  [The names followed by an asterisk (*) are those which have been already given with more details in the Biographical Index to vol. I.; those followed by two asterisks (**) have been given in vol. II.] A ABERDEEN, Lord* (1784-1860). Diplomatist and English statesman. Prime Minister from 1852-1855. ACERENZA, the Duchesse d'** (1783-1876). Third daughter of the last Duke of Courlande, and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. AFFRE, Denis Auguste** (1793-1848). Archbishop of Paris from 1840; successor to M. de QuÉlen. On June 25, 1848, in an attempt to stop the bloodshed which had been proceeding for four days in Paris, Mgr. Affre went to one of the barricades of the Faubourg St. Antoine, and was struck by a bullet and died of the wound. AFFRE (Saint). She lived in the time of Diocletian; after leading a very scandalous life at Augsburg she was converted by the preaching of Saint Narcissus, and received baptism. She underwent martyrdom and death in 304 A.D. AGOULT, the Vicomtesse d'.* Died in 1841 at Goritz in exile, where she had followed the Dauphine, whose Mistress of the Robes she was. ALAVA, Don Ricardo de* (1780-1843). Lieutenant-General of the Spanish army. ALBUFÉRA, the Duchesse d'** (1791-1884). NÉe de Saint Joseph. ALDBOROUGH, Lady.* Married Lord Aldborough in 1804. ALTON SHÉE DE LIGNÈRES, the Comte** (1810-1874). Peer of France in 1836. ALVENSLEBEN, Count Albert of. Born in 1794. He was Minister of State in Prussia for many years. AMPÈRE, Jean Jacques* (1800-1864). Distinguished literary man. ANDRAL, Dr. Gabriel (1797-1876). Learned French doctor and son-in-law of M. Royer Collard. ANGOULÊME, the Duc d'** (1775-1844). Eldest son of King Charles X. ANHALT-DESSAU, the Duchess of (1796-1850). Frederica of Prussia, daughter of Prince Ludwig of Prussia and of the Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise, married the Duke of Anhalt Dessau in 1818. APPONYI, Count Antony** (1782-1852). Austrian diplomatist, Ambassador at Paris from 1826-1848. He married a daughter of Count Nogarola. APPONYI, the Countess. NÉe Benkendorff, niece of the Princesse de Lieven. ARAGO, FranÇois Dominique (1786-1853). Celebrated astronomer and one of the greatest scientists of the nineteenth century. Formerly a pupil of the Polytechnic School and a member of the Academy of Science. In 1830 he entered upon a political career: as a deputy of the Pyrenees he sat on the extreme Left, and was the orator of the Opposition; at the revolution of 1848 he formed part of the Provisional Government, and directed the Ministries of War and of the Navy. ARENBERG, Prince Pierre d'* (1790-1877). ARENBERG, Princesse Pierre d'* (1808-1842). Daughter of the Duc and Duchesse of PÉrigord. ARGOUT, the Comte d'** (1782-1858). French politician and financier. ARNFELD, Baron Gustavus Maurice of (1757-1824). A Swede, born in Finland. He followed a military career, and was rapidly promoted by Gustavus III., who was very fond of him. He incurred the disfavour of the Prince Regent during the minority of Gustavus IV.; was forced to go into exile, and lived in Russia for several years; eventually restored to his old position, he was appointed Swedish Minister at Vienna in 1802. After the cession of Finland to Russia he was made Governor of Finland in 1813. ARNIM-BOITZENBURG, Count Adolphus of (1803-1868). Minister of State in Prussia. In 1830 he married Countess Caroline of Schulenburg-Wolfsburg. ARNIM-HEINRICHSDORF, Baron Henry of** (1789-1861). Prussian diplomatist, Minister at Paris from 1840-1848, then Minister of Foreign Affairs at Berlin in 1848 for a short time. ASTON, Sir Arthur Ingram. Born in 1798. An English diplomatist, and Secretary to the Paris Embassy in 1833, and Minister at Madrid in 1840. AUDIN, J. M. W. (1793-1851). Historian and founder of the famous collection of Guides Richard, which proved very lucrative. AUERSPERG, Princess Gabrielle of (1793-1863). NÉe Princess Lobkowitz. She lost her husband, Prince Vincent of Auersperg in 1812. AUGUSTENBERG, the Duchess of (1795-1867). Louise Countess of Daneskjold married in 1820 the Duke of Augustenberg. She was the mother of Queen Caroline of Denmark, wife of Christian VIII. AUMALE, Henri d'OrlÉans, Duc d'** (1822-1897). Fourth son of Louis Philippe, and distinguished for his military talent. AUMALE, Duchesse d'. Caroline, daughter of the Prince of Salerno, married the Duc d'Aumale in 1844 and died in 1869. AUSTRIA, the Archduke John of (1782-1859). Son of the Emperor Leopold II. and of Princess Louise of Bourbon, daughter of Charles III., King of Spain. He was elected Vicar of the Empire in 1848 by the Frankfort Assembly, in which he played a somewhat insignificant part. AUSTRIA, the Archduchess Sophia of* (1805-1872). Daughter of Maximilian I., King of Bavaria, and mother of the Emperor Francis Joseph I. AUSTRIA, the Emperor Francis Joseph I. of. Born in 1830. Son of the Archduke Francis Charles (1802-1878), and of the Archduchess Sophia, and nephew of the Emperor Ferdinand I., who abdicated in 1848 at OlmÜtz. Francis Joseph I. ascended the throne before the abdication of his father, which took place immediately afterwards. In 1854 he married his cousin, Princess Elizabeth of Bavaria, who died in 1898. AUSTRIA, the Archduke Max of (1832-1867). Second brother of the Emperor Francis Joseph, and Governor of Lombardy until 1859; he accepted in 1864 the Imperial Crown of Mexico, where after many grievous disappointments he was shot by his subjects who had appointed him their ruler. This unfortunate Prince married in 1857 Princess Charlotte, daughter of Leopold I., King of the Belgians. AUSTRIA, the Archduke Albert of (1817-1895). One of the most renowned military figures during the reign of the Emperor Francis Joseph I. In 1844 he married Princess Hildegarde of Bavaria. AYLESBURY, Lord (1773-1856). Charles Bruce, made Marquis of Aylesbury in 1821. AYLESBURY (Lady). Died in 1893. Maria, daughter of the Hon. Charles Tollemache, second wife of Lord Aylesbury, whom she had married in 1833. She was very popular in London society. B BACH, Alexander, Baron (1813-1870). Austrian statesman, Minister of Justice in 1848, Minister of the Interior in 1849, afterwards appointed Ambassador to the Pope, which office he held until 1867. BADEN, the Grand Duchess Stephanie of (1789-1860). NÉe de Beauharnais.* Her husband, the Grand Duke Charles of Baden, died in 1818. BADEN, the Grand Duke Leopold of** (1790-1858). He succeeded his brother Louis in 1830. BADEN, the Grand Duchess Sophia of (1801-1865). Daughter of the King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus IV. She married in 1819 Prince Leopold of Baden, who died in 1852. BADEN, Princess Alexandria of. Born in 1820. She married in 1842 the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg Gotha. BALLANCHE, Pierre Simon (1776-1847). Philosopher and mystic; director of a large publishing house at Lyons. He settled in Paris, where he was welcomed by illustrious friends. He published several books marked by real learning, which secured him a place in the French Academy in 1844. BALZAC, HonorÉ de** (1799-1850). French man of letters. BARANTE, the Baron Prosper de.* Diplomatist and French historian; for a long time Ambassador at St. Petersburg. BARBÈS, Armand (1809-1870). French politician and representative of the people in 1848, nicknamed the "Bayard of the Democracy." He was imprisoned in 1849, released in 1854, but went into voluntary exile and died in Holland. BARING, Sir Francis (1796-1866). Made Baron Northbrook a short time before his death. He had been a Member of Parliament for Portsmouth BARING, Lady Arabella (1809-1884). Daughter of the Count of Effingham. She married Sir Francis Baring in 1841, and was his second wife. BARROT, Odilon* (1791-1873). French politician. BARRY, Dr. Martin (1802-1855). Of Scotch extraction, he had studied in England, France, and Germany, and took his doctor's degree in 1831. He was a great friend of Alexander von Humboldt. BASSANO, Hughes Maret, Duc de* (1763-1839). Held important military and political posts under the Empire and the July Monarchy. BATTHYÁNY, the Countess (1798-1840). By birth Baroness of Ahrenfeldt. She married as her second husband in 1828 Count Gustavus BatthyÁny Strathmann. BAUDRAND, General, Count* (1774-1848). Served with distinction under the Republic, the Empire, the Restoration, and the July Monarchy. BAUFFREMONT, the Duchesse de.