[1] Rev. Francis Higginson, New-Englands Plantation, London, 1630.

[2] Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, Vol. III, p. 12.

[3] Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, Vol. III, p. 6.

[4] Between 1630 and 1643,198 ships brought over 21,200 passengers.—Edward Johnson, Wonder Working Providence, London, 1654.

John Josselyn, coming to New England in 1638, mentions in his journal of the voyage sighting or speaking thirteen vessels between the Scilly Isles and the New England coast.

[5] Anti-scorbutics were very necessary for the long voyage. John Josselyn during his first voyage (1638) writes that a young man, a servant to one of the passengers, "was whipt naked at the Cap-stern, with a Cat with Nine tails, for filching 9 great Lemmons out of the Chirurgeons Cabbin, which he eat rinds and all in less than an hours time."

[6] William Wood, New-Englands Prospect, London, 1634.

[7] William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, Boston, 1856.

[8] John Josselyn, Two Voyages to New England, London, 1675.

[9] Wood, New-Englands Prospect, London, 1634.

[10] Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, Vol. I.

[11] Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, Vol. I.

[12] Mourt's Relation, Boston, 1841.

[13] Documentary History of New York (1850), Vol. I.

[14] Essex Co. (Mass.) Quarterly Court Records, Vol. VI, p. 363.

[15] Essex County Deeds, Book V, leaf 107.

[16] Force's Tracts, Washington, 1838.

[17] Mass. Historical Society Colls. (5th ser.), Vol. 7, p. 10.

[18] Boston News-Letter, Jan. 23, 1766.

[19] Boston News-Letter, Sept. 13, 1753.

[20] Mass. Historical Society Colls. (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7.

[21] Mass. Historical Society Colls. (5th ser.), Vols. 5-7.

[22] This large salt is now owned by Harvard College.

[23] Old-Time New England, July, 1934.

[24] Essex County Quarterly Court Records, Vol. IV, pp. 56-57.

[25] Beer in the making.

[26] Probate Records of Essex County, Mass., Vol. I, p. 47.

[27] Probate Records of Essex County, Mass., Vol. II, p. 348.

[28] Dankers, Journal of a Voyage to New York, Brooklyn, 1867.

[29] Watkins, "Early Use of Paper Hangings in Boston" (Old-Time New England, Jan., 1922).

[30] Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Ipswich, 1905.

[31] Records of the Mass. Bay Colony, Vol. I, p. 126.

[32] Ward, The Simple Cobler of Aggawam, London, 1647.

[33] Sewall's Diary, Vol. II, p. 231.

[34] In the inventory of the estate of Henry Landis of Boston, Shopkeeper, deceased, taken, Dec. 17, 1651, appears his clothing, viz.:

—Suffolk Co. Probate Rds., Vol. II, p. 127.

[35] Records of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Boston, 1853, Vol. I, p. 27.

[36] Felt, The Customs of New England, Boston, 1853.

[37] Felt, The Customs of New England, Boston, 1853.

[38] Edward Johnson, Wonder Working Providence, London, 1654.

[39] Essex County Quarterly Court Records, Vol. II, p. 28.

[40] Laws and Liberties of the Massachusetts Colony, Cambridge, 1672.

[41] Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, Boston, 1853.

[42] R. P. Baker, "The Poetry of Jacob Bailey" (The New England Quarterly, Jan., 1929).

[43] Wood, New Englands Prospect, London, 1634.

[44] William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation, Boston, 1912.

[45] Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, Vol. III, p. 90.

[46] Winthrop's Journal, New York, 1908.

[47] Massachusetts Bay Records, Boston, 1853.

[48] Ibid.

[49] Winthrop's Journal, New York, 1908.

[50] Calendar of State Papers, Am. and W. I. (1661-1668), 347.

[51] Massachusetts Archives, XXXV, folio 61.

[52] Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I. (1696-1697), 84.

