Cremation of the Dead: Its History and Bearings Upon Public Health

INDEX.

Apparatus, cost of best modern, 113
— inoffensiveness of the modern, 106, 112, 114
Ashes, depositing in churches, 16, 124
— — in urns, 119
— interment of, 16, 36, 123
— time necessary for reduction to, 115
— weight of, 115
Burials, crowded, 41, 67
— dangers of, 6, 18, 53
— depths of, 46
— in caves, 5, 29
— in vaults, 47, 59
— near habitations, 44, 54
Burial-grounds, inundations of, 48, 63, 65
— — draining of, 48
— — old, 50
Burial laws, 41
Cattle, burial of, 63
Cemeteries, 43, 47
— conveyance to distant, 80
Churchyards, closing of, 50, 80
Churchyard vapours, 54, 58, 60
Coffins, 52
Columbaria, 16, 75, 124
Common graves during epidemics, 6
Cost of modern system of cremation, 114
— — old systems, 91, 100
Cremation and burial practised together, 5, 9, 11, 70
— — medical science, 23
— amongst ancient peoples, 4, 11, 19, 35
— during epidemics, 6
— half-and-half schemes of, 40, 64, 76
— in America, 83
— in Austria, 79
— in battlefields, 18
— in Belgium, 78
— in England, 85
— in France, 75
— in Germany, LONDON: PRINTED BY
SPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE
AND PARLIAMENT STREET

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PLATE I.
Photo-Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & Westminster

VIEW OF A SIEMENS' APPARATUS (GERMAN)

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PLATE II.
Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & Westminster

SIEMENS' APPARATUS (ENGLISH PATTERN)

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PLATE III.
Photo-Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & WestminsterE. F. C. Clarke Del.

SKETCH OF MORTUARY CHAPEL

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PLATE IV.
Photo-Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & Westminster J. E. Newton, Del.

URNS

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PLATE V.
Photo-Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & Westminster E. F. C. Clarke Del.

SKETCH OF FAMILY COLUMBARIUM
OR NICHE IN PRIVATE CHAPEL

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PLATE VI.
Photo-Lithographed by Rob^t J Cook & Hammond Charing Cross & Westminster E. F. C. Prontis Del.

URNS IN THE CHURCH AND CRYPT.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The original proposer of this scheme was M. Rudler, who proposed it to Dr. Caffe, of Paris, in 1857.

[2] Jamieson.

[3] Ibid.

[4] Herodotus.

[5] Cicero.

[6] Pliny.

[7] Canon Greenwell.

[8] Jamieson.

[9] Cremation is not opposed to Jewish doctrines.—'Jewish Chronicle,' April 10, 1874.

[10] Frazer.

[11] 'Iliad.'

[12] 'On the Causes of some Epidemics.' Glasgow, 1874.

[13] 'The plague-pit,' says the 'Lancet' of September 16, 1854, 'is situated within the area bounded by Argyll Place, King Street, Tyler Street, Little Marlborough Street being directly over the pit.'

[14] H. W. Hemsworth.

[15] Rolleston.

[16] Tertullian.

[17] Jamieson.

[18] 'Lancet.'

[19] St. A. St. John.

[20] Rev. J. Edkins.

[21] The Earl of Shaftesbury once remarked to an eminent promoter of the present cremation movement, with regard to this very prevalent and erroneous notion, that it was altogether unreasonable. 'What,' said he, 'would in such a case become of the blessed martyrs?'

[22] 'I presume that it has been shown beyond doubt that the material particles which make up our bodies are in a constant state of flux, the entire physical nature being changed every seven years; so that if all the particles which once entered into the structure of a man of fourscore were reassembled, they would suffice to make seven or eight bodies.'—Rev. A. K. H. B.

[23] Dean Stanley.

[24] Ibid.

[25] I. O. in 'Church Review.'

[26] Cremation has already been made the subject of verse upon the Continent. Dr. Moretti, of Cannero, in the 'Annali di Chimica,' 1872, has given to the world some excellent verses; and Professor Polizzi, in a poem published at Girgenti, 1873, and dedicated to the memory of Dr. Salsi, has also eloquently apostrophised the subject. Some two-and-twenty stanzas in the Milanese dialect were published in 1874, by Civelli of Milan. I have also seen some German verses, signed 'Dranmor,' and a short but charming poem in the same language by Justinius Kerner. It is a matter of regret that those of our own poets who have been in favour of burning the dead did not enshrine their proclivities in verse. Southey, for instance, wrote that the custom of interment 'makes the idea of a dead friend more unpleasant. We think of the grave, corruption, and worms: burning would be better.' But he left us no poetry on the subject.