** Born in 1771. NÉe de la Vauguyon. She married in 1787 the Duc Alexandre de Bauffremont. She was a friend of Prince Talleyrand. BAUFFREMONT, the Princess de** (1802-1860). Laurence, daughter of the Duc de Montmorency, had married in 1819 Prince ThÉodore de Bauffremont. BAUSSET, Cardinal** (1748-1824). Bishop of Alais and member of the French Academy. BAUTAIN, the AbbÉ** (1796-1867). At first a pupil of the Normal School, he was appointed Vicar-General of the diocese of Paris in 1849. BAVARIA, King Louis I.** (1786-1868). Ascended the throne in 1825, and abdicated in 1848. BAVARIA, Queen Theresa of** (1792-1854). Daughter of Duke Frederick of Saxony Altenburg, she married in 1810 Louis I. of Bavaria. BAVARIA, the Crown Prince of** (1811-1864). Son of Louis I. He succeeded in 1848 to the throne under the name of Maximilian II. He had married in 1842 Princess Maria of Prussia. BAVARIA, Princess Hildegarde of (1825-1864). She married in 1844 the Archduke Albert, by whom she had a daughter who afterwards married a Duke of Wurtemberg. BEAUFORT, Duke Henry of (1792-1848). He first married in 1814 a daughter of the Hon. Henry Fitzroy, and in 1822 Emily Frances Smith, BEAUVALE, Lord (1782-1852). Frederick Lamb.* English diplomatist, brother of Lord Melbourne, to whose title he succeeded in 1848. BELGIANS, the King of* (1790-1865). Leopold I., Prince of Coburg-Gotha. BELGIANS, the Queen of** (1812-1850). Louise, Princesse d'OrlÉans, daughter of King Louis Philippe. BELGIOJOSO, the Princesse Christine** (1808-1871). Remarkable for her beauty, her wit, and her eccentricity. She became famous for her liberal ideas. In 1846 she published an Essay on the Formation of Catholic Dogma which aroused much discussion. BELLUNE, Victor, Duc de (1766-1841). Marshal of France. BELOW, General von (1783-1864). A Prussian general who commanded the Federal Fortresses from 1843-1847. BEM, General Joseph* (1795-1850). A Pole, he first saw service in the Polish Artillery in 1812, and covered himself with glory in the insurrection of 1830, and at the time of the defence of Warsaw in 1831. On his defeat he took refuge in France, and reappeared in Vienna in 1848, at the time of the insurrection, when he joined the Hungarians, who had revolted against Austria. He afterwards embraced Mohammedanism, and took service in Turkey. BENACET, M. (1773-1848). Director of the Baden gambling houses, and successor to M. Chabert. He paid six thousand florins a year for the privilege; his son, who succeeded him, paid forty-five thousand. On the death of the latter in 1868, his nephew, M. Dupressoir, obtained this inheritance. To them Baden owes its theatre, its hospital, and part of its prosperity. BENNINGSEN, Count Alexander von. Born in 1809. A German statesman, son of the famous Russian general. He had studied in Germany, entered the Financial Chamber, and became chief overseer of taxes in Hanover. In 1848 he was President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned in 1850. BÉRIOT, Charles Auguste de (1802-1870). Famous Belgian violinist, and one of the most remarkable virtuosos of his time. He married Madame Malibran. BERNARD, Samuel (1651-1739). Rich financier and famous contractor. He made a noble use of his immense fortune, and came to the help of Kings Louis XIV. and Louis XV., with whom he was in very high favour. Chamaillard and Desmaret borrowed considerable sums of him for State purposes. BERRYER, Antoine* (1790-1868). Celebrated lawyer and Legitimist orator, member of the French Academy and several times deputy. BERTIN DE VEAUX, M.* (1771-1842). Founded the Journal des DÉbats, was Councillor of State and Deputy. BERTIN DE VEAUX, Auguste (1799-1879). Cavalry officer and attachÉ to the staff of the Duc d'OrlÉans. He was a deputy from 1837 to 1842 and then peer of France. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1852 and chief officer of the Legion of Honour in 1867. BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Moritz Augustus von (1795-1877). German lawyer, a friend of Savigny, and an authority on jurisprudence. He held the post of Minister of Public Worship in Prussia in 1848 and showed unusual competence as Minister of Education. He resigned in 1852. BÉTHISY, the Marquis de (1815-1881). Peer of France till 1848. He married a daughter of the Duc de Rohan-Chabot. BEUST, Count Frederick Ferdinand of (1809-1886). Saxon statesman and Minister of Foreign Affairs in Saxony in 1849. Summoned to Austria after the war of 1866, he became President of the Austrian Council with the title of Chancellor of the Empire. He cleverly reconciled Austria with Hungary and secured the coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph, King of Hungary, at Pesth on June 8, 1867. In 1871 he was appointed Austrian Ambassador at Paris and afterwards at London, where he died. BIGNON, FranÇois (1789-1868). A business man of Nantes. Knight of the Legion of Honour, and appointed deputy in 1834. His business capacity gave him a certain position in the Chamber. BINZER, Frau von** (1801-1891). Wife of a German man of letters. BIRON-COURLANDE (Prince Charles of).** Born in 1811. BIRON-COURLANDE (Princess Charles of). Born in 1810 as Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld, and married Prince Biron in 1833. BIRON-COURLANDE, Princess Fanny of** (1815-1883). Sister of the Countess of Hohenthal. She married General von Boyen. BIRON-COURLANDE, Prince Calixtus von (1817-1882). He inherited in 1848 the seniority and the lands of his brother Charles. After spending some years in the Prussian military service, he afterwards held a high position at the Prussian Court. In 1845 he married Princess Helena Mertschersky. BLUM, Robert (1807-1848). Famous German revolutionist. He was first known as the editor of several newspapers, and in 1848 he was appointed Deputy to the Frankfort Parliament. He was one of the most ardent promoters of the rising at Vienna; was taken prisoner and shot by the victorious troops of the Government. BODELSCHWINGH, Charles von (1800-1873). Prussian Minister of State, who twice held the post of Financial Minister, from 1851-1858, and from 1862-1866. BOIGNE, the Comtesse de* (1780-1866). Born AdÈle d'Osmond. Her salon was one of the most important at Paris from 1814-1859. BOISMILON, M. de. At first private secretary to the Duc d'OrlÉans and afterwards tutor to the Comte de Paris. BONALD, the Vicomte de (1754-1840). The most famous representative of the monarchical and religious doctrines of the Restoration. Exiled in 1791, he did not return to France until the proclamation of the Empire. From 1815 to 1822 he was a Deputy, and was made a peer of France in 1823, and afterwards member of the Academy. He devoted his pen and his oratorical powers to the maintenance of the Crown and the Church, thus contributing to facilitate the return of religious ideas to France. BONAPARTE, Lucien* (1773-1840). Third brother of Napoleon I.; made Prince of Canino by Pope Pius VII. BONAPARTE, Prince Louis** (1808-1873). Son of Louis Bonaparte and of Hortense de Beauharnais. After an adventurous youth he took advantage of the events of 1848 to secure his nomination as President of the Republic, and re-established the Empire to his own advantage in 1852, taking the name of Napoleon III. BONIN, General Eduard von (1793-1865). At the head of a body of Prussian troops in 1848, he was ordered to occupy the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, where he afterwards organised a national army. In 1852 he took the place of General Stockhausen as Minister of War at Berlin. BORDEAUX, the Duc de* (1820-1883). Son of the Duc de Berry and grandson of Charles X.; he also bore the title of Comte de Chambord. BOURQUENEY, the Comte de* (1800-1869). French diplomatist; appointed Ambassador at Constantinople in 1844 and at Vienna in 1859. BRAGANZA, the Duchess Amelia of* (1812-1873). Daughter of the Duke EugÈne of Leuchtenberg and second wife of Pedro I. Emperor of Brazil. BRANDENBURG (the Countess of). NÉe Massenbach, she married the Count of Brandenburg in 1818. For