  NOTES FOR “MATTINA”No. 1, Kyra. A title of respect or a prefix before the name, used to old women of the people. You would say “Kyra Sophoula” or “Kyra Calliope” if the women were old or elderly, instead of plain “Sophoula” or “Calliope.” It corresponds I fancy to “Dame” which was used in England in the middle ages, or even I think they sometimes used “Goody.” Kyr is the masculine equivalent for old men. Sometimes “Barba” meaning “uncle” colloquially is instead, as it is with you in the South I think for old negroes. Kyria is simply “Mrs.” or “Madame” and is used either before the name as, “Kyria Dragoumis” for instance; or alone if you do not use the name as, “Yes, Kyria” for “Oui, Madame.” No. 2, Monastery Road. The Monastery on the hills in Poros is an old one of the Byzantine epoch restored about a hundred years ago. It has a beautiful little chapel with a wonderfully carved wooden “templon” (the screen which separates the altar from the body of the church). There are a few old monks left but not many. No. 3, Sponge-divers. Some Greeks earn their living by diving for sponges. The best sponges in Greece are found in Hydra, but the sponge-captains often take their divers to the north coast of Africa. No. 4, The Naval School of Poros is for sailors, not for officers (the Naval School for the latter is quite near PirÆus). The sailors come to the School in Poros for the first six months of their service, and after they are well drilled they are drafted on to the war ships. There is a high grade officer as Director of the School, and younger officers are in residence to drill the men. No. 5, The “Great Week” means the Holy Week before Easter. No. 6, Methana. A little village on the sea (Saronic Gulf) known for its natural sulphur springs. People suffering from rheumatism and eczema, etc., go there for baths. No. 7, Ægina. The well-known island sixteen miles from Athens in the Gulf of Ægina. It was a very celebrated place in the ancient days of Greece. The population now of 10,000 was then 600,000. Ægina contributed thirty warships to the battle of Salamis against the Persians. There are the ruins now of a temple to Venus and those of one to the Pentelic Jupiter. No. 8, PirÆus. The port of Athens: population about 27,000: five miles to the southwest of the city, to which it used to be joined in antiquity by the No. 9, Phalerum. One of the three ports of ancient Athens, about three miles from the city; it is now a much frequented seaside resort, with hotels, and private villas. In the hot summer days, people go down from Athens, morning and evening, for sea baths. No. 10, The Theseum. A temple consecrated in 470 B. C. in Athens, to Theseus, the national hero of Attica. In ancient days it often served as a sanctuary for slaves. It is situated on a low hill, northeast of the Acropolis, and is a fine monument in very good preservation. It is a peripteric, hexastyle temple, in Pentelic marble. Any children wanting to know more about Theseus, have only to read “The Minotaur,” in Hawthorne’s Tanglewood Tales. No. 11, Monastiraki. One of the stations of the Athens PirÆus railway line. No. 12, Drachma. Worth one franc; about 20 cents in American money. No. 13, Oke. A measure of weight equal in English weight to 2 lbs., 12 oz. No. 14, Lepton. The one-hundredth part of the drachma: one centime. The smallest coin in Greek money is of five lepta. No. 15, Kiphissia. A country place about half an hour by train from Athens: takes its name from the ancient river Kephissos or Kiphissos: a very No. 16, The Kolonaki. A small square in Athens, behind the Kiphissia Road; the little bootblacks congregate there a good deal. No. 17, The Zappion. A large handsome building in the ancient style of architecture, built originally for exhibition purposes by two rich brothers called Zappa (hence its name), situated on a height, and commanding perhaps the most beautiful view in the whole world, certainly in Europe. It comprises the columns of the temple of Olympic Jupiter in the foreground, the Acropolis to the right, the Stadium to the left, and in the distance Phalerum, the sea, and Salamis. The Zappion terrace and gardens are a very favorite walking place for children, babies, and their nurses. No. 18, Acropolis. The immortal Rock bearing the Parthenon, the PropylÆa, the Erechtheum,—It is an isolated rock of oval form, inaccessible except from the west. It is entered to-day by the famous “Porte BeulÉ”. There is too much to be said about the Acropolis, I can only quote Rennell Rodd, that perfect modern singer of Greece:— “Here wrought the strong creator and he laid The marble on the limestone in the crag, Morticed the sure foundations line to line And arc to arc repeating as it grew; Veiling the secret of