Ability, education and native, 210.

Absolutism in morality, 441-43.

Acquisitive instinct, 140-42.

Activity, creative (see Creative activity); mental, 72-76; physical, 69-72; social, 108-09.

Æsthetic experience, 341-42; and form, 346-51, 358; in industry, 342; in science, 63; sense satisfaction basis of, 345-46; standards, effect of custom on, 105, 361; value of science, 63, 375; values, 351-56; vs. moral values, 353; vs. practical values, 342-45. See also Art.

Affection. See Love.

Age, influence of on learning, 12, 32.

Altruism, 158-59.

Ambition, 156.

Animal, instincts compared with human, 5; man as an, 1; man a social, 81.

Appreciation. See Æsthetic.

Aristocracy, 184.

Aristotle, 45, 95, 176, 308, 435, 437, 438, 439, 444, 447, 458.

Arnold, Matthew, 154, 166, 457.

Art, and emotion, 94-95, 350, 357-58, 362; and morals, 353, 362-67; and nature, 331-33; appreciation of, 312-46; as an industry, 360-61; as propaganda, 357-58, 362, 364; as realization of ideals, 331, 337-41; as recreation, 72, 336; as vicarious experience, 94-95, 356-58; expression of ideas by, 351-57; fine, 334, 336-67, 344; for art's sake, 365-66; imagination in, 73, 338; industrial, 64, 335; origin of, 65, 333-35; standards in, 105, 349, 361. See also Æsthetic.

Attention in habit formation, 31.

Awe, 300-02.

Bacon, Francis, xi, 58, 64, 240, 264, 373, 378.

Bagehot, 114, 423.

Bain, 111.

Beauty. See Art, and Æsthetic.

Behavior, habitual, 26-40; instinctive, 18-26; types of human, 1-46.

Behaviorism, 447.

Belief, gregariousness in, 88-90; individuality in, 142-47.

Bentham, 111, 159, 251, 439, 445, 446.

Bergson, 3, 16, 319.

Bible, 115, 135, 286, 287, 290, 303, 304, 306, 310, 329, 423.

Blame. See Praise.

Bloomfield, Leonard, 214, 222.

Boas, 198, 199, 200, 201.

Bryce, 324.

Burke, Edmund, 260.

Burns, C. Delisle, 254.

Bury, 143, 327, 328.

Butler, 10.

Cannon, 42.

Career of reason, 275-78.

Carlyle, 121-22.

Carnegie, 162, 207.

Cattell, 195.

Change, in customs, 60, 252, 256-57, 261-63; in habits, 53-55; in language, 222-35; opposition to, 127, 143-47, 252-57, 261-63, 326, 327-28, 417-18.

Character. See Personality, and Self, development of.

Christ, 103, 132, 136, 151, 438.

Christianity, 100, 298, 304, 310, 313, 315, 316, 317, 327, 328, 329, 330.

Church, the, as a social institution, 322-28; educational functions of, 324-25; political functions of, 324.

Civilization, and acquisitive instinct, 141; control of instincts in, 20-23, 413-14; factors in development of, xii, 15-17, 217, 379. See also Society.

Classification in science, 242, 397-98.

Coefficient of correlation, 202, 406.

Common sense and science, 381-87.

Communication. See Language.

Companionship. See Gregariousness.

Comte, Auguste, 85.

Conduct, cultivation of socially desirable, 105-09; social standards of, 103-05.

Confession, 304-05.

Conscience, 449.

Conservatism, place of fear in, 127; of habit, 37, 47-48, 55.

Continuity, cultural, 12, 107, 246-50, 263-70.

Cooley, 96.

Courage, 180.

Creative activity, and eccentricity, 175; as sublimation of sex instinct, 69; in art, 64-66, 336; in industry, 72, 339; in society, 336, 358-60. See also Imagination.

Culture, continuity of, 12, 107, 246-50, 272-74, 418; dependent on environment, 199.

Curiosity, instinct of, 22, 74-75; and scientific inquiry, 62, 369, 387-89.