several years she was chief lady to Queen Elizabeth of Prussia. BRANDHOFEN, Frau von. NÉe Anne Plochel in 1802; she married morganatically in 1827 the Archduke John of Austria; she then received the title of Baroness of Brandhofen which was changed in 1845 to that of Countess of Meran. BRAZIL, the Emperor Dom Pedro II. of (1825-1891). Succeeded his father under the regency in 1831 and became ruler in 1840. In 1843 he married Princess Theresa of Bourbon, daughter of Francis I. King of the Two Sicilies. The revolution drove him out of Brazil in 1890. BREDY, Hugo von (1792-1848). Austrian officer of artillery: major-general in 1846. He was killed in the Vienna Insurrection on October 6, 1848. BRESSON, Comte* (1788-1847). French diplomatist. BRESSON, Comtesse. NÉe de Cominge-Guitaut, of a noble Burgundian family. BRIFAUT, Charles (1787-1867). Poet and French man of letters; member of the French Academy. He wrote with the same enthusiasm upon the birth of the King of Rome and the return of Louis XVIII. BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquis Antoine de (1786-1863). Born of an old illustrious family of Genoa, he was first reporter to the Imperial Council of State, then Prefect of Savona, and in 1814 Plenipotentiary Minister for the town of Genoa at the Council of Vienna. He supported the Monarchy in Savoy and became Chief of the Royal University in 1816, Ambassador at Rome in 1839, and afterwards Ambassador at Paris where he remained for many years. BRIGNOLE-SALE, the Marquise de. NÉe Durazzo. She was the mother of the Duchesse Melzi and of the Duchesse de Galliera. BROGLIE, Duc Victor de* (1785-1870). Chief of the Doctrinaire Party and several times Minister under Louis-Philippe. He had married Albertine de StaËl, who died in 1840. BRONZINO, Angiolo (1502-1572). Italian painter, born at Florence. BROUGHAM, Lord Henry* (1778-1868). English politician. BRUNNOW, Baron (1796-1875). A Russian diplomatist. Minister at Darmstadt in 1839. He was appointed London Ambassador in 1840 after negotiating the marriage of the Hereditary Grand Duke, who became Alexander II. He took a large share in the negotiations which led to the conclusion of the treaty of the quadruple alliance on July 15, 1840, in which French politics received so severe a check. Accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1855 he was nominated, together with Count Orloff, to represent the Russian Government at the Congress of Paris in 1856. BRUNSWICK, Duke William of (1806-1884). This Prince took the reins of government in 1825, after the flight of his brother Charles, and became definite ruler of the duchy from 1837. BUGEAUD DE LA PICONNERIE, Marshal (1784-1849). Entered the army in 1804 and served with distinction in the campaigns under the Empire; he then withdrew to his estate of Excideuil in Dordogne after the fall of Napoleon. Recalled to active service in 1830 he loyally supported the new monarchy, energetically repressed several insurrections at Paris and was sent to Algiers in 1836, where he defeated Abd-el-Kader and forced him to accept the treaty of Tafna. In 1840 he was appointed Governor of Algeria and showed fine administrative powers, defeated the forces of Morocco in the battle of Isly and consolidated the French possessions in Northern Africa. BÜLOW, Baron Henry von* (1790-1846). Prussian diplomatist. He was Minister in England and afterwards Minister of Foreign Affairs in Prussia. BÜLOW, Count Hans Adolphus Charles of (1807-1869). Prussian statesman, who was commissioned to undertake several negotiations in Hanover, Oldenburg, and in Brunswick. From 1850 to 1858 he directed the affairs of Mecklenburg. BULWER, Sir Henry Lytton** (1804-1872). English diplomatist. Minister Plenipotentiary in Spain from 1843-1848; Ambassador at Constantinople in 1858. BUNSEN, the Chevalier Christian Charles Josias von (1791-1860). German diplomatist. He spent twenty years at Rome as Secretary to the Prussian Legation and negotiated the question of mixed marriages. He was very intimate with the Prince Royal of Prussia who became King Frederick William IV. in 1840. He was appointed by this ruler Ambassador at London, where he remained until the Crimean War in 1854. C CAMBRIDGE, Prince George of. Born in 1819. Son of Duke Adolphus of Cambridge and of Princess Augusta of Hesse-Cassel; he became Duke of Cambridge in 1850 on the death of his father, and held a high position at the head of the English Army. CAMBRIDGE, Princess Augusta of. Born in 1822, and sister of Prince George. She married in 1843 the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, at that time Hereditary Prince. CAMPHAUSEN, Ludolf (1802-1890). President of the Prussian Ministry in 1848, afterwards Minister Plenipotentiary to the Central Germanic power, where he proposed a confederation in which Prussia was to have the controlling influence. CAPO D'ISTRIA, Count* (1776-1831). Native of Corfu. CARAMAN, the Marquise de.** NÉe Gallard de BÉarn; widow of the Marquis de Caraman after 1836. CARDIGAN, James Thomas Brudenell Bruce (1797-1864). General and peer of England; of an old family in which the family of the Marquises of Aylesbury originated. After several differences with the officers of his regiment, he had a duel with a captain and wounded his adversary. He was then tried before the House of Lords in its judicial capacity in 1841 and was acquitted. CARIGNAN, Princesse JosÉphine de (1753-1797). Grandmother of King Charles Albert of Sardinia, daughter of Louis Charles de Lorraine, Duc d'Elbeuf, Prince de Lambesc, Comte de Brionne. She married in 1768 Prince Victor AmÉdÉe II. de Carignan, who was settled at Paris. CARLOTTA, the Infanta* (1804-1844). Daughter of the King of the Two Sicilies and sister of Queen Marie Christina of Spain. CARNÉ, the Comte Joseph de (1804-1876). Entered the office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1825 and joined the July Government. He was elected Deputy and took an active part in parliamentary work. He entered the French Academy in 1863. CAROLATH-BEUTHEN, Prince Henry of** (1783-1864). General of Prussian cavalry and chief royal huntsman. CARS, the Duchesse des. Died in 1870. Her maiden name was Augustine du Bouchet de Sourches de Tourzel. In 1817 she married Duc AmÉdÉe FranÇois des Cars. CASTELLANE, the Comtesse de* (1796-1847). NÉe Cordelia Greffulhe, mother of the Marquis Henri de Castellane. CASTELLANE, the Marquis Henri de** (1814-1847). Eldest son of the Marshal de Castellane and Deputy for Cantal. CASTELLANE, the Marquise Henri de (1820-1890). NÉe Pauline de PÉrigord,* grandniece of the Prince de Talleyrand and daughter of the author of these memoirs. CASTELLANE, Marie de. Born in 1840. Daughter of the Marquis and Marquise Henri de Castellane and granddaughter of the author of these memoirs. In 1857 she married at Sagan Prince Antony Radziwill, who died in 1904. CASTLEREAGH, Viscount* (1769-1822). English statesman and an embittered enemy of the French revolution and of Napoleon I. CAULAINCOURT, Armand Augustin Louis, Marquis de, Duc de Vicence (1772-1827). French general and the business-man of Napoleon I. at the Congress of ChÂtillon and one of his most faithful servants. CAVAIGNAC, General Louis EugÈne (1802-1857). After gaining practically all his military experience in Algiers, he was appointed governor of this province after the revolution of 1848. On the coup d'État of December 2, 1851, he was arrested and transported to Ham. On his liberation he requested to be retired and entered private life. CELLAMARE, the Prince of (1657-1733). Was appointed Spanish Ambassador to the Court of France in 1715. He became, in concert with the Duchesse du Maine, the instrument by which Alberoni worked against the regent. His correspondence was intercepted towards the end of 1718 and he was himself arrested and conducted to the Spanish frontier. CÉSOLE, the Comte EugÈne de. Lived at Nice and was very popular in society by reason of his cheerful disposition and his talents as a violinist. CÉSOLE, the Comtesse de (1812-1892). NÉe de Castellane. She lived at Nice to the end of her life. CESSAC, the Comte de (1752-1841). Jean GÉrard LacuÉ de Cessac was on duty when the revolution broke out. He was a member of the Council of