[53] Viscount Bury, Exodus of the Western Nations, London, 1865.

[54] Dow and Edmonds, Pirates of the New England Coast, Salem, 1923.

[55] Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I. (1675-1676), 408.

[56] Cal. State Papers, Am. and W. I. (1675-1676), 466.

[57] Ibid., 221-222.

[58] 3 Collections (Mass. Hist. Society), Vol. VIII, pp. 336-339.

[59] Probate Records Essex Co., Mass., Salem, 1917.

[60] Hull, Letter Book (American Antiquarian Society).

[61] Corwin MSS. (Essex Institute, Salem, Mass.).

[62] John Caxy v. Joseph Mallenson, Mass. Archives.

[63] Public Record Office, C.O. 5: 848-851 (copies at Essex Institute).

[64] Rev. W. A. Bartlett, The Frontier Missionary, Boston, 1853.

[65] Journal of a Lady of Quality, New Haven, 1921.

[66] Malcolm Storer, "Pine Tree Shillings and other Colonial Money," in Old-Time New England, October, 1929.

[67] Bradford's Letter Book (1 Mass. Hist. Colls., Vol. III).

[68] 4 Mass. Hist. Colls., II, 164.

[69] Prince Society Publications, IV, Boston, 1867.

[70] Sprague, "Some Aspects of Medicine in Boston" (Old-Time New England, Vol. XIII, p. 14.)

[71] Ibid.

[72] "Fox Lungs for the mending of human lungs hardly able to respire, and Bone of a Stag's Heart" are mentioned in the English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[73] Quinsey. First bleed, and purge with Dincassia, after vomit with Vinum Antimonii; rub the tongue with the juyce of Crabfish and Housleek, taking a little inwardly; ... ashes of burnt Crabs, of Swallows, and Tincture of Corals, are excellent in the bastard Quinsey; the ashes of an owl (feathers and all) blown into the throat, opens and breaks the Imposthume wonderfully.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

[74] Deafness and Slow Hearing. The juyce of Radishes, fat of a mole, eele, or Serpent, juyce of an Onyon soaked in Sperrit of Wine and roasted, essences of a mans or Bullocks gall, are all very excellent. In difficulty of hearing, distilled Boyes Urine is good; but better is the Oyl of Carawayes.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

[75] Cup Moss. This with some other Mosses of like kind, have been mightily in vogue amongst the good Women for their Children's Coughs; but they have not obtained in official nor extemporaneous Prescriptions. They are said to be infallible in that which is commonly called the Chin-Cough.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[76] Burning "Spunck," an excrescence growing out of black birch, in two or three places on the thigh of a patient, helps sciatica.—New England's Rarities (Josselyn), London, 1672.

[77] Falling-Sickness. In Children. Ashes of the dung of black Cow [dram]i. given to a new born Infant, doth not only preserve from the Epilepsia, but also cure it. In those of ripe Age. The livers of 40 water-Frogs brought into a powder, and given at five times (in Spirit of Rosemary or Lavender) morning and evening, will cure, the sick not eating nor drinking two hours before nor after it.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

Peacock's Dung is reckoned a specific in Epilepsias, and its use is commended in Vertigo.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[78] Salt of Mans Skull. The skull of a dead man, calcine it, and extract the Salts as that of Tartar. It is a real cure for the Falling-Sickness, Vertigo, Lethargy, Numbness, and all capital diseases, in which it is a wonderful prevalent.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

It is to be feared that this has obtained a place in medicine, more from a whimsical Philosophy, than any other account.... A dead Man's Hand. This is supposed, from some superstitious Conceits amongst Common People, to be of great Efficacy in dispersing scrophulous Tumours. The part, forsooth, is to be rubbed with the dead Hand for some time. And Report furnishes us with many Instances of Cures done hereby; some of which may not improbably be true, both as the Imagination in the Patient contributes much to such Efficacies, and because the Sensation which stroaking in that manner gives, is somewhat surprizing, and occasions a shuddering Chilness upon the Part touched; which may in many cases put the Fibres in such Contractions, as to loosen, shake off, and dislodge the obstructed matter; in which consists the Cure.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

