PLATE XI.

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SATURNIA PROMETHEA.

Plate XI. fig. 1, 2. ?.—Plate XII. fig. 1, 2. ?.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: BombycidÆ, Steph.

Genus. Saturnia, Schrank. Attacus, Germar. PhalÆna (Attacus), Linn.

Saturnia Promethea. Alis subfalcatis, maris fuscis, foeminÆ ferrugineis, fasci tenui undat communi pallid margine griseo, anticis utrinque ocello atro. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. ?. 4 unc. 3 lin. ?.)

Syn. PhalÆna (Attacus) Promethea, Drury, App. vol. 2. Fabr. Ent. Syst. III. 1. 411. No. 12. Gmel. Linn. S. N. 2403. 464. Cram. Ins. tab. 75. A. B. ?. 76. A. B. ?. Abbot & Smith Ins. Georgia, 1. tab. 46. Oliv. Enc. MÉth. 5. 27. 12. Pal. Bauv. Ins. d'Afr. et d'Amer. Lep. pl. 21.

Habitat: New York, Virginia, Georgia.

Male.Upper Side. AntennÆ strongly pectinated, dark brown. Head, thorax, and abdomen the same. Anterior wings very dark chocolate, hooked at the tips; having a margin of light hair colour running along the external edges from the tips to the lower corners, through the middle of which runs a narrow black serpentine line like a hair, dividing the margin into two shades, the external one being darkest; near the tips is a black spot like an eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; a narrow waved line of a light hair colour begins at the anterior edge, about one-third from the tips, and, crossing both the anterior and posterior wings, ends about half an inch below the body. Posterior wings of the same colour as the anterior, having a hair-coloured margin running round them; being also divided in the middle by a waved narrow line, above which are several dark-coloured spots and marks.

Under Side. Breast, legs, and abdomen of a beautiful dark chocolate colour. Anterior wings at the base dark chocolate, with a small single spot in the middle of each; about a third part of these wings, next the external edges, is hair-coloured, appearing next the chocolate part to be thickly powdered with grey, so as to form a margin along the chocolate part of that colour. The black eye, and hair-coloured margin, as on the upper side. The middle of the posterior wings fine chocolate, surrounded, except at the abdominal edges, with hair colour, and like the superior finely powdered and verged with grey; about the middle of the chocolate field is a small transverse white streak; the hair-coloured margin less distinct. Margins of all the wings entire.

Female.Upper Side. AntennÆ brown and pectinated. Thorax and abdomen red brown. Anterior wings dark red next the body, from whence a narrow light-coloured bar begins at the anterior edge, and running towards the posterior suddenly turns off and ends at the body, forming an obtuse angle; another light-coloured waved bar crosses the wings, ending on the abdominal edges a little below the body; the inner side of this bar is a dark chocolate, and between it and the angle of the first bar is placed a light-coloured triangular mark; near the tips is placed a small black eye, partly surrounded by a blue iris; along the external margins of all the wings runs a dark buff edge, through the middle of which runs a small narrow line; the space between this margin and the waved bar is of a dark red, finely powdered next the bar with grey. Posterior wings, within the waved bar, dark brown chocolate; the hairs along the abdominal edges greyish; and on the middle of the chocolate ground is a light-coloured triangular mark; several submarginal red spots of different sizes, with a small narrow irregular line running between them and the cilia; the space between this margin and the waved bar is dark red, that next the bar is powdered as it were very thickly with small grey spots like dust.

Under Side. Breast, legs, and abdomen dark red, the sides streaked with white. Anterior wings having only two divisions, separated by the waved bar mentioned above: the inner division of a fine bright chocolate, whereon the small triangular marks are faintly seen; the external division as on the upper side, but with the markings more distinct. Posterior wings with the part answering to the dark brown chocolate being of a fine dark red, verged with black and white, and surrounded entirely, except the abdominal edges, by the grey powdered field. Margins entire.