the Anciens in 1775. A supporter of the 18th Brumaire, Cessac was CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comte Alfred de* (1799-1868). Brigadier-General and Aide-de-Camp of Louis Philippe, whom he followed into exile. CHABANNES LA PALICE, the Comtesse Alfred de (1802-1891). Of English origin; her maiden name was Miss Antoinette Ellice. CHABOT, Philippe de, Comte de Jarnac** (1815-1875). French diplomatist. Deeply attached to the OrlÉans family. CHABOT, Mlle. Olivia de. Married in 1844 the Marquis de Lasteyrie, who died in 1883. CHAIX D'EST ANGE, Gustave (1800-1876). Famous legal authority, magistrate and French politician. Grand officer of the Legion of Honour and Senator in 1864. CHALAIS, the Prince Elie de** (1809-1883). Eldest son of the Duc de PÉrigord. CHANALEILLES, the Marquise StÉphanie de. Second daughter of the Duc de Crillon. She married SosthÈne de Chanaleilles in 1832. She was a sister of Countess Pozzo. CHANGARNIER, General (1793-1877). After taking part in the Spanish war in 1823, he won distinction in the Algerian campaigns. He was exiled after the coup d'État of 1851, returned to France in 1859 and served in the army of Metz. CHARTRES, Robert d'OrlÉans, Duc de. Born in 1840. Second son of the Duc de OrlÉans and Princesse Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He married in 1863 his cousin-german, FranÇoise, daughter of the Prince de Joinville. CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomte de* (1768-1848). One of the most famous French writers of his time. CHATEAUBRIAND, the Vicomtesse de (1775-1845). NÉe Celeste de la Vigne Buisson, she had married in 1792 the Vicomte de Chateaubriand with whose sisters she had been intimate since her youth. CHEVREUSE, the Duchesse Marie de (1600-1679). Widow of Duc Albert de Luynes; she married Claude de Lorraine, Duc de Chevreuse and played a part in the Fronde and in the plots against Mazarin. CHOMEL, Dr. (1788-1859). Doctor to King Louis-Philippe and the Duchesse d'OrlÉans. He was the first to begin a regular clinical practice at the Hospital of la CharitÉ. He was a pupil of Corvisart. CIRCOURT, the Comtesse de (1808-1863). NÉe Anastasie de Klustine. She married in 1830 the Comte Adolphe de Circourt and held a very remarkable salon at Paris. She was an intimate friend of Count Cavour and they maintained a highly interesting correspondence; several of the letters from Count Cavour to Madame de Circourt have been published by the Comte Nigra. CLANRICARDE, Lady,* died in 1876. She was the only daughter of the famous George Canning. CLARENDON, Lord* (1800-1870). Diplomatist and English politician. CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Princess (1777-1864). By birth Countess Louise Chotek, she had married in 1802 Prince Charles Clary Aldringen, her cousin-german. CLARY-ALDRINGEN, Prince Edmund (1813-1894). Son of Prince Charles Clary. He was chamberlain at the Austrian Court. He married in 1841 a Countess Ficquelmont, who died in 1878. CLAUSEL, the General, Comte** (1772-1842). Governor of Algiers in 1830 and Marshal of France in 1831. CLÉREMBAULT, the Vicomte Jean Nicolas Adolphe de. Born in 1810. Son of the Comte de ClÉrembault and Consul General for France in Prussia in 1809; he served in the navy and became lieutenant. In Belgium he married Mlle. Valerie Desoer he was a knight of the Legion of Honour. COBURG, Duke Ernst II. of Saxe- (1818-1893). He succeeded his father, Ernst I., in 1844 and married in 1842 Alexandrina of Baden. COBURG, Prince Albert of Saxe- (1819-1861). Brother of Duke Ernst II. He married in 1840 Queen Victoria of England. COEUR, the AbbÉ** (1805-1860). A talented pulpit orator. He was made Bishop of Troyes in 1848. COGNY, Dr.** Doctor at ValenÇay. COIGNY, the Duc Gustave de** (1788-1865). Peer and Marshal of France. COLLOREDO, Count Francis of. Born in 1799. Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at London and afterwards at Rome. COLLOREDO, the Countess of. NÉe Severina Potocka. She married as her first husband Sobanski. Count Colloredo became her second husband in 1847. CONDÉ, the Princesse Louise AdÉlaÏde de (1757-1824). Daughter of the Duc de Bourbon CondÉ and of Charlotte de Rohan Soubise. She was appointed Abbess of Remiremont by Louis XVI. in 1784, but did not take the veil. Deep feeling for a simple commoner induced her to leave the world. She lived in the Benedictine Order at Turin, at Warsaw, and even at Nieswiez in a convent founded by the Princes Radziwill. There she heard of the death of her brother, the Duc d'Enghien. On her return to France the Princesse de CondÉ founded the monastery of the Temple. CONSALVI, Cardinal Hercule (1757-1824). He enjoyed the patronage of the Princesses of France, the aunts of Louis XVI., and of the Cardinal of York, the last of the Stuarts. He occupied important posts at the Papal Court of Pius VI., and was the chief agent in the election of Pius VII., who made him Cardinal and Secretary of State. In 1801 he came to France and signed the famous Concordat, but Napoleon in order to remove him from business kept him in France in practical exile, and he was unable to return to Italy until 1814. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 the Cardinal not only obtained the restoration to the Holy See of the Marches and of Beneventum and Ponte Corvo, but also secured the supremacy of the papal nuncios in the diplomatic world. CONTADES, the Vicomtesse Jules de (1793-1861). AdÈle Alexandrine, daughter of Gabriel Amys du Poureau. She married Vicomte Jules de Contades; after his death in 1844 she married the Duc de Luynes whose second wife she was. CORNÉLIUS, Peter von** (1787-1867). Famous German painter. COSSÉ-BRISSAC, Mlle. StÉphanie Marie de. Daughter of Comte Arthur de CossÉ-Brissac, married in 1841 Louis Marie de Riffardeau, Duc de RiviÈre. COURTIER. An ecclesiastic who enjoyed great popularity. COWLEY, Lord (1804-1884). Son of Lord Mornington and nephew of the Duke of Wellington. He entered upon a diplomatic career at an early age and was accredited to the Germanic Confederation in 1841; in 1852 he was appointed Ambassador at Paris to take the place of Lord Normanby, and took part in the Congress of Paris in 1856 with Lord Clarendon. He retained his post in France until 1867. In 1833 he had married Olivia FitzGerald of Ross. COWPER, Lady Fanny. Died in 1880. Daughter of the first marriage of Lady Palmerston and niece of Lord Melbourne. She married in 1841 Lord Robert Jocelyn (1816-1854), M.P., eldest son of Lord Roden. CRILLON, Mlle. Marie Louise AmÉlie de. Daughter of the Marquis de Crillon, peer of France. She married in 1842 Prince Armand de Polignac, son of the last President of the Council of King Charles X. CRILLON, Mlle. Valentine de. Sister of the foregoing. She married the Comte Charles Pozzo di Borgo. CUJAS, Jacques (1520-1590). Famous legal authority of Toulouse, nicknamed the Papinian of his age. CUSTINE, the Marquis de (1770-1826). Delphine de Sabran, daughter of the first marriage of Madame de Boufflers. She married in 1787 M. de Custine who perished on the scaffold with his brother, General de Custine, in 1793. Madame de Custine was a friend of Chateaubriand. CUSTINE, the Marquis Astolphe de (1790-1857). Son of the foregoing. Traveller and French man of letters. COUVILLIER-FLEURY, Alfred** (1802-1887). French man of letters. Tutor to the Duc d'Aumale, and afterwards his secretary. He was elected member of the French Academy in 1866. CZARTORYSKI, Prince Adam* (1770-1861). Friend and Minister of the Emperor Alexander I. of Russia; he settled in Paris after 1839. D DALMATIE, the Marquis de (1802-1857). Hector Soult, son of the Marshal, general staff officer. He entered the diplomatic career in 1830 and was Minister Plenipotentiary at the Hague, at Turin and Berlin. For a long time he sat as Deputy for Tarn and always supported the Conservative policy. He became a duke in 1850 after his father's death. DECAZES, the Duc Elie* (1780-1846). Peer of France and Minister under Louis XVIII. DECAZES, the Duchesse.