[27] It forms no part of my purpose to defend cremation against those who consider that its practice might lead to the commission of crime owing to the entire destruction of the body. This and other objections have been suitably dealt with in the work of Sir Henry Thompson.

[28] Crawfurd.

[29] See Plate VI.

[30] 'Building News,' April 18, 1874.

[31] Or All Souls' day. Some most touching scenes are witnessed in continental cemeteries on this occasion, more particularly in France and North Germany.

[32] Potter.

[33] See Plate V.

[34] Jamieson.

[35] Mr. Hemsworth has suggested an apparatus for the purpose.

[36] Dr. Parkes, 'Practical Hygiene,' 4th edit. 1874.

[37] 'J. Arch. Soc.' vol. xvi.

[38] The commissioners sent to report upon the state of the English graveyards in the year 1872 found no less than 130 cemeteries occupied by our dead. Forty-five of them contained no monuments, and 65 only headstones of the commonest kind. The French had gathered together some 28,000 of their dead, and formed one large campo santo. The English commission reported that it would require 5,000l. to put the graveyards in seemly order, and an annual expenditure of some 200l. more. It appears that the graves have been frequently rifled by the Tartar peasantry in search of rings and other valuables. See 'Daily Telegraph,' Oct. 30, 1874.

[39] 'Iliad.'

[40] Dr. Parkes.

[41] Gamgee on the 'Cattle Plague.'

[42] Frazer.

[43] The last public utterance was made by Dr. Wheelhouse, of Leeds, in his address of October in the present year. He says:—

'Do we not shun, and that most wisely, the presence of those afflicted with infectious diseases so long as they remain amongst us; and yet, no sooner are they removed by death, than we are content, with tender sympathy indeed, and most loving care it is true (but with how much wisdom?), to lay them in the ground that they may slowly dissipate their terribly infectious gases through the soil, and saturating that, may thereby recharge the rains of heaven, as they filter through it, with all their virulence and terrible power of reproduction in the systems of the living. I am not the thorough and entire believer in the disinfecting and depurating power of the soil that I once was; for terrible examples of its failure have, in my judgment, come under my notice.

'Sir Henry Thompson has lately sounded a note of alarm on this subject; and though, for the present, it may fall upon ears unheeding or unsympathetic, I yet venture to think that, in time to come, his warning will be enforced by stern necessity, and that some better method of disposing of our dead will take the place of the burial so honoured and revered by us.'

[44] Frazer.

[45] Spondanus.

[46] Frazer.

[47] 'Iron.'

[48] Veritz.

[49] Welch and Davis.

[50] Dr. Parkes, in the chapter upon the Disposal of the Dead, in 'Practical Hygiene,' evidently leans to the opinion that burial in the sea might suit maritime nations.

[51] Dr. von Steinbeis.

[52] Mr. H. J. Hutchinson.

[53] Buckland.

[54] Frazer.

[55] Lieut. Oliver.

[56] Howarth.

[57] This word conveys the meaning of burial in the actual earth better perhaps than any other.

[58] Wylie.

[59] Dr. Eatwell.

[60] Lockhart.

[61] By Mr. McCullum in 1873.

[62] Rossellini.

[63] By Professor Gennarelli.

[64] See the body of Mrs. Van Butchell, embalmed by Dr. Hunter and Mr. Carpenter in 1775.

[65] Walker.

[66] What a majority this must be, if the human skeleton from the Florida Reef is rightly estimated by Agassiz at 10,000 years old, the Egyptian relics from the Limant Bay borings by RosiÈre at 30,000, the remains from the New Orleans forest by Dowler at 50,000 years, and if the human bones found at the Illinois river, at Natchez, at Calaveras, at Anguilla Island, and in the Ashley river, are correctly stated by Schmidt, Dickeson, Whitney, Rijgersma, Holmes, Lubbock, and others, as contemporaneous with the mammoth and mastodon!

[67] Hutchinson.

[68] Bradley.

[69] Hutchinson.

[70] St. John.

