1. For what is Europe celebrated? 2. What are its principal divisions? 3. How is Denmark[7] bounded? 4 to 19. How is each of the other divisions bounded? 20. In what part of Europe is Russia? 21. Spain? 22. Norway?[8]

23. Where are the Ural mountains? 24. What mountains are in Italy? 25. In Switzerland? 26. In Austria? 27. Where are the Pyrenees? 23. How are the HÆmus mountains situated? 29. The Dofrafeld mountains? 30. What Volcano is on the island Sicily? 31. Where is Mount Hecla, another volcano?

32. Where is lake Constance? 33. What lakes in Russia lie between the Gulf of Finland and the White sea? 34. Where is lake Ilmen? 35. Lake Wener?

36. Between what countries is the Gulf of Bothnia? 37. What bay is north from Spain? 38. What gulf lies between Italy and Austria? 39. How is the Gulf of Taranto situated? 40. Gulf of Riga?

41. What seas between Europe and Asia? 42. What sea south from Europe? 43. How is the Baltic situated? 44. The White sea?

45. The Ural river rises in the Ural mountains, and forms, in part, the eastern boundary of Russia; into what sea does it flow? 46. What rivers rise in Spain, and flow through Portugal? 47. What other rivers rise in Spain? 48. What rivers intersect the Netherlands? 49. What river of France flows south into the Mediterranean?

50. In what country is the Volga river? 51. Into what does it flow? 52. What city is at its mouth? 53. What rivers in Prussia? 54. What rivers flow into the White sea? 55. Into the Bay of Biscay?

56. What connects the Mediterranean sea with the Atlantic ocean? 57. The Sea of Marmora with the Archipelago? 58. With the Black sea? 59. Where are the Straits of Caffa? 60. Where is Skager Rack?

61. Where is North Cape? 62. Cape La Hogue? 63. Cape Matapan? 64. What capes of Spain are on the coast of the Mediterranean? 65. Which is more northwardly, Cape Ortegal or Finisterre? 66. What cape is the southwest part of Portugal? 67. What is the latitude of the Rock of Lisbon?

68. What islands in the Mediterranean between Italy and Spain? 69. What island lies south from the Archipelago sea? 70. What island lies northeast from Greece? 71. Where is the island Cyprus? 72. Where are Ushant and Bellisle islands?

73. Which way from Ireland is Iceland? 74. What islands on the coast of Norway? 75. Which way from Spain are the British Isles? 76. What islands lie in the Baltic sea? 77. Where are the Shetland and Feroe islands?

78. What peninsula extends from the southern part of Russia into the Black sea? 79. Where is the peninsula, called The Morea? 80. What countries in the south of Europe constitute peninsulas? 81. What countries in the north constitute peninsulas?

82. How is St. Petersburg situated? 83. What is its latitude? 84. New York is situated about 41 degrees latitude, north; what city of Spain is in about the same latitude? 85. How can a person go by water from St. Petersburg to Venice?

86. In what part of Europe is Lapland? 87. Finland? 88. Hungary? 89. How is Paris situated? 90. Madrid? 91. Rome? 92. Constantinople? 93. Copenhagen? 94. Bergen? 95. Konigsburg? 96. Amsterdam? 97. Hamburg? 98. Stockholm? 99. Vienna? 100. Lisbon? 101. Geneva?

102. What direct communication is there between the Bay of Biscay and the Mediterranean sea? 103. Where is the Maelstrom, a formidable whirlpool? 104. West from what countries of Europe is England? 105. What countries of Europe are south from England?

106. In what zone does Europe principally lie? 107. What countries north from the 50th parallel of latitude? 108. What south? 109. Which of the countries of Europe has no sea coast? 110. Which of the countries of Europe is divided into two parts by Germany?[9]

Europe is peculiarly favored in its natural advantages for commerce, there being many bays and inland seas extending in such manner into the interior that there is scarcely a town more than four hundred miles from some navigable bay or sea. It has also many navigable rivers. These advantages have contributed to the growth of the inland cities, which are far in advance of those of our own country in size, population, and elegance.

The climate is excessively cold in the northern parts, especially in Lapland and the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia. In this cold region the rein-deer is the principal support of the inhabitants. Its flesh affords them food; its skin, clothes; and its sinews, twine and thread. It is used also as horses and oxen are in this country, for draught and travelling. It is capable of travelling two hundred miles in a day.

The southern parts of Norway and Sweden have a broken and sandy soil; the harvests are precarious, and the rearing of cattle is practised with considerable success. These countries are celebrated for their forests, which produce vast quantities of pine and fir lumber for exportation. Tar, pitch, hemp, tobacco, and flax are produced.

Russia is the largest empire in the world. It is a level country. The climate and soil are necessarily various. The northern parts are cold and barren, and the southern, peculiarly fertile. Hemp, flax, grain, iron, tar, and furs, are exported in large quantities.

Poland was formerly a powerful independent nation; but in the year 1772 it was unjustly divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Russian Poland has lately made a brave but unsuccessful attempt to regain its independence, and is now again under the tyrannical power of Russia.

The central part of Europe, comprising Denmark, Prussia, Germany, The Netherlands, Switzerland, and Austria is a fertile and healthy country, producing a great variety of the necessaries and luxuries of life. A large part is adapted to grazing. Grain, wine, flax, madder, amber, gold, silver, and copper, are produced. Poland has a noted salt mine, which is represented on page 3.

Italy and Turkey, being situated in the southern part of Europe, possess a warm and healthy climate and fertile soil, producing vines, grain, olives, wheat, figs, and oil. The former is one of the most delightful countries in the world, and was once the seat of the arts and sciences. The latter, comprising Greece, was in ancient times, the parent of learning and the arts, but is now in a state of servitude to tyrannical rulers.

France is a fertile and beautiful country. Its productions are grain, wines, olives, and various fruits. The country is noted for its manufactures of silk and wool, which form the chief exports of the nation. Paris, the capital, is esteemed one of the most luxurious and refined cities in the world, and takes the lead in fashion. France is honored as being the birth-place of Lafayette, the companion and friend of Washington.

Spain and Portugal are so favored by nature, that by industry and good government, they would soon be the most productive countries in the world; but through the indolence of the inhabitants, and the government of despotic rulers, they are degraded, weak, and ignorant. Wheat, rice, silk, hemp, olives, oranges, lemons, figs, &c. are produced.

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