Tapansa mukaan, according to his custom. Koetti hÄn kasvattaa itsensÄ Turgenjevin naistyyppien mukaan, she tried to form herself after Turgenieff’s female types.

(13) a. MyÖtÄ, postposition with genitive, meaning with. Onko rahoja miesten myÖtÄ? have the men money with them? HÄn ei ottanut aseita myÖtÄnsÄ, he did not take the arms with him.

b. MyÖten, postposition with partitive, meaning along or according to. KÄydÄ tietÄ myÖten, to follow a road. Tahtoasi myÖten, as you wish. Virta paisui ÄyrÄitÄnsÄ myÖten, the river flowed by its banks.

(14) Ohi, side, forms the following postpositions with the genitive.

a. Ohessa, at the side of. Istui tien ohessa, he sat by the wayside. Muun ohessa puhui, among other things he said.

b. Ohesta, from the side, rarely used. Nousi tien ohesta, he rose from the way side.

Similarly

c. ohella (or ohilla),

d. ohelta,

e. and oheen

in much the same sense, by the side of or with. HÄn kulki minun ohellani, he came with me. ÄÄni kuului tien ohelta, a noise was heard from the road. Iso kivi on pellon ohella, there is a big stone by the field. Istautui tien oheen, he sat down by the wayside.

f. Ohitse or ohi expresses motion along or by the side of anything. Kulkea jonkun ohitse, to pass a person. Me ajoimme heidÄn ohitsensa (or ohi), we drove by them. Ammuin linnun ohitse, I missed (shot beside) the bird.

(15) PerÄ, the extreme or hinder part of anything, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. PerÄssÄ, behind. Lapsi kÄy isÄn perÄssÄ, the child walks behind the father. Sairaswaunut kulkevat sotajoukon perÄssÄ, the ambulance goes behind the army.

b. PerÄstÄ, behind or after, generally implying that the second object depends on the first, which is thus a point of departure. Sen perÄstÄ, afterwards. Toinen toisensa perÄstÄ, one after another. Kolmen wuoden perÄstÄ, after three years.

c. PerÄÄn, after, implying motion. MennÄ jonkun perÄÄn, to go to look for some one. Katsoa lapsen perÄÄn, to look after the children. Miksi ette lÄhettÄneet minun perÄÄni? why did you not send for me?

(16) The local cases of Puoli, a half or side, are used as postpositions with the genitive.

a. Puolessa, at or near. Turun puolessa, round Turku (Åbo). Pohjan, idÄn puolessa, in the North, in the East.

b. Puolesta, from the side of or for, on behalf of. Puhua itsensÄ puolesta, to speak for oneself. Se tapahtukoon minun puotestani, it can be done as far as I am concerned. Sen puolesta, ettÄ...., for this reason, that.... HÄn nousi maansa puolesta, he rose up for his fatherland.

c. Puolella, on the side of. Tuuli on idÄn puolella, the wind is in the East. Olla kuninkaan puolella, to be on the king’s side. N.B. toisella puolella followed by partitive. Toisella puolella jÄrveÄ, on the other side of the lake.

d. Puolelta, from the side of, from. Tuli syttyi tuulen puolelta, the fire burnt in the side when the wind blew.

e. Puolelle, to the side of, to. MennÄ wihollisten puolelle, to go over to the enemy.

f. Puoleen, to the side of, to. Katsoa jonkun puoleen, to look towards a person. KenenkÄ puoleen minun olisi kÄÄnnyttÄvÄ? to whom shall I turn?

(17) PÄÄ, the head or extremity, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. PÄÄssÄ

b. PÄÄstÄ

c. PÄÄhÄn

are used to express a distance or limit in space. Kuula menee kahden virstan pÄÄhÄn, the bullet carries two miles. Suomen raja on jonkun penikulman pÄÄssÄ Pietarista, the Finnish frontier is some miles from Petersburg. MinÄ tunsin tulijan viiden kymmenen sylen pÄÄstÄ, I recognised the new comer from several yards’ distance. Vihollinen on virstan pÄÄssÄ, the enemy is a mile off. PÄÄstÄ is also used of time. Viikon pÄÄstÄ, after a week.

d. PÄÄllÄ

e. PÄÄltÄ

f. PÄÄlle

express respectively rest on, motion from above or into the space above an object. Olla veden pÄÄllÄ, to float. Tuuli on meren pÄÄltÄ, the wind comes from the sea. LentÄÄ katon pÄÄlle, to fly on to the roof. On sadekaapu palttoon pÄÄllÄ, there is a cape on the great coat.