* NÉe de Sainte Aulaire. DEDEL, Solomon* (1775-1846). Danish diplomatist. DEGUERRY, the AbbÉ (1797-1871). Distinguished preacher and chaplain to the Sixth Regiment of the Guard. Under Charles X. he was in succession canon of Notre Dame, incumbent of Saint Eustache and DELAROCHE, Paul (1797-1856). Famous French painter, pupil of Gros. He married at Rome in 1835 Mlle. Louise Vernet, the only daughter of Horace Vernet who died in 1845. DELESSERT, Gabriel (1786-1858). An officer who distinguished himself in the defence of Paris in 1814 and became brigadier-general in 1831. He was then prefect of Aude and afterwards of Eure-et-Loir from 1834 to 1836; finally he was prefect of police from 1836 to 1848; afterwards he retired to private life. DEVRIENT, Daniel Louis (1784-1832). Famous German actor of French origin. DEMIDOFF, the Count Anatole (1813-1870). Anatole Demidoff, Prince of San Donato, married in 1841 Princess Mathilda, daughter of King Jerome of Westphalia. His father had made a great fortune in the Siberian mines and was the first to acclimatise French vines in the Crimea. DENMARK, Christian VIII., King of (1786-1848). Formerly Prince Christian of Denmark,** son of the Hereditary Prince Frederick and of the Princess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin; he succeeded Frederick VI. on December 3, 1839. His first wife, whom he married in 1806, was Charlotta Frederica of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, by whom he had a son, afterwards King Frederick VII. DENMARK, the Queen of (1796-1881).** Caroline Amelia, daughter of the Duke and Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein Sondersburg Augustenburg, second wife of King Christian VIII., by whom she had no children. DEVONSHIRE, the Duke of. Died in 1858. By name William Cavendish. DIEGO LEON. Died in 1841. Spanish general, highly renowned for his bravery. He belonged to the moderate Conservative party which supported Queen Maria Christina at the time of her Regency. When Espartero wished to dethrone her, Diego Leon headed a conspiracy in 1841 for the purpose of abducting the young Queen Isabella and taking her to a provincial town, in order to remove her from the influence of Espartero. A combat took place in the palace of Madrid; Diego Leon was captured and shot in 1841. DINO, the Duc de** (1813-1894). Known until 1838 as Comte Alexandre de PÉrigord, second son of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. DINO, the Duchesse de (1820-1891). NÉe Marie Josephine de Sainte Aldegonde. She had married in 1839 Duc Alexandre de Dino. DOENHOFF, Count Augustus Hermann. Born in 1797. After undertaking various diplomatic missions, he became Prussian Minister to the Diet of Frankfort in 1842, and in 1848 Minister of Foreign Affairs in Pfuel's Cabinet, but he soon resigned. Count Doenhoff was a Member of the House of Lords. DOENHOFF, Sophia Juliana Frederica, Countess. Died in 1834. A favourite of King Frederick William II., by whom she had two children, who took the title of Counts of Brandenburg. DON CARLOS DE BOURBON* (1788-1855). DOLOMIEU, the Marquise de* (1779-1849). Lady of Honour to Queen Marie AmÉlie. DOUGLAS, the Marquis of* (1811-1863). Succeeded his father as Duke of Hamilton in 1852. In 1843 he had married Princess Maria of Baden. DOURO, Lady Elizabeth. Daughter of the Marquis of Tweeddale. She married in 1839 Arthur Richard Wellesley, Marquis of Douro, who became Duke of Wellington after his father's death in 1852. DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the AbbÉ de (1811-1893). Third son of the Marquis of Dreux BrÉzÉ and Chief Master of the Ceremonies under Louis XVI. He became Vicar General to Mgr. de QuÉlen at Paris in 1835 and in 1849 was appointed Bishop of Moulins. He never attempted to hide his ultramontane and legitimist opinions. DREUX-BRÉZÉ, the Marquis de (1793-1845). Scipion de Dreux-BrÉzÉ first entered a military career which he left in 1827; in 1829 he became peer of France on his father's death. He was one of the leaders of the opposition to the Government of Louis Philippe. DUCHATEL, the Comte Charles Tanneguy.* French politician. DUCHATEL, the Comtesse EglÉ. Daughter of M. PaulÉe, who made a considerable fortune as contractor to the French army during the Spanish war of 1823. DU DEFFANT, the Marquise (1697-1780). NÉe Marie de Vichy-Chambord. Married at an early age to a man for whom she did not care, she was separated from him, and when her widowhood began opened her salon to the lords and philosophers of her age. At the age of fifty-four she became blind, and substituted friendship for coquetry and wit for beauty, though she never lost her imperious desire for amusement. Her correspondence with Voltaire and Horace DUFAURE, Jules Armand Stanislas** (1798-1881). Lawyer and French politician. DUMOURIEZ, Charles FranÇois (1739-1824). Field-Marshal when the revolution broke out, he adopted revolutionary principles and became Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1792. He declared war on Austria but as he had incurred the disfavour of the Girondists, who had raised him to the Ministry, he resigned and re-entered the service as commander of the army of the north. He won the victories of Valmy and Jemmapes and conquered Belgium; but after a defeat at Neerwinden, he was exposed to the attacks of the Convention and opened negotiations with the enemy, to whom he soon fled. He then led a wandering life and eventually settled in England where the King gave him a pension. DUPANLOUP, the AbbÉ** (1802-1878). Appointed Bishop of OrlÉans in 1849, he entered the French Academy in 1854. DUPIN, AndrÉ Marie* (1783-1865). Lawyer and French magistrate; he was a Deputy for many years. DUPOTY, Michel Auguste (1797-1864). Publicist and violent republican, he opposed both the July and the Bourbon monarchy. DUPREZ, Gilbert-Louis** (1806-1879). Famous French tenor. DURHAM, John Lambton, Lord* (1792-1840). English politician. E ELCHINGEN, the Duchesse d'. Born in 1801. Marie Josephine, daughter of the Comte de Souham, had married the Baron de Vatry as her first husband. After she had been left a widow she married the Duc d'Elchingen in 1834; he was aide-de-camp to the Duc de OrlÉans, and eldest son of Marshal Ney who died in 1854. ELLICE, the Hon. Edward* (1787-1863). English politician. ELSSLER, Theresa** (1806-1878). Famous dancer and morganatic wife of Prince Adalbert of Prussia. She was given the title of Baroness of Barnim. ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, Duc d' (1772-1804). Son of the Prince de CondÉ and of Louise ThÉrÈse Mathilde d'OrlÉans. He followed his parents into exile, and showed brilliant courage in the army of CondÉ. He was settled at Ettenheim in the Grand Duchy of Baden with the young and beautiful Charlotte de Rohan Rochefort, to whom he was said to be secretly married. He was arrested in ENGLAND, Queen Adelaide of* (1792-1848). NÉe Princess of Saxe-Meiningen. ENTRAIGUES, the Marquis Emmanuel Louis d' (1755-1812). At first an officer in the army, he went into exile in 1790, and became Councillor of the Russian Legation at London, where he was assassinated with his wife. ENTRAIGUES, AmÉdÉe Goveau d'.* Born in 1785. Prefect of Tours from 1830-1847. ESPARTERO, Joachim Baldomero (1792-1879). A Spaniard and a brilliant soldier, Espartero took a keen part in the hostilities when civil war broke out upon the succession of Isabella II. to the throne. In 1840, when the Queen Regent Maria Christina had abdicated, the Cortes transferred the powers of Regency to Espartero. In 1842 he was overthrown and withdrew to England, but returned to Spain in 1847 and resumed his seat in the Senate, where he continued to exert a controlling influence. ESPEUIL, Antoine ThÉodore de Viel Lunas, Marquis d'. Born in 1802. He became Senator in 1853, and married Mlle. Jeanne FranÇoise Louise de Chateaubriand, niece of the Vicomte de Chateaubriand. ESSEX, Arthur Algernon Capell, Lord (1803-1892). He had succeeded his uncle as Lord Essex in 1839. He was three times married: first, in 1825, to Caroline Janetta, daughter of the Duke of St. Alban's, who died in 1862; secondly, in 1863, to Louisa Caroline Elizabeth, daughter of Viscount Dungarvan, who died in 1876; and thirdly, in 1881, to Louise, daughter of Charles Heneage, and widow of Lord Paget, the General. ESTERHAZY, Prince Paul* (1786-1866). Austrian diplomatist. ESTERHAZY, Prince Nicolas (1817-1894). Son of Prince Paul. He married in 1842 Lady Sarah Villiers, daughter of Lord and Lady Jersey; she died in 1853. ESTERHAZY, Count Moritz (1805-1891). Austrian diplomatist; Ambassador at Rome in 1855; and a Minister without a portfolio from 1865-1866. He took a large share in the events which preceded the war of 1866, as he objected to all concessions which might have secured an understanding between Vienna and Berlin. He was a member of the old Hungarian Conservative party. EU, Gaston d'OrlÉans, Comte d'. Born in 1842. Eldest son of the Duc de Nemours and of the Princesse de Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. He married, in 1864, at Rio de Janeiro, Princess Isabella of Braganza, eldest daughter of the Emperor of Brazil. F FABRE, FranÇois Xavier* (1766-1837). French painter and a pupil of David. FAGEL, General Robert.