Custom, attitudes toward, 249-72; and art, 105, 349-50; and morals, 414-24; changes in, 60, 252, 256-57, 261-63; effects of on progress, 420-24; preservation of, 90, 127, 252-61; social value of, 419-20, 429.

Dante, 133, 356, 364, 431.

Darwin, 12, 74, 317, 376.

Deduction, 62, 391.

Democracy, 184, 213.

Dewey, 11, 13, 67, 69, 73, 75, 107, 380, 389, 390, 398, 407, 408, 417, 420, 433, 447, 459.

Dickens, 172, 178.

Dickinson, G. Lowes, 271.

Differences, individual, and education, 186-87, 209-13; causes of, 190-209; in industry, 211-12; in leadership, 119; in reflection, 57, 394-95: influence of environment on, 193, 199, 206-09; of heredity, 202-06; of race, 195-202; of sex, 190-95.

Discontent, due to repression of instincts, 23-26.

Dislike. See Hate.

Divine, as the human ideal, 310-11; description of, 308-10.

Dogmatism, 167-69.

Dow, 346.

Dowson, Ernest, 294.

Eccentrics, 173-76.

Education, and individual differences, 186-87, 209-13; and morals, 457-59; as transmitter of the past, 12, 107, 272-74, 418; by the church, 324-25; instrument for social betterment and control, xii, xiii, 12, 22, 35, 46, 107-08, 158-59; made possible by prolonged period of infancy, 11-12; and by language, 15. See also Learning.

Egoism, 158-59.

Emerson, 281, 291.

Emotion, accompanies satisfaction or frustration of instincts or habits, 37, 43, 45-46; and art, 94-95, 350, 357-58, 362; and language, 235-39; aroused in maintenance of self, 178-81; as driving power, 44-45; difficulty of classifying, 42-43; in morals, 45-46, 436-38; impedes reflection, 43-44; James-Lange theory of, 41; of dislike or hate, 128-29, 134-37; 179-80; of fear, 125-28; of pity, 123-25; of love, 128-33; physical indications of, 40-42.

Empirical morality, 449-54.

Enthusiasm, 169-71; religious, 305-08.

Environment, control of by science, 64; influence of on Æsthetic appreciation, 105, 361; on individual differences, 193, 206-09; on racial differences, 199; on instincts, 20-26; maladjustment between individual and, 25; possibility of choice of, 207-09.

Ethics, and life, 454-55; contrast between professed and practiced, 100-01. See also Morality.

Euripedes, 123, 180, 306, 356.

Evolution, 317-20.

Experience, art as vicarious, 94-95; 356-58; modifies man's instincts, 27.

Experiment, to determine learning process in animals, 8; number of instincts in animals, 4; in children, 5.

Experimental moral standards, 447-48, 453.

Experimentation in science, 399-401.

Expression, art as means of, 351-56. See also Æsthetic, and Religion.

Fatigue, influence of on learning, 30-32; in relation to industry, 76-77; >mental, 77-80; nervous, 77; physical, 76-77, 192.

Fear, and religious experience, 300-02; instinct of, 125-28; of the new, 127, 143, 253.

Field, Eugene, 352.

Fighting instinct. See Pugnacity.

Fiske, 10.

Folkways, 104.

Food, instinct of, 67.

Form, and Æsthetic experience, 346-51.

Freedom of speech, 142-47.

Freudian psychology, 111, 164, 202.

Friendship. See Love.

Frost, Robert, 84.

Galton, Francis, 83, 201.

Garibaldi, 118, 120.

Generalization in reflection, 400-02.

Genius, 175.

God, 281, 282, 283, 290, 292, 293, 294, 303, 305, 308, 309, 310, 312, 315, 316, 319, 320.

Goethe, 161, 363.

Goff, 132.

Goldmark, 76, 77, 192.

Gregariousness, effect of on innovation, 90; importance of for social solidarity, 86-87, 181; in action, 89-90; in belief, 88-89; instinct of, 83-90, 138.

Group-feeling, 181-85; influence of on language, 233. See also Society.