(18) Rinta, breast or side, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. Rinnalla

b. Rinnalle

expressing rest by, or motion to the side of. Poika istuu isÄnsÄ rinnalla, the boy sits by his father’s side. Laskea joku jonkun rinnalle, to put some one by some one else, i.e. to compare. ÄlÄ pyri hÄnen rinnallensa, strive not to be like him.

(19) Seka, a mixture or collection, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. seassa

b. seasta

c. sekaan

KiiltÄÄ kulta rikkojenkin seasta, gold glitters in what one throws away. Panna wettÄ wiinin sekaan, to mix water with wine. Ihmisten seassa, among men. Seassamme, between us.

(20) SisÄ, the interior, is used as a postposition in all the local cases.

a. SisÄssÄ

b. SisÄstÄ

c. SisÄÄn

d. SisÄllÄ

e. SisÄltÄ

f. SisÄlle

Oletko ollut tÄmÄn huoneen sisÄssÄ, have you been in this room? KÄrme tuli puun sisÄstÄ, the snake came out of the tree. Onko kirkon sisÄllÄ paljo vÄkeÄ, are there many people in the church?

(21) Taka, meaning the space behind anything, forms postpositions with the genitive.

a. Takaa (partitive), from behind or after. HÄn tuli oven takaa, he came from behind the door. Iso honka nÄkyy koivujen takaa, there is a great fir behind the beeches. Wuoden takaa, after a year. It means also according to. Woimansa takaa, according to one’s power; with all one’s might.

b. Takana (essive), behind. KÄydÄ jonkun takana, to go behind or follow any one. Seisoa seinÄn takana, to stand behind the wall. Rahat on takanani, the money is in my keeping. Olla turvan takana, to be under the protection of.

c. Translative—taaksi, taakse, taa, back, backwards, or across. Katsoa taaksensa, to look backwards. LÄhteÄ meren taaksi (or taa), to go across the sea. Aurinko laskeutuu vuorten taa, the sun sets behind the mountains.

(22) SisÄpuoli, interior, is used in the adessive, ablative, and allative.

a. SisÄpuolella Suomalaiset kanssaheimot eivÄt asu kaikki suomen rajain sisÄpuolella, all the Finnish tribes do not live within the Finnish frontier.

b. Kuuluiko ÄÄni huoneen sisÄpuolelta? was the voice heard within the room?

c. Paimen ajoi lampaat aitauksen sisÄpuolelle, the shepherd drove the sheep into the sheepfold.

(23) TykÖ, nearness, forms postpositions with the genitive which have exactly the same meaning as the corresponding cases of luo. TykÖÄ, from; tyÖ, to (e.g. minÄ tulen miehen tyÖ); tykÖnÄ, at or with. The form tyÖ is due to the fact that a termination, probably that of the translative, has been lost. It is only used dialectically.

(24) Ulkopuoli (cf. sisÄpuoli), the exterior, is used in the adessive, allative, and ablative as either a preposition with the partitive or a postposition with the genitive. Kaupungin ulkopuolella or ulkopuolella kaupunkia, outside the town. Similarly are employed the other cases to express motion to or from the outside of anything.

(25) Vasta, the place opposite anything.

a. Vastassa, postposition with the genitive, means opposite, facing. HÄnen vastassansa, opposite him. Toistensa vastassa olevat kaupungit, the cities lie facing each other.

b. Vastaan, postposition with the genitive, has the same meaning with the idea of motion towards added, which however seems to disappear in many metaphorical uses. MennÄ isÄn vastaan, to meet one’s father. MinÄ en ole sitÄ vastaan, I am not against that. TehdÄ kÄskyÄ vastaan, to disobey a command. SitÄ vastaan, on the other hand.