[71] Dr. A. Campbell.

[72] Tacitus.

[73] Bogouschefsky.

[74] Crawfurd, &c.

[75] Feudge.

[76] Elliot.

[77] Major Godwin-Austen.

[78] St. A. St. John.

[79] Professor Le Conte.

[80] Chapman.

[81] Griffiths.

[82] Vitruvius.

[83] Dr. Oliver.

[84] Herodotus.

[85] Journal Anth. Inst.

[86] St. A. St. John.

[87] In ancient Greece, unteethed infants, suicides, and lightning-stricken people, were forbidden the privileges of cremation.

[88] The first devised cinerator was that of Col. Thos. Martin, and in it any number of bodies could be calcined at a time, and still allow of a separate collection of the ashes. This cinerator was in the shape of a pentagon, to accommodate the various castes, and had a separate place allotted to the Brahmins.

[89] 'Iron.'

[90] Liadov.

[91] Godwin-Austen.

[92] Frazer.

[93] Professor P. Gorini, author of 'I vulcani sperimentali,' is said to have made some experiments in his laboratory at Lodi during the month of September 1873, with a liquid composition of which he preserves the secret, and which envelopes in flames and completely destroys without noise or odour whatever animal substance is immersed in it. But some doubts have been raised as to its practicability.

[94] 'Jewish Chronicle.'

[95] See p. 64.

[96] In the 'Gartenlaube,' No. 19, 1874.

[97] Baker, 'Laws relating to Burial,' 4th ed. London: 1874. Mr. Baker was kind enough to read over the proof of this chapter.

[98] By Dr. Tripe.

[99] During an official enquiry held by Mr. Holland, in November 1874, into the management of the Tooting cemetery, it transpired that four or five inches of intervening earth had been deemed necessary by the inspector of the cemetery, instead of the twelve inches stipulated by law. In the case of private graves the coffins had been laid without any intervening earth at all.

[100] The Congress of Hygiene at Brussels recommended an intervening space of 400 mÈtres between a cemetery and any habitation.

[101] The Greek word cemetery means a sleeping-place, and the idea of rest would be far better conveyed if only ashes were laid there, as no further atomical change would be possible.

[102] In the Tooting cemetery enquiry, November 1874, it was proved that although the subsoil required draining, the merest surface drainage had been resorted to. The Burial Board admitted that in one instance a coffin had been deposited in a grave with water in it sufficient to cover it.

[103] Patent Office Records.

[104] 'The decomposition of bodies gives rise to a very large amount of carbonic acid. Ammonia and an offensive putrid vapour are also given off. The air of most cemeteries is richer in carbonic acid (·7 to ·9 per thousand—Ramon de Luna), and the organic matter is perceptibly large when tested by potassium permanganate.'—Dr. Parkes, 'Practical Hygiene,' 4th edit. 1873.

[105] See foot-note, p. 53.

[106] Dr. De Pietra Santa.

[107] 'In vaults the air contains much carbonic acid, carbonate or sulphide of ammonium, nitrogen, hydrosulphuric acid, and organic matter. Fungi and germs of infusoria abound.'—Dr. Parkes, 'Practical Hygiene,' 4th ed.

[108] Raulin.

[109] By Dr. Adams, of Pittsfield.

[110] Frazer.

[111] The cemeteries at Finchley, according to Mr. Lowe, are drained into an open brook, and the drainage eventually runs into the River Brent. The cemetery at Tooting at the present moment discharges into an open ditch, and this flows into the River Wandle, from which many of the inhabitants in its vicinity are accustomed to draw supplies.

[112] Dr. De Pietra Santa.

[113] The Rev. S. Long.

[114] Lieut. Holland.

[115] Burton.

[116] In 1849.

[117] For further details under this head, see 'La CrÉmation des Morts,' par Dr. Pietra Santa.

[118] Dr. Borgiotti, quoted by Dr. Golfarelli.

[119] 'Echo,' Sept. 23, 1874.

[120] 'Sulla Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[121] 'Sulla Incinerazione dei Cadaveri.'

[122] 'Sulla Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[123] Ibid.

[124] Ibid.

[125] 'Sulla Incinerazione dei Cadaveri.'

[126] 'La Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[127] Ibid.

[128] 'Sulla Incinerazione dei Cadaveri.'

[129] 'La Cremazione e l'Igiene.'

