  Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, his acknowledgments to Epictetus, i. 259. Antonio de Dominis, outrage on the body of, ii. 225. Apennines, upheaval of, i. 31. Apocalypse, comments on, ii. 78. Apollonius PergÆus, the writings of, i. 201. His geometry underrated by Patristicism, i. 316. Apollonius of Tyana aids in the introduction of Orientalism, i. 210. Wonders related of, ii. 115. Aquinas, Thomas, a Dominican, the rival of Duns Scotus, ii. 14. Sojourns with Albertus Magnus, ii. 116. Arabian influence, importance of, i. 383. Sorcery, i. 390. School system, ii. 36. Practical science, ii. 38. Medicine and surgery, ii. 39. Astronomy, ii. 41. Practical art, ii. 43. Commerce, ii. 43. Numerals, ii. 49. Arabs cultivate learning, i. 335. Rapidity of their intellectual development, i. 336. Invade Spain, ii. 28. Arabs, civilization and refinement of Spanish, ii. 30. Introduce the manufacture of cotton into Europe, ii. 386. Invent cotton paper, and the printing of calico by wooden blocks, ii. 386. Arantius, a distinguished anatomist, ii. 284. Arcesilaus, founder of the Middle Academy, i. 169. Archimedes, the writings of, i. 194. His mechanical inventions held in contempt by Patristicism, i. 316. Arctinus, his poems held in veneration, i. 51. Arddha Chiddi, the founder of Buddhism, life of, i. 66. Argonautic voyage, object of, i. 41. Its real nature, i. 45. Ariminium, Council of, i. 289. Aristarchus attempts to ascertain the sun's distance, i. 199. Aristippus, the founder of the Cyrenaic School, i. 149. Aristotle keeps a druggist's shop in Athens, i. 129, 397. Biography of, i. 176. His works translated into Arabic, i. 402. Aristotelism compared with Platonism i. 177. Arithmetic, Indian, ii. 40. Arius, his heresy, i. 285. His death, i. 288. Political results of his heresy, i. 326. Arnold of Brescia, murder of, ii. 25. Arnold de Villa Nova, biographical sketch of, ii. 130. Art, Black, i. 404. Artesian Wells, ii. 301. Articulata, anatomy of, ii. 350. Asclepions, effect of the destruction of, i. 387. Nature and organization of, i. 396. Asellius discovers 1345/31345-h/31345-h.htm#Page_68" class="pgexternal">i. 68. Its views of the nature of man, i. 70. Philosophical estimate of, i. 72. Bulgarians converted by a picture, i. 367. Bunsen, his estimate of Eusebius's chronology, i. 198. Bunyan, John, his writings surpass those of St. Augustine, i. 305. His twelve years' imprisonment for preaching, ii. 242. Probable source of much of the machinery of the Pilgrim's Progress, ii. 248. Burnet's "Sacred Theory of the Earth," ii. 286. Byzantine system adopted in Italy, i. 349. Government persecutes the Nestorians and Jews, i. 385. Suppression of medicine, i. 386. Cabanis, quoted on the influence of the Jews, ii. 120. Cabot, Sebastian, rediscovers Newfoundland, and attempts to find a north-west passage to China, ii. 174. Cabral discovers Brazil, ii. 174. Cadesia, effect of the battle of, i. 335. CÆsalpinus first gives a classification of plants, ii. 390. CÆsar becomes master of the world, i. 248. Calico printing, antiquity of the art, and how improved, ii. 386. Caligula, Emperor, an adept in alchemy, i. 407. CalixtusIII., Pope, issues his fulminations against Halley's comet, ii. 253. Callimachus, author of a treatise on birds, and a poet, i. 201. Callisthenes accompanies Alexander the Great in his campaigns, i. 172. Is hanged by his orders, i. 174. Transmits to Aristotle records of astronomical observations, i. 192. Calvin establishes a new religious sect, ii. 211. Causes Servetus to be burnt as a heretic, ii. 225. Calydonian boar, hide of, preserved as a relic, i. 51. Cambyses conquers Egypt, i. 79, 186. Canal of Egypt, reopened by Necho, i. 78. A warning from