Mummy. This is the Flesh of Carcases which have been embalm'd. But altho it yet retains a place in medicinal catalogues, it is quite out of vse in Prescription.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[79] Goose-Dung. The Excrements of most Birds are accounted hot, nitrous, and penetrating; for this reason they pass for inciders and Detergents, and are particularly reckon'd good in Distempers of the Head; but they are now almost quite laid aside in Practice. Elk's Hoof is also esteemed of mighty Efficacy in Distempers of the Head. Naturalists tell us that the Creature itself first gave to Mankind a Hint of its Medicinal Virtues; for they say, whenever it ails anything in the Head, it lies in such a Posture as to keep one of the tips of a Hoof in its Ear; which after some time effects a Cure. But this I leave to be credited by those of more faith than myself.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

An Hysteric Emulsion. Take Assafoetida 2 drams, dissolve cold in a mortar with a pound and half of Black-Cherry-water, and strain for Vse. This is tolerable, for its stinking Scent, but to few; yet where it can be got down, it is very prevalent in checking the inordinate Orgasm of the Spirits, and preventing those Convulsions and Frenzies of Mind which arise therefrom; it may be drank in the quantity of 2 ounces, according to the Urgency of the Symptoms.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[80] Hog-Lice Wine. Take Hog-Lice (i.e. Wood lice or Sow bugs), half a pound, put them alive into two pound of White Port Wine, and after some Days Infusion strain and press out very hard, then put in Saffron, 2 drams, Salt of Steel, a dram, and Salt of Amber, 2 scruples, and ater 3 or 4 Days strain and filter for Use. This is an admirable Medecine against the Jaundice, Dropsy, or any cachectic Habit.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[81] Plaister of Spinders. Venice Turpentine [dram]iii, melt it; then adde live Spiders No. XXX mix them with a Pestle till the Turpentine be of an Ash colour, and the Spiders appear not; then heat it, and adde of small Spiders No. XL. Stir them again, adding powder of Asphaltum, and white Sal Armoniack, [dram]iii. grinde them till the matter be cold and very black; keep it 14 dayes, then soften it at the fire, and with your hands dipt in oyl, make it up. Make Plaisters thereof, and cover them with leaf-silver or gold, and lay them to the pulses of both wrists an hour before the fit of a Feaver or Ague comes, leave them on nine days, then at the same hour cast them into running water; by this means the Pliaster cures all Feavers or Agues.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

Herring in Pickle is often prescribed in a Cataplasm to the Feet in Feavers; because it is reckoned to draw the Humours downward and thereby relieve the Head.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[82] Flux of the Belly. Burnt Harts' Horn is reckoned a Sweetner and is much used in Decoction against Diarrhoeas; and Fluxes of the Belly. Shavings of Hartshorn is much more in esteem amongst Family Doctresses, than in the shops; but what most gives it a Title to this Place, is that Jelly which it is easily boiled into in common water, and is accounted very nourishing and strengthening. Shavings of Ivory is much of the same nature as the former, and boils in the same manner into a Jelly.

Goat's Blood. This is in a few Compositions under the same Intention as the former; but it is not at all known in common Prescription; and is deservedly almost forgot.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[83] Beaver's cods are much used for wind in the stomach and belly, particularly of pregnant women.—New England's Rarities (Josselyn), London, 1672.