[130] 'Humatio vel Crematio.'

[131] 'Intorno alla Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[132] 'La Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[133] 'L'Incinerazione dei Cadaveri È ammissibile?'

[134] 'La Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[135] Ibid.

[136] 'Sulla Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[137] 'La Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[138] 'La Cremazione dei Cadaveri umani.'

[139] 'L'Incinerazione dei Cadaveri È ammissibile?'

[140] 'Inumazione, Imbalzamazione e Cremazione dei Cadaveri.'

[141] In the 'Osservatore Cattolico.'

[142] In the 'Annali di Chimica,' &c.

[143] In the 'Gazette d'Andelfingen.' See also 'Leichenverbrennung als rationellste Bestattungsart.'

[144] The same remark was made by Napoleon at St. Helena, when expressing his wish that his body might be burnt.

[145] Le 'Pungolo' de Milan.

[146] 'SÉpultures Nationales.'

[147] It is worthy of notice, that upwards of thirty years ago HonorÉ de Balzac, in his novel Madame Jules, represents the husband of the dead lady as applying to the Minister of the Interior for leave to burn her body, and upon obtaining it, he put the ashes in an urn, and placed the latter in his cabinet. He was evidently in favour of the scheme, and chose to record his approval of it in this way.

[148] 'La Presse.'

[149] 'France MÉdicale.'

[150] 'Gazette Hebdomadaire.'

[151] 'L'Union MÉdicale.'

[152] 'La CrÉmation des Morts en Italie.'

[153] 'La CrÉmation des Morts en France et À l'Étranger.'

[154] By Dr. Janssens in the 'Journal de la SociÉtÉ Royale des Sciences MÉdicales et Naturelles de Bruxelles,' 1873.

[155] 'BrÛlez les corps et ne les ensevelissez pas.'

[156] 'L'IndÉpendance Belge,' avril 1874.

[157] 'BrÛlons nos morts,' 1874.

[158] 'Times,' May 1874.

[159] On the fourth day of Pentecost.

[160] 'Cologne Gazette,' June 11, 1874.

[161] 'Jewish Chronicle,' April 10, 1874.

[162] 'Die Leichenverbrennung,' 1855, and 'Denkschrift von Leichenverbrennung,' 1860.

[163] 'Ueber Leichenverbrennung,' 1874.

[164] 'De la CrÉmation des Cadavres,' 1874.

[165] 'Sur le ProcÉdÉ rÉgÉnÉrateur et la maniÈre de le pratiquer.'

[166] In the 'Penn Monthly,' June 1874, and since reprinted separately.

[167] 'Chicago Daily Inter-Ocean,' March 1874.

[168] Henry Laurens, first President of the American Congress, and later on, George Opdyks.

[169] 'Hydriotaphy, or Urn Burial,' 1658, and other editions.

[170] 'Origin of Cremation.' Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. viii.

[171] 'Burning the Dead, or Urn Sepulture,' by Mr. Chas. Cobbe. A few copies are still obtainable from Knowles, Celbridge Place, Bayswater, London.

[172] Medical Officer of Health for Hampstead. Reports for the years 1857-1858, 1864, 1867, 1873, and 1874.

[173] 'Cremation.' H. S. King & Co., London. 2nd ed. 1s.

[174] Since the publication of Sir Henry Thompson's work, and the reports of the active propaganda which is being carried on abroad, a great number of articles, favourable or well inclined to the practice, have appeared in the public press: for instance, in the 'Daily News,' 'Telegraph,' 'Standard,' 'Morning Advertiser,' 'Globe,' 'Saturday Review,' 'Court Journal,' and numerous illustrated and other papers. The 'British Medical Journal,' 'Lancet,' 'Medical Press and Circular,' 'Medical Record,' 'Sanitary Record,' 'Students' Journal and Hospital Gazette,' &c., have also borne witness to its value as a sanitary measure. Both Church and Nonconformist journals have moreover written in its favour, and several able articles have appeared in the periodicals, for example, in the 'Dublin University Magazine' and 'Westminster Review.' Most valuable assistance, demanding special notice, has also been rendered to cremation by that highly scientific periodical, 'Iron.' The process has also been made the subject of discussion in various debating societies, and in May 1874 the Cambridge University Union adopted a motion by 101 votes to 42 in favour of introducing it into England.