the oracle of Amun causes Necho to stop the construction of, i. 93. Cleared again from sand, i. 325. Canals the precursors of railways, ii. 387. Of China, their influence, ii. 400. Cannibalism of Europe, i. 32. Canonic of Epicurus, imperfection of, i. 167. Canosa, scene at, the King of Germany seeking pardon of the Pope, ii. 19. Cape of Good Hope, doubled by Vasco de Gama, ii. 168. First made known in Europe by the Jews, ii. 175. Caracalla, alluded to in the reply of the Christians to the Pagans, i. 302. Carat, its derivation and signification, ii. 44. Carneades, the founder of the New Academy, his doctrines, i. 169. Ctesiphon, the metropolis of Persia, sack of, i. 335. Cuvier, his doctrine of the permanence of species, ii. 326. His remark on vivisection, ii. 349. Cuzco, the metropolis of Peru, description of, ii. 181. Cycle of life, i. 233. Cyclopean structures, i. 32. Cynical school, i. 149. Cyprian, his complaints against the clergy and confessors, i. 358. Cyprian, St., his remarks at the Council of Carthage, i. 291. Cyprus taken by the Saracens, i. 335. Cyrenaic school, i. 149. Cyril, St., his acts, i. 321. An ecclesiastical demagogue, i. 391. DaillÉ, his estimate of the Fathers, ii. 225. Damascus taken, i. 334. Damasus, riots at the election of, i. 292. Damiani, Peter, his charges against the priests of Milan, ii. 7. Death, interstitial, i. 14. "Defender of Peace," nature of the work, ii. 93. Deification, John Erigena on, ii. 9. Deity, anthropomorphic ideas of, in the Koran, i. 342. Delos, a slave market, i. 246. Deluges, ancient, i. 30. Delusions, of the sense, i. 230. Created by the mind, i. 429. Demetrius Phalereus, his instructions to collect books, i. 188. Demetrius Poliorcetes quoted, i. 166. Democritus asserts the unreliability of knowledge, i. 124. Descartes, his theory of clear ideas, i. 231. Introduces the theory of an ether and vortices, ii. 285. Desert, influences of the, i. 6. Destiny, Democritus's opinion of, i. 125. Stoical doctrine of, i. 185. Deucalion, deluge of, i. 51. Development of organisms, Alhazen's theory of, ii. 48. Dew, the nature of, ii. 384. Diaphragm of DicÆarchus, i. 196. Didymus, wonderful taciturnity related of, i. 427. Diocles, a writer on hygiene and gymnastics, i. 397. Diocletian, state of things under, i. 276. Diogenes of Apollonia developes the doctrines of Anaximenes, i. 99. Diogenes of Sinope extends the doctrines of Cynicism, i. 149. Dioscorus, Bishop of Alexandria, deposed by the Council of Chalcedon, i. 297. Djafar, or Geber, an Arabian chemist, describes nitric acid and aqua regia, i. 410. Djondesabour, medical college of, founded by the Nestorians and Jews, i. 391. Patronized by the Khalif al Raschid, i. 402. Docetes, their ideas of the nature of Christ, i. 270. Dogmatists, their theory of the treatment of disease, i. 399. Dominic, St., wonders related of, ii. 63. Dominicans, they oppose Galileo, ii. 262. Donatists recalled from banishment by Constantine, Fire, liquid or Greek, used by the Arabs, i. 408. Fireworks used by the Arabs, i. 408. Flagellants, their origin, ii. 76. Flavianus, Bishop of Constantinople, deposed, i. 297. Florence, the Academy of Athens revived in the Medicean gardens of, ii. 193. Florentine Academicians erroneously suppose water to be incompressible, ii. 372. Originate correct notions of the radiation of heat, ii. 383. Show that dark heat may be reflected by mirrors, ii. 390. Florentius, a priest, attempts to poison St. Benedict, i. 435. Food, location of animals controlled by, ii. 310. Its nature, ii. 341. Force, animal, its source, ii. 339. Formosus, Pope, converted the Bulgarians, i. 367. Forms contrasted with law, i. 22. Introduction of, personified, i. 37. Fictitious permanence