Habit, as time-saver, 33-36; importance of in morals, 436-37; language as a, 217-18, 222; of reflection, importance of, 37, 53, 59-60, 430; strength of in individual, 47-48, 55; in society, 37.

Habits, and emotion, 37, 43, 45-46; and instincts, 7, 27; disserviceable, 36-37; education a deliberate acquisition of, 12, 35, 46; formation of, 7, 26-33, 38, 52-53, influence of on thinking, 55-58; modification of by reflection, 53-55; of mind, 12, 37, 53, 59-60, 430; specific not general, 38-40; transference of, 38, 40.

Hard, William, 117.

Harrison, Jane, 297, 301, 334, 343.

Hart, 25, 386.

Hate, 128-29, 134-37, 179-80.

Health, influence of on learning, 32.

Hegel, 258.

Henley, 180, 236.

Heraclitus, 374.

Herd instinct. See Gregariousness.

Heredity, 202-06.

Hinks, 388.

History, and religion, 314-15.

Hobhouse, 69.

Housman, 129.

Hunger, instinct of, 4, 67.

Huxley, 382, 398.

Ideals, created by reflection, 431, 433-34; devotion to, 169, 170, 173; foundation of, 276; realization of in art, 331, 337; in morals, 437; in religion, 292-93.

Ideas, expressed in art, 351-57; fear of the novel in, 127, 143, 145; man alone reacts to, 13.

Imagination, as form of mental activity, 72-77; in art, 73, 338; in science, 73-75, 339-41, 375. See also Creative activity.

Impotence. See Need.

Impulses. See Instincts.

Individual, and education, 186-87, 209-13; differences (see Differences, individual); maladjustment between environment and, 25.

Individualism, 183-84, 427.

Individuality, and progress, 144-47, 190; consciousness of unique in man, 13; in opinion and belief, 142-44.

Induction, 62.

Industry, art as an, 360-61; individual differences in, 211-12; need of creative activity in, 72, 339.

Infancy, prolonged period of in man, 10-12.

Inquisition, 327-28.

Instinct, and habit, 7, 27; acquisitive, 140-42; definition of, 2, 18; of curiosity, 22, 62, 74-75, 369, 387-89; fear, 125-28, 143, 253, 300-02; gregariousness, 83-90, 138, 181; hunger, 4, 67-68; leadership, 22, 119-23; mental activity, 72-76; parental, 4, 124, 245; physical activity, 69-72; pity, 123-25; play, 22, 70-71; pugnacity, 111-115; self-preservation, 4; sex, 67-69, 190-95, 243; shelter, 67-68; submission, 116-19, 123; sympathy, 22, 90-96, 158-59.

Instincts, and education, xii, xiii, 458-59; and emotion, 43, 45; basis of morals, 411-14, 440, 454-56; conflict of, 413-14; control of, 19-26, 59, 413-14; happiness comes from satisfaction of, 25-26; interpenetration of, 6, 110-11, 411; modification of, 5-7, 11, 18-19, 22, 52-53; number and variety of, 3-6; repression of, 20-26; specific not general, 3; unchanged since prehistoric times, xi-xii, 21.

Intelligence, a conscious adjustment of habits, 40; influence of heredity on, 202-06, of race, 196-202, of sex, 191, 195; makes possible control of nature, 16; measurement of, 188, 191, 197, 209; types of, 187-88.

Interests, conflict of in society, 413-14.

Intolerance, 327-28.

Intuition, 194, 451.

Intuitionalism, 448-49.

Invention of tools, 16, 17.

James, William, 2, 3, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 41, 42, 43, 101, 114, 126, 128, 137, 148, 155, 156, 158, 160, 161, 165, 280, 281, 289, 292, 293, 302, 321, 329, 351, 371, 392, 393.

Jennings, 4.

Jevons, 295, 398, 402, 403, 404.

Job, 290, 301.

Jones, A. L., 405, 407.

Joy, religious expression of, 305-07.

Kant, 413, 442, 443, 456.

Kelvin, 375, 387.

Kerr-Lawson, 132.

Keyser, 321.

Kropotkin, 245.

Ladd, 30.

Lang, 114.

Lange, 41.