* Ambassador from the King of the Low Countries to France under the Restoration. FALLOUX, Comte Alfred de (1811-1885). French politician and member of the Academy; he was Minister of Education under the Presidency of Prince Louis Philippe, and gave his name to the law concerning the organisation of education. FANE, Lady G. J. Georgiana (1811-1874). Daughter of Lord Westmorland, who was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1790 to 1795, by his second marriage with Miss Jane Saunders. She was never married. FESCH, Cardinal** (1763-1839). Maternal uncle of Napoleon I. FEUCHÈRES, the Baronne Sophie de (1795-1841). Known for her intimacy with the last Duc de Bourbon, from whom she obtained the rich estates of Saint Leu and of Boissy and the sum of a million. It was she who induced the Prince to leave the remainder of his fortune to the young Duc d'Aumale, his cousin, to escape the danger to which she would have been exposed if she had taken it for herself. An object of general contempt, she lived in England after the death of Prince de CondÉ, who was found one day hanging to the cross-bar of a window in his Castle of Chantilly in 1830. FICQUELMONT, Count Charles Ludwig von** (1777-1857). An officer and afterwards a diplomatist in the Austrian service; Minister of State at Vienna in 1840, and for a time Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1848. FLAHAUT, the General Comte Auguste Charles Joseph de* (1785-1870). Peer of France and Ambassador. FLAHAUT, the Comtesse de* (1788-1867). Margaret, Lady Nairn and Keith, had married in 1817 the Comte de Flahaut. FLAHAUT, Emily Jane Mercer Elphinstone de. Eldest daughter of the Comte de Flahaut and of Lady Nairn and Keith. She married in 1843 Henry, Marquis of Lansdowne (1816-1866), M.P. FLOTOW, Count Frederick Augustus von (1812-1883). Composer of German music and author of a great number of operas. FORBIN-JANSEN, the Marquise de. NÉe Rochechouart Mortemart. FOUQUET, Nicholas (1615-1680). Financial Minister under Louis XIV.; condemned, after a famous trial, for embezzlement, and confined at Pignerol, where he died after nineteen years' imprisonment. FOX, Miss. Died in 1840. Caroline Fox, daughter of Stephen Fox, the second Lord Holland. FRANCIS I., Emperor of Austria (1708-1765). Eldest son of Duke Leopold of Lorraine; he inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1729, but exchanged it, in 1738, for that of Tuscany, where the family of the Medicis had just become extinct. He married Marie ThÉrÈse, daughter of Charles VI., and was appointed Regent on the death of Charles in 1740. FREDERICK I., first King of Prussia (1657-1713). Son of Frederick William, the Great Elector of Brandenburg. FREDERICK II., the Great,* King of Prussia (1712-1786). A famous soldier and a friend of the philosophers of his time. He ascended the throne in 1740. FREDERICK WILLIAM II., known as the Fat, King of Prussia (1744-1797). Nephew of Frederick the Great and his successor; ascended the throne in 1786. FREDERICK WILLIAM III.,** King of Prussia (1770-1840). Son of Frederick William II., whom he succeeded, and husband of Queen Louise. FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.,** King of Prussia (1795-1861). Son of Frederick William III., whom he succeeded; ascended the throne in 1840. FROISSART, Jean (1337-1410). Famous French chronicler. FRY, Mrs. Elizabeth (1780-1865). Born of a family distinguished both for wealth and culture, she married at the age of twenty Mr. Joseph Fry, a Quaker. She then devoted her life to pious works, especially to prison visiting, and secured a great improvement in the treatment of prisoners. FUGGER, Ulrich (1441-1510). Famous German merchant who lent considerable sums to the Emperor Maximilian. G GAGERN, Baron Heinrich von (1799-1880). German statesman and one of the most ardent supporters of German unity. He was President of the National Assembly of Frankfort in 1848. GALLIÉRA, the Duchesse Marie de (1812-1888). Eldest daughter of the Marquis de Brignole Sale, she had married a Genoese, the Duc de GalliÉra, who left her an immense fortune, of which she spent almost the whole in works of charity. GARNIER-PAGÈS (1801-1841). Politician and leader of the Republican party under Louis Philippe. GAY, Madame Sophie (1776-1852). Daughter of the financier La Vallette, she married, when very young, a stockbroker, from whom she was divorced in 1799. She then married M. Gay, Receiver-General for the Department of RoËr under the Empire. The salon of Madame Gay was soon a meeting-place for the most brilliant society, and in 1802 she made her first appearance in the world of letters. She was a poet and a good musician, and, apart from her novels and her dramatic works, wrote poetry which she set to music, and her songs were very popular. She was the mother of Delphine Gay (Madame de Girardin). GENLIS, Madame de (1746-1830). Governess to the children of the Duc d'OrlÉans (Philippe EgalitÉ) and author of several works upon education. GENOUDE, the AbbÉ EugÈne (1792-1849). French publicist who became editor of the Gazette de France in 1823, in which he consistently supported the cause of the monarchy. He was married, and when he was left a widower he took orders in 1835. GENTY DE BUSSY, M. Pierre de (1793-1867). Military Commissioner, he became Governor of the Invalides; took part in the Spanish War, and was sent on a diplomatic mission to Greece in 1828. In 1844 he was elected Deputy, joined the Conservative party, and supported the foreign and domestic policy of M. Guizot. GENTZ, Frederick von (1764-1832). A Prussian publicist and an ardent enemy of the French Revolution; in 1814 and 1815 he was secretary to the Congress of Vienna and helped to draw up the compact of the Holy Alliance. GERLACH, General Leopold von (1790-1861). Entered the Prussian military service at an early age; became aide-de-camp to the Prince of Prussia and Infantry General. His ideas were very reactionary. He was an intimate friend of Frederick William IV. GERSDORFF, Baron** (1800-1855). Manager of the estates of the Princess of Courlande. GIRARDIN, Madame de (1805-1855). Delphine Gay. Married, in 1831, M. Emile de Girardin. She wrote poetry and novels which showed much talent. GOBERT, M. Treasurer of the charitable fund for the orphans of those who died from cholera. GEORGEI, Arthur, born in 1818. A famous Hungarian General who took an active part in the Hungarian War of 1848. At first he displayed the highest military talent and afterwards capitulated and surrendered the Hungarian army to the Russian General Rudiger. GORE, Charles Alexander. Born in 1817 and son of Sir William Gore. He was Commissioner of Forests. GOURIEFF, M. de. Russian diplomatist, Minister at The Hague, and then Financial Minister in his own country. He was the father-in-law of M. de Nesselrode. GRAMONT-GUICHE, the Duchesse de (1802-1882). NÉe Anna de Grimaud d'Orsay, Countess of the Holy Empire. She married the Duc de Guiche, who was afterwards Duc de Gramont and Lieutenant-General, and obtained the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour. He died in 1855. GRAMONT, Madame de. Antoinette CornÉlie de Gramont, aunt of the Duc de Gramont in the Aster branch of the family. A nun in the SacrÉ Coeur and Mother Superior of the Paris house. GRANVILLE, Lord* (1775-1846). English diplomatist, for a long time Ambassador at Paris. GRANVILLE, Lady.