of, successive, i. 104. Fracasta, an early cultivator of fossil remains, ii. 391. Francis, St., his early life, ii. 64. Placed by the lowest of his order in the stead of our Saviour, ii. 83. Franciscans, higher English, their opposition to Pope Boniface, ii. 83. Franks Christianized at the end of the fifth century, i. 365. Fratricelli, their affirmation, i. 283. Burned by the inquisition for heresy, ii. 79. FrederickII., Emperor of Germany, birth of, ii. 25. His Mohammedan tendencies, ii. 66. Free trade, its effects, i. 254. Freewill not inconsistent with the doctrine of law, i. 21. Galen, his opinions, i. 259. His division of physicians into two classes, i. 399. Galileo, the historical representative of the intellectual impulse, ii. 134. Invents the telescope, ii. 261. Astronomical discoveries of, ii. 261. Is condemned by the Inquisition, ii. 263. Publishes "The System of the World," ii. 263. His degradation and punishment, ii. 264. His death, ii. 265. His three laws of motion, ii. 269. Immortality, double, implied by Plato's doctrine, i. 161. Impulses, two, against the Church, ii. 131. Incandescence, the production of light by, ii. 384. Incarnations, divine, necessary consequence of the belief of, i. 91. Incas, the ancestors of one of the orders of nobility among the Peruvians, ii. 183. Incombustible men, i. 409. Index Expurgatorius, promulgated by PaulIV., ii. 214. Indian, American, i. 27. Indo-Germanic invasion, i. 32. Inductive philosophy founded by Aristotle, i. 76. Indulgences, nature of, ii. 207. InnocentI., Pope, settles the Pelagian controversy in favour of the African bishops, i. 294. InnocentIII., Pope, his interference in behalf of temporary political interests, ii. 53. His death, ii. 62. Prohibits the study of science in the schools of Paris, ii. 76. InnocentIV., Pope, excommunicates Frederick, ii. 72. InnocentVIII., Pope, his bull against witchcraft, ii. 116. Inquisition, its origin, ii. 62. Attempts to arrest the intellectual revolt, ii. 74. Its sacrifices, ii. 188. Its effect on Protestantism in Spain and Italy, ii. 220. Insane, Diogenes' view of the, i. 102. Insect an automatic mechanism, ii. 349. Institutes of Menu, i. 63. Intellect, the primal, Anaxagoras's view of, i. 108. Intellectual class, the true representation of a community, i. 13. Despair, ii. 52. Intellectual impulse makes its attack through astronomy, ii. 133. Development the aim of nature, ii. 359. Interstitial death, i. 14. Creations, ii. 312. Investitures, the conflict on, ii. 17. Invisible, localization of the, i. 36. Ionian philosophy, puerilities of, i. 106. Irene, the Empress, puts out her son's eyes, i. 374. Her superstitious cruelty, i. 420. Iris, its function, i. 5. Isis, her worship, i. 187. Isothermal lines, i. 24, 26. Israfil, the angel, i. 345. Italian Christianity, boundaries of, ii. 1. System, its movements, ii. 150. Italy, relations of, ii. 127. Degraded state of, ii. 127. Immorality of, ii. 136. Cause of her degradation, ii. 143. Scientific contributions of, ii. 390. Causes of her depression, ii. 391. JamesI., his proceedings against witchcraft, ii. 117. Jason, the voyage of, Page_365" class="pgexternal">i. 365. London, condition of, towards the close of the seventeenth century, ii. 238. Lorenzo de' Medici, his patronage of literature and philosophy, ii. 195. Loretto, miracle of, ii. 80. LouisXIV., his order in council punishing sorcery, ii. 118. Louis, St., his character, ii. 73. Lucius Apuleius, i. 211. Lucretius, the irreligious nature of his poem, i. 257. Luitprand captures Ravenna, i. 422. Luitprand quoted on Constantinople, ii. 58. Luther, experiences of, ii. 117. The revolt of, ii. 149. History of, ii. 208. Excommunication of, ii. 211. Looked upon