Language, and emotion, 235-39; and logic, 235, 239-42; and thought, 218-21; as a social habit, 217-18, 222; changes in, 222-35; importance of for civilization, 15, 217; man alone possesses, 14, 214-15; origin of, 216-17; primitive, 220-21, 230; uniformities in, 227-28, 231-33.

Law, and morals, 457-59; and society, 22, 106; scientific, 61, 371.

Leadership, instinct of, 22, 118, 123; submission to, 116-19, 123.

Learning, affected by age, fatigue, and health, 12, 32; capacity for in men and animals, 11; drill and attention in, 31; importance of habit of, 37, 53, 59-60, 430; process of, 6-10, 31 (see also Education, and Reflection); trial-and-error, 7.

Le Bon, 91.

Lee, Frederick S., 77.

Lincoln, 118, 132, 146, 163.

Logic, and language, 235, 239-42.

Love, 128-33.

Lowell, 282.

Loyalty, 116-17.

Lucretius, 177, 301, 308, 363, 374, 376.

McDougall, 3, 19, 28, 42, 43, 69, 83, 86, 90, 91, 94, 111, 114, 115, 120, 124, 126, 142, 149, 171, 440.

Malthus, 245.

Man, as social being, 81-83; primitive, 16-17; study of, basis of ethics, 454-57; unique characteristics of, 10-17.

Marett, 220-221.

Markham, Edwin, 357.

Marot, Helen, 72, 111, 359.

Marx, Karl, 263.

Masefield, 356.

Mayo-Smith, 263.

Mendelian laws of heredity, 205, 379.

Mental activity, 72-76.

Meyer, Eduard, 183.

Mill, John Stuart, 92, 125, 144, 146, 163, 175, 184, 311, 316, 319, 320, 332, 342, 399, 402, 445.

Mills, 15.

Milton, 145, 363.

Moral action, 431-33; knowledge, 448; standards, 419-20, 424, 443, 447-48, 450, 452; theory, types of, 441-54; values, 353, 419, 425, 432, 442.

Morality, absolutistic, 441-43; and art, 362-67; and education, 457-59; and emotion, 45-46, 436-37; and habit, 45-46, 436; and human nature, 455-57; and intellectualism, 438-39; and law, 457-59; based on instincts, 411-13, 440, 454-56; customary, 414-24; empirical, 449-54; inadequacy of theory in, 434-38; intuitional, 448-49; reflective, 424-34; relativistic and teleological, 443-45; spontaneous, 456-57.

Morley, John, 167.

Mysticism, 288-89.

Napoleon, 118, 121.

Nature, and art, 331, 333; man's control of, xi-xii, 16, 17; science as explanation of, 369-75; unchangeability of, xi.

Need, and religious experience, 294-300.

New, progress and the, 144-47; distrust of, 127, 143-47, 253-61; idealization of, 261-63. See also Originality.

Newton, xi, 12, 56, 74, 177, 321, 376.

Nietzsche, 122, 139, 168, 427.

Northcliffe, Lord, 106.

Noyes, Alfred, 351.

Observation in science, 395-97, 402-05.

Opinion, individuality in, 142-47; suppression of, 163.

Originality in thinking, causes of, 56-57; encouragement of, 90, 105; fear of, in society, 90, 143-47. See also New.

Orosius, 314-15.

O'Shaughnessy, 363.

Other-worldliness, 328.

Parental instinct, 4, 124-25, 245.

Pascal, 172.

Past, critical examination of, 263-70; disparagement of, 251, 261-63; education as transmitter of, 12, 107, 272-74, 418; idealization of, 254-57; limitations of, 270-72; our heritage from, 246-50, 263-70; veneration of, 252-54.

Pasteur, 321, 380.

Pater, Walter, 249-50.

Pearson, Karl, 63, 190, 202, 378.

Penance, 304.

Personality, 149, 151, 162-64, 432. See also Self.

Physical activity, instinct of, 69-72; fatigue, 76-77.

Pity, instinct of, 123-125.

Plato, 65, 98, 108, 127, 131, 176, 178, 296, 308, 362, 426, 435.