[175] 'We disapprove the present custom of burying the dead, and desire to substitute some mode which shall rapidly resolve the body into its component elements by a process which cannot offend the living, and shall render the remains absolutely innocuous. Until some better method is devised, we desire to adopt that usually known as Cremation.'

The conditions of membership are:—

I.—Adhesion by signature to the above declaration.

II.—The payment of an annual subscription of one guinea, or a single payment of ten guineas.

In order to carry out the above objects it has been resolved to raise funds for the purpose of carrying into operation the practice of cremation through the agency of cemetery companies, parochial and municipal authorities, or other public bodies.

[176] In the play of 'Virginius' the body of Virginia is represented as having been placed in an urn, and when the distraught father enquires for his missing daughter, the vase is placed in his hands by the sorrowing lover. When this scene is presented, the thrill which seizes the audience is succeeded by a sensation of admiration at the eminently superior system of the ancients. I have seen the actor Brooke in this tragedy, and the effect which he here produced was inexpressible. Many whom I have consulted as to the feelings engendered at this point, have invariably declared that they were at the time complete converts to cremation, and that the sense of approval only left them when they began to realise how impossible were funeral pyres in this country. Happily the Siemens apparatus is now at hand, and its suitability proved beyond all cavil.

[177] Laurentius, 'De funeribus antiquorum;' Kirchmannus, 'De funere Romanorum;' Montfaucon, 'Les funÉrailles des Grecs, des Romains,' &c.; Muret, 'CÉrÉmonies funÈbres de toutes les nations;' Porcacchi, 'Funerali antichi;' and many others to be found in public libraries.

[178] See Trelawney's 'Last Days of Shelley and Byron.'

[179] It has been seriously debated by some eminent men whether or not the ashes should be utilised, instead of being thrown away or gathered for preservation in urns.

[180] The cost of a Hindoo funeral of the humbler class in the neighbourhood of Poona, according to Col. Martin, is as follows:—

	R.	A.	P.
Bamboo sticks for making the trestle	0	14	0
Dungaree cloth for winding sheet	1	8	0
Twine for binding the trestle	0	2	0
One bundle of kurbie for placing on trestle	0	1	6
Golal powder for sprinkling over the body	0	2	0
Flowers and betel-leaves for placing upon it	0	2	0
Saffron for the sprinkling water	0	2	0
Vessel for carrying fire	0	2	0
Piece of gold or pearl for placing in the mouth	0	8	0
Three copper pice to tie in the clothes	0	0	9
Rice, &c., for dropping on the road, &c.	0	4	0
Sandal-wood for burning	0	1	0
Firewood for making fire	7	0	0
Oil or ghee for increasing the flame	1	0	0
Refreshments for friends	0	8	0
Total	12	7	3

[181] The following compilation from a burial service of the Brahmins, who are the priests of all the other castes of Hindoos that burn their dead, may prove interesting to the reader. It is extracted from the 'Sacred Anthology.'

'O Earth! to thee we commend our brother: of thee he was formed, by thee he was sustained, and unto thee he now returns.

'O Fire! thou hadst a claim on our brother during life: he subsisted by thy influence in nature: to thee we commit his body, thou emblem of purity; may his spirit be purified on entering a new state of existence.

'O Air! while the breath of life continued, our brother respired by thee: his last breath is now departed, to thee we yield him.

'O Water! thou didst contribute to the life of our brother: thou wert one of his sustaining elements: his remains are now dispersed, receive thy share of him who has now taken an everlasting flight.'

[182] 'Iron.'

[183] See foot-note, p. 39.

[184] F. A. Feudge.

[185] The descriptions of Dr. Santa are so admirably translated in 'Iron,' that I quote from that paper nearly in full.

[186] From a translation in the 'Saturday Journal.'

[187] Medical Inspector of Burials for England and Wales.

[188] For a scientific description of the patent regenerative gas furnace which took the prize medal at the London Exhibition of 1862 and the grand prix at the Paris Exposition of 1867, see the 'Journal of the Chemical Society' for July 1873; the lecture delivered by the late Professor Faraday at the Royal Institution on June 20, 1862; and the description published by Dr. Siemens, London, 1874.