[84] Bleeding at Nose. If the flux be violent, open a vein on the same side, and cause the sick to smell to a dried Toad, or Spiders tyed up in a ragg; ... the fumes of Horns and Hair is very good, and the powder of Toads to be blowed up the Nose; ... in extremity, put teats made of Swines-dung up the nostrils.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

Cow's Dung. This seems to be of a hot penetrating Nature; and is experienc'd to do good in Erysipelous Swellings. This Cataplasm is also highly commended by some in the Gout. Pigeon's Dung is sometimes ordered in Cataplasms, to be applied to the soles of the Feet in malignant Fevers and Deliriums. Hog's Dung. Is also used by the Country People to stop Bleeding at the Nose; by being externally applied cold to the Nostrils.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[85] Pleurisy. Stone-Horse Dung, seems to owe its present Credit in medicine to the modern Practice. It is certainly of great Efficacy in Pleurisies, Inflammations, and Obstructions of the Breast. In all these Intentions it is now very much prescribed.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[86] Goat's Blood is mentioned in the English Dispensatory of 1742 as "deservedly almost forgot."

[87] Quintessence of Vipers. Fat Snakes, Adders or Vipers in June, cast away their heads, bowels and gall, cut them into bits, and dry them in a warm Balneo; then put them into a bolt head with Alcohol of Wine, so much as may overtop them eight fingers breadth; seal the glass Hermetically, and digest for twenty days in Balneo, then decant, etc., etc.

This quintessence is of wonderfull virtue for purifying the blood, flesh and skin, and taking away all diseases therein; it cures the falling-sickness, strengthens the brain, sight and hearing, preserveth from gray hairs, and renovates the whole body, making it become youthful and pleasant; it hindereth miscarriage, provokes sweat, is good against the Plague, and all malign Feavers; it cureth the Gout, Consumption, and French Pox, and ought to be esteemed of the Sons of Men as a Jewel. Dose [dram]i. morning and night.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

Take any number of Vipers, open and cleanse them from all Worms and Excrements, and the Females from their Eggs: Take out their Hearts and Livers; dry them in the shade separately from their Bodies, etc., etc.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[88] Paracelsus His Perfume. Cow-dung, and distill it in Balneo, and the water thereof will have the smell of Ambergrease. It is a most excellent Perfume, abates the Heat of Feavers, and cures all inward inflammations. Dose [dram]i.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

[89] Sympathetick Oyntment. Boars grease, brains of a Boar, powder of washed Earth worms, red Sanders, Mummy, Bloodstone, a. [oz]i, moss of a dead mans Skul not buried [dram]i, make an Oyntment, S.A.

All wounds are cured by this Oyntment, (provided the nerves and arteries be not hurt) thus: Anoint the weapon that made the wound daily once, if there be need, and the wounds be great; otherwise it will be sufficient to annoint it every other day. Where note. 1. that the weapon be kept in clean linnen, and in a temperate heat, lest the Patient be hurt; for if the dust fall, or it be cold, the sick will be much tormented. 2. that if it be a stab, the weapon be anointed towards the point descending. 3. if you want the weapon, take blood from the wound upon a stick, and use as if it were the weapon; thus the Tooth ach is cured by pricking the Gums, and anointing the instrument.—Compendium of Physick (Salmon), London, 1671.

Earth Worms. These are often used in Compositions for cooling and Cleansing the Viscera. They are good in Inflammations and Tubercles of the Lungs and in Affections of the Reins and Urinary Passages. Syrup of Snails. Take Garden-snails early in the morning, while the dew is upon them, a pound; take off their shells, slit them, and with half a pound of fine Sugar put into a Bag hang them in a Cellar, and the Syrup will melt, and drop through, which Keep for Use. This is not kept in the shop, but is worth making for young Children inclining to Hectics and Consumptions. A Syrup of Earth-worms may be made in the same manner for the like Intentions. Frog's Spawn. This another Cooler, but it is an insipid Phlegm, and good for nothing more than common Rainwater; and will not Keep long without mothering and stinking.—English Dispensatory (Quincy), London, 1742.

[90] Tooth Ache. Picking the gums with the bill of an osprey is good for the tooth-ache. Scarifying the gums with a thorn from a dog-fish's back is also a cure.—New Englands Rarities (Josselyn), London, 1672.