its strength in grace, Till like a marble flower in blue Greek air Perfect it rose, an afterworld’s despair.” No. 19, Stadium. The stadium was in ancient days the oblong foot-race course of the length of one stadium (equivalent to about 606 English feet), hence its name. The present Stadium in Athens was restored in marble for the Olympic Games of 1896. No. 20, The Plaka. A populous quarter in Athens inhabited mostly by the poorer classes. No. 21, Aubergines. An aubergine is a vegetable belonging to the family of cucumbers and vegetable marrows. It is of a rich dark purple colour when ripe. “Aubergine” is the English name for this vegetable, and is always used by cooks and greengrocers in England. In America it is called egg-plant. No. 22, Moussaka. This is a dish made of slices of aubergines, mincemeat, butter, eggs, etc. No. 23, Pastas. Rich cakes, or portions of cake, made of almond paste, or of sponge cake sandwiched with jam, or cream, and iced over with chocolate, or with various coloured icings. They are sold at all confectioners, and often eaten at the shops between meals, or bought to serve as a dessert course. They are like the French “petits fours,” only larger. No. 24, Nauplia. Sea town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus: about 10,000 inhabitants. It was the capital of modern Greece until 1834. No. 25, The Palamidi. A large prison at Nauplia. No. 26, “Manitsa” means “little mother.” A diminutive of “Mana” which means “mother” in peasant Greek. No. 27, Loukoumi. A kind of sweetmeat made of starch and sugar, which in England they call “Turkish delight.” It is principally made in Constantinople, and in Syra. No. 28, Caique. A long narrow boat. No. 29, Touloumi means really a skin-bag; so that “touloumi” cheese is a sort of white Greek cheese, so called because it is transported in bags of skin from place to place. NOTES FOR “THE FINDING OF THE CAVE.”No. 1, Missolonghi. A maritime town of central Greece; it is principally celebrated for the part it played in the War of Independence of 1821. It was three times besieged by the Turks, in 1822, 1823, and 1825. In 1822 it resisted successfully against Rechid-Pasha and Omer-Pasha. In 1823 it was fortified on the instance, and by the advice, of Lord Byron (who died there in 1824), and bravely defended by Botzaris; it was besieged by the terrible Omer-Vrioni, and relieved by Mavrocordato. In April, 1825, Rechid-Pasha reappeared with 35,000 men before Missolonghi, which at the time had only 4,000 defenders. Protected by the Turkish fleet, and afterwards helped by Ibrahim Pasha’s army, Rechid-Pasha The war of 1821 was the war of independence, in which Greece threw off the Turkish yoke. No. 2, Botzaris or Botzari. One of the greatest heroes of the War of Independence, born in 1788, died in 1823. Palamas, Pappaloukas, Tricoupis, Razikotsikas, Kapsalis, all brave fighters and defenders of Missolonghi. “Zamana” is an imaginary name. No. 3, Pilaf. A national Turkish dish much eaten in Greece: it is made with rice, butter, and tomatoes. It is a popular saying that “pilaf” is the only good thing we ever got from the Turks. No. 4, Keftedes. Flat, round, meat cakes made of mince-meat, eggs, etc., and fried in butter. No. 5, Acropolis. See notes for “Mattina” No. 18. No. 6, Hermes. Otherwise Mercury; the son of Jupiter, messenger of the gods, and god himself of Eloquence and Commerce. Nathaniel Hawthorne in his delightful Tanglewood Tales, talks of him often, calling him “Quicksilver.” No. 7, Yaourti. A sort of curd, or thick, sour milk: much eaten in Greece, and of late years introduced into France, and I believe into England, under the name of “Lait Bulgare” and much recommended by doctors. No. 8, Louki Laras. An interesting book on the life of a young boy, in the Greek War of Independence, written by Demetrius Vikelas. It has been translated into French and I believe other languages. No. 9, Halva. A sweet, made of flour, butter, milk, and honey. No. 10, The King’s Summer House. A little summer residence or lodge belonging to the King, situated just inside the PirÆus harbour. No. 11, Themistocles. The great Athenian general, born about 525 B. C. At the time of the invasion of Greece by the Persians, he commanded the Athenian fleet. It was he who persuaded the Greeks to give battle at Salamis. The Spartan Eurybiades, general of the confederate forces of Greece, being of the contrary opinion to Themistocles, raised his rod of commander as though to strike him, and it was then that Themistocles calmly answered the furious Spartan by the famous words: “Strike but listen!” No. 12, Salamis. An island ten miles to the west of Athens, celebrated for the naval victory which the united fleet of Greece gained over the Persians