Play. See Physical activity, and Recreation.

Pleasure, 446-47.

Poe, 95.

PoincarÉ, 63, 372, 397.

Pope, 258.

Population, 243-45; restriction of, 245-46.

Possession. See Acquisitive.

Praise and blame, as instruments of social control, 97, 101-07, 416; determine professed standards, 100-01, 424; in development of self, 149-51; indifference to, 103; man responsive to, 96-107, 414, 415.

Prayer, 297-300; 302.

Prejudice, influences thinking, 57-58, 395.

Primitive and civilized races, 196-202; language, 220-21, 230; man's manufacture of tools, 16-17; morality, 417; religion, 295-98, 300-01, 305, 307; science, 61-62.

Principles, 431.

Privacy, instinctive demand for, 138.

Probability, 405-07.

Progress, and custom, 420-24; and pugnacity, 114-15; and reflection, 434; and variation from normal, 144-47, 190; science as an instrument of, 379, 407-10.

Propaganda, art as, 357-58, 362, 364; emotional value of words in, 239.

Psychological tests. See Intelligence, measurement of.

Psychology, and ethics, 454; behavioristic, 447; "faculty," 39; Freudian, 111, 164, 202; of Utilitarianism, 446-47.

Public opinion, 22, 101, 106-07; opposition to, 103.

Pugnacity, instinct of, 111-115.

Quiescence, 76.

Race, continuity of human, 67-68, 243, 247; influence of on individual

differences, 195-202.

Rashdall, 446, 456.

Reason, and religion, 307-22; as director of life, 58-59; career of, 275-78; in absolutistic morality, 442. See also Reflection, and Thinking.

Recreation, 70-71; art as, 72, 336; form dependent on work and habits, 72.

Reflection, and individual differences, 57, 394-95; and morality, 424-34; creates moral standards, 428-30, 438-39; in art, 64-66; in science, 60-64; inadequacy of in morals, 434-38; limited by instinct and habit, 55-58; modifier of instinct and habit, 52-55; process of, 47-52, 219; value of for society, 37, 53, 58-60, 430, 434. See also Learning, Scientific method, and Thinking.

Reflex, 2, 67, 214.

Relativistic morality, 443-45.

Religion, and history, 314; and science, 311-22; experiences giving rise to expression of, 294-307; institutionalized, 322-28; offers solace, 287-94, 328-30; realization of ideals in, 292-93; primitive, 295-98, 300-01, 305, 307; rationalization of personal, 307-22.

Remorse and religion, 302.

Repentance, 303-04.

Repetition in habit formation, 29-31.

Repression of instincts, 19-26.

Ribot, 91, 284.

Robinson, James Harvey, 256, 266.

Robinson, Edwin Arlington, 133.

Roosevelt, 115, 170.

Ross, 86, 121.

Russell, Bertrand, 65, 74, 108, 111, 127, 128, 136, 169, 175, 286, 299, 337, 354, 373, 374, 437.

Sabatier, 299.

Sacrifice, 297-99.

Santayana, 65, 130, 174, 250, 335, 338, 345, 347, 355, 430, 456.

Schopenhauer, 95, 344.

Science, Æsthetic aspect of, 63; and common sense, 381-87; and progress, xi-xiii, 379, 407-10; and religion, 311-22; as explanation of natural phenomena, 369-75, classification in, 242, 397-98; definition of, 368; experimentation in, 399-401; imagination in, 73-75, 339-41, 375; innovation in, 105; observation in, 395-97, 402-05; practical, 63-64, 377-81; primitive, 61-62; pure, 373-81, 410; social, 405-07.

Scientific inquiry, curiosity and, 62, 369, 387-89; law, 61, 371; method, 58, 61-62, 381-402.

Self-assertion, 167-69; consciousness of the, 12-13, 161-64; development of, 139, 148-51, 157-59; display, 165; preservation, 4, 67; sufficiency, 166; surrender, 116, 172-73, 293-94; satisfaction and dissatisfaction, 159-61; the divided, 154-55; the negative, 171-73; the permanent, 151-52, 156-59; the social, 149-51, 157; types of the, 164-78.