[91] Robert Hunt, a lime seller of Boston, differing with a man, drew a sword and made two or three passes at him, upon which the man seized the sword and broke it and went for a warrant to apprehend Hunt who at once shut himself up in his house with a loaded gun and two pistols beside him. When the officers appeared he fired out of the window several times and wounded two boys but at last was taken and committed to prison where three days later he committed suicide by hanging "with an old single Garter." The same afternoon his body "was carried thro' the Town in a Cart, and buried near the Gallows, having a stake first drove thro' it."—Boston Gazette, Apr. 18, 1749.

[92] Thursday last, in the Afternoon, Mark, a Negro Man, and Phillis, a Negro Woman, both Servants of the late Capt. John Codman, were executed at Cambridge, for poisoning their said Master, as mentioned in this Paper some Weeks ago. The Fellow was hanged, and the Woman burned at a Stake about Ten Yards distant from the Gallows. They both confessed themselves guilty of the Crime for which they suffered, acknowledged the Justice of their Sentence, and died very penitent. After Execution, the Body of Mark was brought down to Charlestown Common, and hanged in Chains, on a Gibbet erected there for that Purpose.—Boston Evening-Post, Sept. 22, 1755.

[93] At the Court of Assize, at Springfield, the 2d Tuesday of September last, Daniel Bailey and Mary Rainer, of a Place adjoining to Sheffield in that county, were convicted of Adultery, and were sentenced to suffer the Penalty of the Law therefor, viz. to sit on the Gallows with a Rope about their Necks, for the Space of an Hour; to be whipt forty Stripes each, and to wear for ever after a Capital A, two Inches long, and proportionable in bigness, cut out in Cloth of a contrary Colour to their Cloaths, and sewed upon their upper Garments, either upon the outside of the arm, or on the back.—Boston Evening-Post, Oct. 9, 1752.

A case of incest in Deerfield: "the man was set upon the Gallows with a Rope about his Neck for the space of one Hour, to be whipped in his Way from thence to the Goal 30 stripes, and to wear a Capital I of two Inches long, and proportionable Bigness on his upper Garment for ever. Sentence against the Woman, for special Reasons, we hear, is respited for the present."—Boston Evening-Post, Oct. 7, 1754.

At the Superior Court held in Cambridge last week, one Hannah Dudley of Lincoln was convicted of repeatedly commiting Adultery and Fornication with her own Mother's husband, an old Man of 76 years of age. She was sentenced to be set upon the Gallows for the space of one Hour, with a Rope about her Neck, and the other end cast over the Gallows, and in the way from thence to the Common Goal, that she be severely whipped 30 stripes, and that she for ever after wear a Capital I of two inches long and proportionable bigness cut out in Cloth of a different Colour to her Cloaths, and sewed upon her upper Garment on the outside of her arm, or on her Back, in Open View. [No further mention is made of the step-father.]—Boston News-Letter, Aug. 16, 1759.

[94] On Tuesday the 12th Instant, about 3 p.m. were executed for Piracy, Murder, etc., three of the Condemned Persons mentioned in our Last viz. William Fly, Capt., Samuel Cole, Quarter-Master, and Henry Greenville.... Fly behaved himself very unbecoming even to the last; ... Their Bodies were carried in a Boat to a small Island call'd Nicks's-Mate, about 2 Leagues from the Town, where the above said Fly was hung up in Irons, as a spectacle for the warning of others, especially sea-faring men; the other Two were buried there.—Boston News-Letter, July 7-14, 1726.

[95] Suffolk County Court Files, Vol. I.

[96] The list here printed, is in abstracted form in the order as printed and does not include the rates imposed, deemed immaterial for the present purpose. For complete data consult The Statutes of the Realm, London, 1819, Vol. V, pp. 184-202.

[97] Quantity.

[98] Quintal.