c. Vastoin (instructive plural) is a preposition with the partitive, meaning against or contrary to. Vastoin virtaa, tuulta, against the river, the wind. Vastoin tahtoani, against my wish. ÄlkÄÄ pakoittako tyttÄriÄnne vastoin mieltÄ, do not compel your daughters against their will. Vastoin lakia, against the law.

d. Vasten[17] (instructive singular from a form vasti), preposition or postposition with the partitive, is used in much the same sense as vastoin, but means also (1) about, towards. E.g. ÄlÄ lyÖ poikaa vasten silmiÄ, don’t hit the boy about the eyes. HÄn sai vasten silmÄnsÄ, he got one in the eye; (2) as a postposition with the genitive it means for, on account of. Moni tekee tyÖtÄ ainoastansa omaa hyÖtyÄnsÄ vasten, many work only for their own profit. But varten is better in this sense.

e. VastapÄÄtÄ is used in the meaning of opposite or vis-À-vis, as a preposition with the partitive. Kirkko on rakennettu vastapÄÄtÄ raastupaa, the church is opposite the court-house.

(26) VÄli, the midst, forms postpositions with the genitive. All the local cases are used: VÄlissÄ, vÄlistÄ, vÄliin, vÄlillÄ, vÄlille, vÄlitse. Kirkon ja pappilan vÄlillÄ on maantie, there is a road between the church and the parsonage. Kansan vÄlitse, through the midst of the people. Sano hÄnelle suoraan silmien vÄliin, tell him to his face.

(27) Yli, meaning the place above anything, is used in various forms as a preposition or a postposition with the genitive.

a. Yli (1) as a preposition with the genitive expresses existence above an object; e.g. Pilvet liitÄvÄt yli meren, yli maan, the clouds glide over land and sea. Yli pÄÄmme on kirkas taivas, the bright heaven is above us. We also find expressions like kello on yli viiden, it is after five o’clock. It also expresses metaphorically pre-eminence. HÄn on kunnioitettava yli muiden, he is more honourable than the rest. It is used metaphorically in such expressions as yli wuoden, more than a year; maata yli aikansa, to sleep too long. Yli sen mitÄ ennen on maksettu, what has been paid in addition to previous payments.

(2) Yli is also used as a postposition with the genitive, and as such expresses motion over a thing, so that the object moving remains temporally above it. Matto on levitetty koko lattian yli, the carpet is spread over all the floor. HÄn tuli wÄhÄn yli puoliwÄliin matkaa, he came a little over half way. HÄn katseli olan yli, he looked over his shoulders.

b. Ylitse (prolative) expresses motion over and across an object. Purjehtia meren ylitse, to sail across the sea. Kun pÄÄsisi tÄmÄn raskaan ajan ylitse, when one has got over these hard times.

c. YllÄ

d. YltÄ

e. Ylle

literally expressing rest on, and motion from or to the space above an object, are used as postpositions with the genitive to express the wearing, putting on or taking off of clothes. Pojan yllÄ on uusi takki, the boy has a new coat on. HÄnellÄ on waatteet yllÄnsÄ, he has clothes on. Riisua waatteet yltÄnsÄ, to take off one’s clothes. Panna, pukea yllensÄ; to put on clothes. Cf. oli loassa yltÄ pÄÄltÄ (adverb), to be dirty from head to foot.

(28) YmpÄri, the space surrounding, gives the following forms.

a. YmpÄri is used as a postposition with the genitive. Laiva purjehti maan ympÄri, the ship sailed round the land. It is also used as a preposition with the genitive or partitive in much the same sense. RiittikÖ oma leipÄ ympÄri vuoden? is your own corn enough for the year?

b. YmpÄrillÄ

c. YmpÄriltÄ

d. YmpÄrille

are postpositions with the genitive expressing rest in, motion from or to the space round an object. Kuori on puun ympÄrillÄ, the tree has bark round it. Panna sontaa puun ympÄrille, to manure a tree. MetsÄt ovat kadonneet kaupungin ympÄriltÄ, the forests have been cut down round the town. Miksi on kÄÄre sormesi ympÄrillÄ? why have you a bandage on your finger? Ota huivi kaulan ymperiltÄ, take the handkerchief from round your neck.