The minimum cost of a complete establishment for cremation upon the foregoing model, i.e., for the furnace and gas-producer as given in Plate II., but not including a mortuary building, would be as under:—

		Furnace	Gas-producer
		£	£
Ordinary brickwork	about	40	30
Fire brickwork	"	230	30
Lime, sand, fireclay, &c.	"	35	10
Cast iron	"	100	30
Wrought iron	"	60	20
Valves, regulators, levers, &c.	"	50	10
Timber	"	5	—
Cooling tube, &c.	"	—	50
Chimney, &c.	"	—	100
Total 800l.; add freight and contingencies.

[189] 'Voyage autour du Monde.'

[190] For full details of the carbonisation, see the 'Morning Advertiser,' Oct. 20 and Nov. 15, 1874, and the 'Morning Post,' Nov. 13, 1874, which contain translations from the German press.

[191] About 6l.

[192] Three other experiments were made upon human remains by Dr. Brunetti, with nearly similar results.

[193] An emaciated corpse from the town hospital.

[194] Wife of an English baronet.

[195] Wife of a South German physician.

[196] In case any reader would like to compare the above results with those derived from the cremation of the lower animals, I append the following recent instances variously treated.

Place of	Subject	Weight of	Weight of	Time	Authority
cremation		corpse	ashes	occupied
		lbs.	lbs.	min.
Milan	dog	22·50	1·85	—	Dr. Polli
"	"	42·75	2·12	120	"
"	two dogs	53	2	360	Dr. Teruzzi
London	pig	47	1·75	25	Sir H. Thompson
"	"	144	4	50	"
Birmingham	"	227	5	55	"
Dresden	horse	202	16	—	Dr. Reclam
"	"	460	23	240	"
The cost for fuel, in even this last huge experiment, did not exceed 4s.

[197] When the body has to be conveyed for a very long distance to the place of cremation, it might be necessary to practise some simple method of embalming, and this any surgeon is capable of performing. In the case of the English lady who was recently taken to Dresden, Mr. Garstin of London was resorted to.

[198] There is no doubt that public mortuaries will soon be established throughout the country, as in some parts of the Continent and in some large English towns now. Sanitary science calls aloud for their establishment generally, and the practice of permitting the dead to remain in the habitable rooms of the poor has proved very repugnant to decency and inimical to public health.

[199] The princes of Tartary use this mountain silk, as it is called, even now.

[200] Frazer.

[201] Wanklyn.

[202] See Plate I.

[203] At the cremation of the body of an English lady at Dresden in October last, arrangements were made for observing the progress of combustion, and this was permitted under the peculiar circumstances. It is not however intended anywhere to practise even a partial exposure, nor would the English pattern of cinerator permit it. When the time needful for reduction has been accurately calculated, such exposure will be unnecessary. With the improved apparatus half an hour will probably be sufficient.

[204] A cubic space of six inches would accommodate the ashes of the strongest man.

[205] This drawing was kindly made for me by my friend Mr. E. F. C. Clarke, architect, of London, whose pencil has also furnished me with the sketch of the family columbarium in Plate V.

[206] The tombs in Magna GrÆcia and Etruria were subterranean ones, the body being laid upon the ground, and around it were placed the painted vases. The tombs were made to bear as much resemblance as possible to the abodes of the living, and the walls were frequently painted with scenes from the upper world.

[207] A. P. Reid.

[208] Nicolo di Coti.

[209] J. E. Price.

[210] H. M. Westropp.

[211] The artist, Mr. J. E. Newton, an exhibitor at the Royal Academy of 1874. I have engraved a few of his designs.

[212] The above remarks do not refer to those monster urns in which the whole body was entombed unburnt. Some of these measure six feet in length and four and a half feet in width. One found at Dardanus was able to accommodate six persons. See the 'Illustrated London News' of April 26, 1856.

[213] My friend Mr. Clarke has very kindly sketched, in elucidation of this view, the vessels shown in the family mausoleum sketched in Plate V.

[214] Numbers of these relics were dug up at both places, in 1855 and 1856, by Mr. Spencer Wells, Dr. Kirk, Mr. Calvert, Mr. Brunton, myself, and others.

[215] The church of St. Ursula; the bones are said to be those of the Eleven Thousand Virgins.

[216] This is urged by Mr. Baker, the author of the 'Laws relating to Burial,' in a letter addressed to me.

Transcriber's note:

Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.

Plate VI "E. F. C. Prentos" is unclear.

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