The transformations to which Lepidopterous insects are subject are amongst the most remarkable phenomena of insect life. In the different states to which each is liable, a series of changes is exhibited which has been compared, by an admired writer, to what might be supposed to be undergone by an animal which for the first five years of its life, exhibited the form of a serpent, which then penetrated into the earth, spun for itself a silken coffin, contracting itself into a limbless form resembling, more than any thing else, an Egyptian mummy; and which, lastly, after remaining in this state for a length of time, burst into the air a winged bird. Of these states, it may well be conceived, that the second requires, from its inactivity and helplessness, a secure retreat, where, removed and secure from the attack of its enemies, it can rest its appointed period during which the organs of flight acquire their full development. We accordingly find that the varied manner in which the caterpillars of the different species prepare their retreats, affords one of the most interesting branches of investigation in the natural history of the Lepidoptera. And in this respect, the species now under consideration certainly exhibits one of the most interesting manoeuvres hitherto recorded amongst the insect tribes, and which is described by Mr. Peale in his beautiful "Lepidoptera Americana."[2] This moth is very abundant in the vicinity of Philadelphia, at least, judging from the number of cocoons seen hanging from the branches of the Sassafras (Laurus Sassafras), and Spice-wood (L. Benzoin); and which, by an ordinary observer, would be readily mistaken for withered leaves which had withstood the blasts of winter. After the caterpillar has attained its full size, and lost the voracious appetite which had hitherto been its predominant character, it begins its preparation for the great transformation it has to undergo, by selecting a perfect leaf, the upper surface of which it covers with a fine light yellowish brown silk, extending this coating with great skill and foresight, over the footstalk of the leaf, and attaching it firmly to the branch, so as to secure the leaf from being separated by any accident. This preliminary operation having been accomplished, the caterpillar next draws the edges of the leaf together, thus forming a perfect external covering or mantle, in which it spins a fine strong and durable cocoon of fine silk. In this habitation the little architect passes the winter secure from birds and other enemies. As soon as the cocoon has been completed, the caterpillar sheds its skin, and is transformed into a chrysalis. At first the leaf enveloping the cocoon remains green, but soon changes to a red or brown, when it becomes brittle, and is gradually carried away by the winds and storms of winter, until, finally, nothing remains except the cocoon itself, which is firmly suspended by the silk which once covered the footstalk of the leaf.

Mr. Abbot states that the caterpillar also feeds upon the Snowdrop-tree (Halesia tetraptera, Linn.) Poplar, Bay, &c. Some individuals spin up in May, and the moth appears in June; others, as above described, pass the winter in the chrysalis state.

CALLIMORPHA? FAMULA.

Plate XI. fig. 3.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: ArctiidÆ, Steph.

Genus. Callimorpha? Latr. ZygÆna p. Fabr. PhalÆna (Bombyx), Drury.

Callimorpha Famula. Alis albis, dimidio apicali margineque externo nigris, anticarum macul ovali obliqu albÂ, collo fulvo. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

Syn. PhalÆna (Bombyx spiriling.) Famula, Drury, App. vol. 2.

Habitat: Calabar, in the Bight of Benin, Africa.

Upper Side. AntennÆ long and pectinated. Thorax spiral. Neck orange-coloured. Thorax and abdomen dusky grey. Anterior wings about half way from the tips black, but at the base are of a pellucid white; being surrounded along the anterior edge and part of the posterior with black; an oblong white spot is placed near the tips on the black part. Posterior wings black and white; the white entirely surrounded by the black, which on the anterior and abdominal edges is very narrow.

Under Side. Palpi orange-coloured, black at the tips. Neck, breast, and sides orange. Feet black. Thighs white. Abdomen white, annulated with dusky grey. Anterior wings as on the upper side, the black parts being of a russet hue. Posterior wings differ a little, the white part running down to the middle of the external edges, with a white spot at the upper corners. Margins of the wings entire.

ODONESTIS? SERVULA.

Plate XI. fig. 4.

Order: Lepidoptera. Section: Nocturna. Family: BombycidÆ, Steph.

Genus. Odonestis? Germar. PhalÆna (Noctua), Drury.

Odonestis? Servula. Alis luteis, macul parva discoidali marginibusque externis tenuÈ fuscis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

Syn. PhalÆna (Noctua) Servula. Drury, Append. vol. 2.

Habitat: Madras.

Upper Side. AntennÆ slightly pectinated. Tongue short. Head, thorax, and abdomen light yellowish sand-coloured. Wings yellow buff-coloured; the anterior having a small brown spot in the middle of each, and the external edges margined with brown. Posterior wings having a brown patch in the middle of each, with the external edges of the same colour.

Under Side. Breast, legs, abdomen, and wings buff-coloured, immaculate. Margins of the wings entire.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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