with contempt by the Italians, ii. 215. Lyceum, Aristotle founds a school in, i. 176. Lyons, Council of, ii. 71. Macaulay, Lord, has taken too limited a view of the Reformation, ii. 227. Macedonian campaign opens a new world to the Greeks, i. 45. Its ruinous effects on Greece, i. 172. Its effect on intellectual progress, i. 186. Macedonius, Bishop of Constantinople, his heresy, i. 289. Machiavelli, the principles of, ii. 137. His "History of Florence," ii. 143. Machinery, social changes effected by, ii. 388. Magellan, his great voyage, ii. 169. Magic and necromancy, Plotinus resorts to, i. 214. Magic lantern, ii. 380. Magna Charta originates from a suggestion of Stephen Langton, ii. 54. Magnet supposed by Thales to have a living soul, i. 97. Magnetic variation, discovery of the line of, ii. 163. Erroneously supposed by Columbus to be immovable, ii. 165. Magnetism, discoveries in, ii. 378. Maimonides, his life and writings, ii. 124. Malpighi devotes himself to botany, ii. 286. Applies the microscope to anatomy, ii. 286. Man the archetype of society, i. 2. Controlled by physical agents, i. 10. Variations of, i. 11. First form of, according to Anaximander, i. 107. Nature and development of, i. 233. His race connections, i. 234. Signal peculiarity of, i. 378. Human origin of, i. 382. Paper, invention of, ii. 200. Pappus, an Alexandrian geometrician, i. 204. Parabolani diverted from their original intent by Cyril, i. 321, 386. "Paraclete," doctrines of faith discussed in the, ii. 10. Paradise spoken of with clearness by Mohammed, i. 345. Parliament, its accusation against the clergy, ii. 235. Parma, John of, the General of the Franciscans, ii. 77. Parmenides, doctrines of, i. 121. Pascal, his views of humanity, i. 18. The influence of his writings, ii. 285. Path-zone, i. 24. Patristicism, introduction of, i. 314. Doctrines of, i. 315. Conflict of, with philosophy, i. 316. Decline of, ii. 129. End of geography of, ii. 164. Ethnical ideas of, ii. 165. End of, ii. 225. Paulus Æmilius, his severity, i. 249. Pausanias, i. 131. Pelagian controversy, its effect on Papal superiority, i. 293. Pelagius, his doctrines, i. 293, 366. Penances, the Veda doctrine of, i. 61. Pendulum first applied to clocks by the Moors, ii. 42. Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, i. 370. Pergamus, library of, transferred to Egypt, i. 318. Pericles embraces obnoxious opinions, i. 50. His the age of improvement in architecture and oratory, i. 132. Perictione, the reputed mother of Plato, i. 151. Periodicities, human cause of, i. 7. Peripatetics, their philosophy, i. 178. Persecutions, moral effects of, ii. 225. Persepolis, burning of by Alexander the Great, i. 174. Perses, revolt of, i. 246. Persia, Greek invasion of, i. 171. Subdued by OthmanIII., i. 335. Persian invasion of Europe, i. 130. Attack on the Byzantine system, i. 326. Personified forms introduced, i. 37. Perturbations, astronomical, accounted for, ii. 274. Peru, its coast, a rainless district, i. 86. A description of, ii. 179. Peter d'Apono, the alchemist, the wonders imputed to him, ii. 116. Peter de Brueys, his martyrdom, ii. 60. Peter Morrone becomes CelestineV., i. 79. Peter the Hermit, ii. 22, 135. Peter the Venerable, his acquirements, ii. 12. Peter's pence, ii. 54.ii. 190. Dawn of the, ii. 204. In ttp://www.gutenberg.org/files/31345/31345-h/31345-h.htm#Page_27" class="pgexternal">i. 27. Tartarus, one of the two divisions of hell, according to Anaximenes, i. 36. Taxation, amount of Roman, i. 251. Taylor, Jeremy, his testimony as to the authority of the Fathers, ii. 225. Telescope, invention of, ii. 261, 380. Temperature, life can only be maintained within a narrow range, i. 7. Templars, apostasy, arrest, and