* Died in 1862. She was a daughter of the Duke of Devonshire. GREECE, Queen AmÉlie of (1818-1867). Daughter of the Grand Duke of Oldenburg, she married Otho I., King of Greece, in 1836. GREY, Lord* (1764-1845). English politician. GRISI, Giulia* (1812-1869). Famous Italian singer. GROEBEN, Count Charles of, the General (1788-1876). Aide-de-camp to King Frederick William IV., Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle and Member of the House of Lords. GROTE, the Countess of (1799-1885). Baroness Caroline von Schachten, married, in 1825, Count Adolphus von Grote, Hanoverian Ambassador GUELLE, the AbbÉ Nicolas Auguste (1799-1881). He took orders in 1825, and was curÉ at the Madeleine in Paris; he administered his first communion to the Duc d'Aumale, and, in 1849 at London, to the Comte de Paris. He was then attached to the person of King Louis Philippe, and was present at his death. He became chaplain to Queen Marie AmÉlie, and was present also at her deathbed in 1866. He then retired to Paris. GUILLON, Mgr. (1760-1847). Preacher and theologian; he had been chaplain to the Princesse de Lamballe, and refused to take the oath of citizenship at the time of the revolution. Under the patronage of Lucien Bonaparte he accompanied Cardinal Fesch to Rome, and on his return to France obtained the Professorship of Sacred Rhetoric in the Faculty of Theology. From 1818 he was chaplain to the Duchesse Marie AmÉlie d'OrlÉans, afterwards Queen of France. Louis Philippe secured for him, in 1833, the title of Bishop of Morocco in partibus. Mgr. Guillon invariably supported the principles of the French Church. GUIZOT, FranÇois Pierre Guillaume* (1787-1874). French statesman and historian. GUSTAVUS III., King of Sweden (1746-1792). A great lover of France, which he visited upon several occasions. Throughout his reign he was opposed by the Swedish nobility, in spite of the fact that he waged several successful wars against Russia. A conspiracy broke out at the moment when he was preparing to march to the help of Louis XVI. who had been arrested at Varennes. He was shot by an assassin named AnkarstrÖm, at a masked ball. H HANOVER, the Electress Sophia Dorothea of (1667-1726). Daughter of George William of Celle, second son of the Duke of Brunswick and of Eleanor of Olbreuse. She became the wife of King George I. of England, who treated her cruelly and kept her practically in captivity for several years. HANOVER, King Ernst Augustus of (1771-1851). At first Duke of Cumberland,* he ascended the Hanoverian throne in 1837. HANOVER, Queen Frederica of. Duchess of Cumberland* until 1837. HANOVER, the Crown Princess of. Born in 1818. Marie Wilhelmina, daughter of Duke Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg, married in 1848 Prince George of Hanover, who became King in 1851. HANSEMANN, David Justus Ludwig (1770-1864). An important merchant of Aix la Chapelle, he became well known for his constitutional leanings, and in 1848 received the portfolio of Finance in the Ministry of Camphausen; he was afterwards director of the Prussian Bank and founded a flourishing mutual benefit society. HARDENBERG, Prince Charles Augustus of (1750-1822). As Minister of the King of Prussia in 1791, he signed the peace of BÂle with France, but boldly opposed Napoleon I. after Jena and the Russian Campaign, and strove actively to secure the opportunity for a counter stroke. He was one of the signatories to the treaty of Paris and was present at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. HASSENPFLUG, Hans Friedrich von (1793-1862). Minister of the Elector of Hesse-Cassel, he afterwards spent several years in the Prussian service and pursued a reactionary policy. HATZFELDT, Count Max von (1813-1859). Younger brother of Prince Hermann of Hatzfeldt. He married in 1844 Mlle. Pauline de Castellane; on her widowhood she re-married the Duc de ValenÇay. Count Max von Hatzfeldt was Secretary to the Prussian Legation at Paris and afterwards Minister accredited to the Emperor Napoleon III. HAUGWITZ, Count EugÈne von, the General (1777-1867). Field-Marshal, Chamberlain, and Privy Councillor to the Austrian Court. He took part in almost every war in the first half of the nineteenth century. HAUTEFORT, Marie d' (1616-1691). Lady of Honour to Marie de MÉdicis and Lady of the Robes to Anne of Austria. She married in 1646 the Duke of Schomberg, Governor of Metz. HAUTEFORT, the Comtesse d'. NÉe AdÉlaÏde de MaillÉ in 1787. Married the Comte d'Hautefort in 1805. HAYNAU, Baron Julius Jacobus von (1786-1853). Son of the Elector of Hesse, William I., by his morganatic marriage with Fraulein von Lindenthal: he entered the Austrian military service, and in 1847 took part in suppressing the revolutionary movements in Italy, where he became notorious for the cruel methods he employed. He pursued a similar course of action in Hungary in 1849. HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz (1811-1881). A German lawyer and politician, he loudly declared himself a social democrat in 1848 and HANSEL, Wilhelm (1794-1861). He was first known as a writer of comedies and afterwards as a painter and designer, and was a constant figure in Berlin society. He married Fanny Mendelssohn Bartholdy, who died in 1847. HERDING, Herr von. A native of Mannheim and a great favourite at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. His sister, the Princess of Isenburg, also lived at Mannheim after she became a widow. She was the mother of the Countess of Buol Schonenstein. HERZ, Henri (1806-1887). Celebrated pianist and piano dealer. HESKERN, the Baron de. Dutch diplomatist. HESS, Baron Heinrich von, the General (1788-1863). Chief of the Austrian staff of the forces in Lombardy, in 1824; he distinguished himself under Marshal Radetzky, when the national Italian movement broke out in 1848. He entered the House of Lords in 1861. HESSE-CASSEL, the Elector William of (1777-1847). He was married three times: to Princess Augusta of Prussia, daughter of Frederick William II.; to Countess Emilia of Reichenbach; and to Fraulein Caroline of Berlepsch, who received the title of Countess of Bergen. HESSE-CASSEL, the Electress of (1780-1840). A Princess of Prussia by birth, she married the Elector of Hesse in 1797. HESSE-HOMBURG, the Landgravine of (1770-1840). Elizabeth, daughter of King George III. of England, married in 1818 the Margrave Frederick VI. of Hesse Homburg. HOCHBERG-FÜRSTENSTEIN, the Count of (1806-1855). Afterwards Prince of Pless. HOHENTHAL, Count Alfred of.** Born in 1806 and Chamberlain to the King of Saxony. HOHENTHAL, the Countess of* (1808-1845). NÉe Princess Louise of Biron-Courlande. HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Princess Pauline of** (1782-1845). NÉe Princess of Courlande and sister of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. HOHENZOLLERN-HECHINGEN, Prince Constantine of** (1800-1859). Son of the Princess Pauline of Courlande. He abdicated in 1849 his rights over the Principality of Hohenzollern in favour of the King of Prussia, and received the title of Royal Highness in 1850. HOLLAND, Lady Maria Augusta (1812-1890). Daughter of the Earl of Coventry. In 1833 she married Henry, the eldest son and the successor in 1840, of the third Lord Holland; a nephew of Fox. Lord Holland (1802-1859) was for some time Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of Tuscany. He died at Naples, leaving no children, and the title is now extinct. HOTTINGER, Baron Jean Courd (1764-1841). A Swiss by birth and the founder of important business firms. He was made a baron in 1810. In 1815 he was elected Deputy, and became Governor of the Bank of France. HUDEN, Henri. Born in 1810. Legal State Councillor and Professor at Jena. HÜGEL, Baron Ernest EugÈne von** (1774-1849). WÜrtemberg General. HÜGEL, Baron Karl von. Born in 1796. Famous traveller and German naturalist and Minister Plenipotentiary for Austria to the Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1850-1859. HÜGEL, Baron Karl EugÈne von (1805-1870). WÜrtemberg diplomatist and for a time Minister of Foreign Affairs in his own country. HUMANN, Jean Georges* (1780-1842). Financier and French statesman. HUMBOLDT, Alexander von** (1769-1858). Famous German naturalist. HYDE DE NEUVILLE, the