Sense satisfaction basis of Æsthetic experience, 345-46.

Sex, and creative activity, 69; and racial continuity, 243; influence of on individual differences, 190-95; instinct of, 67-69.

Shakespeare, 355.

Shelley, 171, 174, 251, 282, 289, 362, 365.

Sidgwick, 441, 448.

Smith, Adam, 111.

Social activity, 108-09; being, man as a, 81-83; consequences of fear, 126-28; of leadership, 121-22; of opposition to public opinion, 103; of pity, 124-25; of submission, 118-19; inertia, 37, 127, 421; institution, the church as a, 322-28; motive, 108-09; sciences, 405-07; self, 149-51, 157; solidarity, 86-87, 181; standards of conduct, 103-07; value of consciousness of self, 13; of custom, 419-20, 429; of individuality in opinion, 144-47; of praise and blame, 97, 101-07, 416; of prolonged period of infancy, 12; of pugnacity, 114-15; of reflection, 37, 53, 59-60, 430, 434.

Socialism, 142.

Society, and education, 107-08, 158-59, 210-13; and individual happiness, 25-26, 185; and law, 22, 106; based on instinct of gregariousness, 81-87; conflict of interests in, 413-14; control of instincts in, 20-26, 413-14.

Socrates, 103, 151, 163, 241, 366, 425, 457.

Solitude, 138.

Sorel, Georges, 133.

Specificity of instincts, 3; of habits, 38-40.

Speech (see also Language); freedom of, 142-47.

Standards, Æsthetic, 349; a priori, 443; experimental, 447-48, 453; ideal, 151, 433-34; language, 231-33; moral, 100-01, 419-20, 424, 428-30, 450, 452; social, 103-05.

Statistics, 405-07.

Stirner, Max, 169, 427.

Stork, Charles Wharton, 171.

Submissive instinct, 116-19.

Suggestion, in thinking, 391, 394-97.

Sutherland, 111.

Swinburne, 237, 277, 285.

Sympathy, 90-96, 158-59.

Tabu, 415.

Tarde, 91, 111.

Taylor, Henry Osborn, 313-14, 329, 364.

Teleology in morals, 443-45.

Tender emotion, 123-25.

Tennyson, 308, 350.

Theology, 307-22.

Theory, inadequacy of in morals, 434-38.

Thilly, 312.

Thinking, common sense vs. scientific, 381-87; influence of habit on, 55-58; analyzes experience, 219; begins with a problem, 60, 389-94. See also Reflection, and Scientific method.

Thompson, Sylvanus P., 375.

Thomson, 376, 380.

Thorndike, Edward L., 3, 8, 19, 78, 79, 91, 97, 98, 116, 125, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 203, 213.

Thought, and language, 218-21; originality in, 56-57.

Tolstoy, 100, 360, 361, 449.

Tools, man only maker and user of, 15.

Tradition. See Custom.

Trial-and-error, learning, 7, 48, 52, 216; reflection as mental, 49.

Trotter, 85, 90, 117, 107-68, 173, 434, 451.

Tufts, 417, 433.

Tylor, Edward B., 269.

Tyndall, 340.

Types of self, 164-78; of intelligence; 187-88.

Utilitarianism, 439, 445-48.

Values, Æsthetic, 351-56; ideal, 431; moral, 353, 419, 425, 432, 442.

Veblen, 104, 141, 182.

Verification in scientific procedure, 393-94.

Wallas, Graham, 35-36, 99, 139, 239, 412, 452.

War, and acquisitive instinct, 140-41; and hate, 135; and pugnacity, 113-14.

Ward, Lester, 141.

Watson, 4, 7, 15, 215.

Wharton, Edith, 84.

Wilde, Oscar, 270, 338.

Will, 153.

Wilson, Woodrow, 182.

Wolff, Christian, 315.

Woodbridge, 265.

Woodworth, 19, 30, 42, 81-82, 108, 109, 197.

Wordsworth, 281, 344.

Work determines form of recreation, 71-72.