in 486 B. C. No. 13, Tettix. A sort of cricket which in hot weather chirps all day long, in trees and bushes. No. 14, Batti. The afternoon breeze which comes from the open sea. No. 15, The Seven Mills. A place on the heights, No. 16, Miaoulis (Andreas). Greek admiral, born in Euboea, in 1768, died in Athens in 1835. Between the years 1822 and 1827 he had the supreme command of the naval forces of the country in the War of Independence. No. 17, Galata. Small village of the Peloponnesus, opposite the island of Poros. No. 18, Trata. The dragging the sea by a big net which gathers in all the small fish. The net is cast from boats and then the men stand in two lines on the shore and drag it in. I rather fancy this is called a seine-net and seine-fishing in English. No. 19, Foustanella. The short linen pleated kilt reaching to the knees, which is part of the national Greek and Albanian costume. It is worn by the Royal Guards and by certain troops called the “Evzones.” No. 20, Glitsa. A tall crook used by shepherds; it very often has a carved handle. No. 21, Tagari. A woolen bag, generally bright-coloured, carried by peasants to transport fruit, or nuts, or any small objects. No. 22, Stania. A sheep fold, generally on the hills. No. 23, Ouzo. A strong spirit which is drunk mostly by the poorer classes and peasants. No. 24, Skaltsounia. A sort of almond cakes made No. 25, Yatagan. A Turkish or Arabic curved sword. NOTES FOR “ALEXANDER THE SON OF PHILIP”No. 1, Baklava. A kind of sweet made with pounded almonds between very thin layers of paste soaked in honey. No. 2, The Twenty-fifth of March. The Anniversary of Greek Independence. No. 3, Boya. A Turkish word meaning “executioner”; generally applied in Athens to the man who seizes stray dogs in hot weather and takes them away in his cart to the pound. No. 4, Loustro. Literally “a shiner”; applied to shoeblacks originally and now used for all newspaper sellers, errand boys, etc. No. 5, Alexander the Great. Born 356 B. C., died in Babylon, 323 B. C. The most famous warrior and captain of antiquity. His father, Philip II of Macedonia, confided his education to Aristotle, the greatest philosopher of that age. Alexander, after his father’s death, succeeded in making himself general-in-chief of the Hellenes at Corinth, in 335 B. C., where he was surrounded by the most illustrious men of the nation. He crossed the Hellespont to penetrate into Asia with an army of 30,000 foot and 5,000 horse soldiers. He crossed the Taurus, penetrated into Syria, No. 6, Kanaris (Constantine). Hero of the War of Independence; born in 1790, died in 1877. He was captain of a merchant ship when Greece rose against the Turks. In the night of the 18th to to the 19th of June, 1822, helped by a companion, he burned two Turkish vessels. In the following November he burned the admiral’s ship of the Turkish fleet in the port of Tenedos. He continued his work of destruction, always at the extreme peril of his life and the lives of his brave companions, at Samos and Mytilene, and during all the duration of the war fought valiantly at the side of Miaoulis. He is the hero of one of Victor Hugo’s celebrated “Orientales.” No. 7, Souli or Suli. Site in the province of Jannina in Epirus; celebrated in the War of Independence for the heroism of its inhabitants and for the death-dance of its women who, on the approach of the Turks, danced for the last time their national dance on the plateau of the mountain of “… thus beneath Zalongos side The mothers and the children died That Suli ne’er might breed again A race of less heroic men.” The word “Suliote” is almost synonymous in Greece with hero or heroine. If anyone is asked to undertake any very daring or desperate deed, the answer often is, “Do you think I am a Suliote?” No. 8, Diakos (Athanasius). A Greek hero before the War of Independence. Born 1788, died 1820. He led several successful attacks against the Turks but was at last taken prisoner by them and put to death by impalement. No. 9, OristÉ. Literally “Command me,” used in the sense of, “Yes, at once. At your service!” No. 10, Tsourekia. Cakes, made principally for Easter, of flour, eggs, butter and sugar. No. 11, Ephialtes. The traitor who guided the Persians to the Pass of ThermopylÆ. No. 12, Antipater. The betrayer of Demosthenes. No. 13, Paul Melas. A young officer in the Greek army, of one of the best families in Athens, who No. 14, Mount Lycabettus. A rock rising in the middle of the plain of Athens, from which there is a beautiful view of all the town below. On the summit is a small chapel of St. George. No. 15, Homonoia. “Concord,” in Greek. It is the name of one of the principal squares near the PirÆus Road. |
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