punishment of, ii. 90, 91, 92. Tensons, or poetic disputations, originated among the Arabs, ii. 34. Tertullian, his letter to Scapula, i. 275. Denounces the Bishop of Rome as a heretic, i. 291. Denies the Scripture authority for certain observances, i. 358. His impression of the personal appearance of the Saviour, i. 361. Testimony, human, value of, ii. 119. Tetractys, the number "ten," why so called, i. 114. Tezcuco, description of, ii. 178. Thabor, mysterious light of, ii. 59. Thales, philosophy of, i. 95. Thaumasius, the name of Ammonius changed to, i. 322. Theatre, the English, ii. 245. Thebit Ben Corrah determines the length of the year, ii. 41. Theodora, Empress, restores image-worship, i. 421. Theodoric, the Ostrogoth, effect of the conquest of Italy by, i. 353. The change in his policy, i. 353. Theodorus, Bishop his tongue cut out, i. 378. Theodosius, Emperor, fanaticism of, i. 312. His cruel vengeance at Thessalonica, i. 313. His acts, i. 317. Orders the Serapion to be torn down, i. 319. Theodosius, an Alexandrian geometrician, i. 204. Theon, an Alexandrian geometrician, and father of Hypatia, i. 204, 322. Theophilus, Archbishop of Alexandria, his character, i. 317. Cause of his umbrage at the Serapion, i. 318. Persecutions of, i. 319. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, first introduced the word "Trinity," i. 273. Theophilus, Emperor, image-worship restored at his death, i. 421. His surly and insolent reply to Almaimon, ii. 40. Theosis, its meaning as employed by John Erigena, ii. 9. TherapeutÆ, early Egyptian hermits, i. 424. Thermotics, science of heat, ii. 383. Thessalonica, massacre at, i. 313. Thomas À Kempis, the reputed author of "The Imitation of Christ," ii. 196. Thought, confounded with sensation by Democritus, i. 125. Variation of human, ii. 205. Thucydides, his secret disbelief of the Trojan war, i. 49. Thuringians converted in the seventh and eighth centuries, i. 365. Tides and currents explained on the theory of gravitation, ii. 371. Time, nothing absolute in, i. 17. Torricelli osophy, i. 217. Hindu doctrine of the absorption of, i. 226. Moral, is governed by principles analogous to those which obtain in the physical, i. 348. Expected end of, i. 377. Anthropocentric ideas of the beginning of, ii. 297. Worlds, infinity of; ii. 292. Succession of, ii. 336. Worms, synod of, ii. 18. Xantippe, the wife of Socrates, her character unfairly judged of, i. 147. Xenophanes, the representative of a great philosophical advance, i. 118. Xerxes, his exploits exaggerated, i. 130. Ximenes, Cardinal, burns Arabic manuscripts, ii. 177. Year, length of, determined by Albategnius and Thebit Ben Corrah, ii. 41. Yezed, Khalif, origin of Iconoclasm imputed to, i. 417. Yolinda de Lusignan, Frederick compelled to marry her by HonoriusIII., ii. 67. York, Archbishop of, excommunicated, ii. 75. Yucay, the site of the national palace of Peru, ii. 182. Zachary, Pope, enters into an alliance with King Pepin, i. 370. Zaryab, the musician, honour paid him by the Khalif Abderrahman, ii. 34. Zedekias, physician to Charles the Bald, fabulous story of, ii. 120. Zehra, splendour and magnificence of the palace and gardens of, ii. 32. Zemzen, a well, one of the fictions of popular Mohammedanism, i. 345. Zeno the Eleatic, the doctrines of Parmenides carried out by, i. 122. Zeno the Stoic, rival of Epicurus, i. 182. Ziska, John, desecration of the body of, ii. 149. Zosimus, Pope, annuls the decision of InnocentI., and declares the opinion of Pelagius to be orthodox, i. 294. Zosmus the Panopolitan, describes the process of distillation, i. 408. Zuinglius, the leader of the Swiss Reformation, ii. 210. |
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