Baron** (1776-1857). French politician and a strong legitimist. I IFFLAND, Augustus Wilhelm (1759-1814). A German actor who made his first appearance at Gotha and Weimar and was appointed theatrical manager to the Court of Berlin. He was the author of many dramatic works. INGRES, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780-1867). French painter who was distinguished for the perfection of his drawing. ISABELLA II., Queen of Spain* (1830-1904). ISTRIE, the Duchesse Mathilde d'. Daughter of the Comte Joseph de la Grange, General in the French Army and Peer of France. She had married Napoleon BessiÈres, Duc d'Istrie and Peer of France. He died in 1856. J JACQUES COEUR (1400-1456). Silversmith to Charles VII., whom he provided with means to carry on a war against England. JAUCOURT, the Marquise Charlotte de* (1762-1848). NÉe de Bontemps. JELLACHICH OF BUZIN, General. As Ban of Croatia, when the Hungarian revolution broke out in 1848, he took Vienna from the rebels, but was defeated in 1849 by Bem at Hegyes. JERSEY, George, Lord (1773-1859). Twice Chamberlain to King William IV. and twice Master of the Household to Queen Victoria. He married in 1804 the eldest daughter of the Duke of Westmorland. JERSEY, Lady Sarah* (1787-1867). Daughter of the Duke of Westmorland. JOCELYN, Lord Robert (1816-1854). Eldest son of Lord Roden. Viscount Jocelyn first followed a military career; he accompanied Lord Saltoun to China as Secretary in 1841 and entered Parliament in 1842. He was Secretary to the War Office under Derby's Ministry, and died of cholera. JOINVILLE, FranÇois d'OrlÉans, Prince de** (1818-1900). Third son of King Louis Philippe. JOINVILLE, the Princesse FranÇoise de (1824-1898). NÉe Princess of Branganza, daughter of the Emperor of Brazil, she married the Prince de Joinville in 1844. JOUFFROY, M. Officer of the Legion of Honour, Member of the Institute and of the Royal Council of Education and Deputy for Doubs. K KAGENECK, Countess Fanny of (1799-1861). Lady of Honour to the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. KANITZ-DALWITZ, Baron von, the General (1787-1850). After taking part in all the wars of Prussia against France, he was appointed professor at the military school of Berlin, and in 1827 Minister Plenipotentiary to Constantinople; afterwards he was sent to Hanover and to Vienna on different missions. KANITZ, Count Augustus von, General (1773-1852). Minister of War in Prussia in 1848. He married the Countess Louise Schulenburg, who died in 1830. KAULBACH, Wilhelm von (1805-1874). One of the most famous German painters of the nineteenth century. KISSELEFF, Count Nicholas. Died in 1869. Represented Russia at Paris under the reign of Louis Philippe. He was Minister to the Holy Chair and afterwards at Florence. He was a brother of General Kisseleff, for a long time Ambassador at Paris under the Second Empire. KOMAR, Nathalie de (1818-1860). Sixth child of Stanislas of Komar and of his wife, nÉe Orlowska. She married in 1850 an Italian, the Count of Medici Spada, who had led a very adventurous life. She was the sister of the Countess Delphine Potocka and of the Princesse Charles de Beauvau. KOSSUTH, Louis (1802-1894). Leader of the Hungarian Revolution in 1848: he was born of a noble but poor Croatian family, seventeen members of which had been prosecuted for high treason by the Austrian Government. After the events of 1848 he was obliged to take to flight, and took refuge first at London, where, with Mazzini and Ledru-Rollin, he formed a kind of democratic triumvirate, and afterwards at Turin where he died. KRÜDENER, the Baroness of** (1764-1824). Of Russian origin and known for her mystical ideas. KÜBECK DE KUBAU, Karl Friedrich (1780-1855). Austrian statesman and member of the Council of State from 1814; he was especially active in organising the Lombard-Venetian Kingdom and the Tyrol. In 1839 he was appointed president of the General Financial Directory. After the events of 1848 he retired. L LA BESNARDIÈRE, J. B. Goney de* (1765-1843). At one time a French politician, he had withdrawn to Touraine after 1819, and was a friend of the Talleyrand family. LABLACHE, Louis (1794-1858). Famous Neapolitan singer of French origin. LABOUCHÈRE, Henry* (1798-1861). Member of the English Parliament, afterwards Lord Taunton. LA BOULAYE, the Vicomte J. B. de (1781-1836). French man of letters and publicist, who remained consistently loyal to the monarchy and to Charles X., whose secretary he had been. LACORDAIRE, Henri** (1802-1861). A great Dominican preacher, he restored the Dominican Order in France. A member of the French Academy. LADENBERG, Adalbert von (1798-1855). Prussian statesman, twice Minister of Education and Public Worship: in 1850 he was made Privy Councillor and President of the Financial Chamber. LA FERTÉ, the Comte Hubert de (1806-1872). An ardent legitimist; one of the most devoted servants of the Comte de Chambord. He had married the daughter of the Comte MolÉ. LA FERRONNAYS, the Comtesse de. She was a daughter of Comte Joseph de la Grange, General and Peer of France. LAFFITTE, Jacques** (1767-1844). French financier who took an active part in the revolution of 1830. LAMBERG, Count Franz Philip von, General (1791-1848). In 1848 he was appointed Commissioner of the Realm of Hungary and chief of the Hungarian troops by the Austrian Emperor, but the National Assembly at Pesth refused to recognise his nomination, and he was put to death by the people. LAMENNAIS, the AbbÉ de (1782-1854). A Catholic but revolutionary writer, whose opinions were condemned by the Roman Court, which excommunicated him. LANSDOWNE, the Marquis of* (1780-1863). English politician. LA REDORTE, the Comte de.* French officer and afterwards diplomatist. LA REDORTE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1885. NÉe Louise Suchet, daughter of the Marshal d'AlbufÉra. She had married M. de La Redorte, Ambassador and Peer of France in 1841. LA ROCHE-AYMON, the Comtesse de (1787-1858). Widow of the General, the Marquis de La Roche-Aymon, aide-de-camp to Prince Henry of Prussia, younger brother of Frederick the Great. LA ROCHEFOUCAULD-DOUDEAUVILLE, the Duc SosthÈne de** (1785-1864). A French man of letters, he was a strong Legitimist throughout his life. His first wife, whom he married in 1807, was Elizabeth de Montmorency Laval (1790-1834). LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Alexandre de (1767-1841). An ÉmigrÉ during the revolution, he returned to France under the Consulate, and supported Napoleon. His wife, nÉe de ChastulÉ, and a relative of Josephine, became Lady of Honour to the Empress. M. de La Rochefoucauld entered a diplomatic career, and was Ambassador LA ROCHEFOUCAULD, the Comte Wilfrid de. Born in 1798. Son of the foregoing, whom he succeeded as Duc d'Estissac in 1841. LA ROCHEJAQUELEIN, Auguste du Vergier, Comte de (1784-1868). Officer under the Empire, he also took part in the Spanish campaign of 1823. Louis XVIII. had given him the rank of Field-Marshal in 1818. LA ROCHEJAQUELEIN, the Comtesse Felicie de. Daughter of AmÉdÉe de Durfort, last Duc de Duras. She had married as her first husband LÉopold de la TrÉmouille, Prince of Talmont; and in 1819 she had married the Comte A. de La Rochejaquelein. LA ROCHEJAQUELEIN, Georges du Vergier, Marquis de (1805-1867). He was made a peer of France by Louis XVIII., but did not take his seat in the Upper Chamber, as he refused to take the oath to the July Government. He supported the revolution of 1848, and then became estranged from the Legitimists and became Senator under the Empire. LASALLE, Louis ThÉodore de (1789-1846). Major of cavalry and orderly officer to Louis Philippe. He was elected Deputy in 1839. LA TOUR, Theodore Baillet, General, Comte de (1780-1848). Austrian Field-Marshal. Minister of War in 1848, he exasperated the people of Vienna by his severity and was slaughtered. LA TOUR-MAUBOURG, the Marquis de (1781-1847). French diplomatist, ChargÉ d'Affaires at Constantinople, and Minister Plenipotentiary to WÜrtemburg under the Empire. Under the Restoration he was Minister in Hanover and Saxony, Ambassador at Constantinople and Naples. In 1831 he was made Ambassador at Rome and entered the Chamber of Peers. LAUZUN, the Duc de (1633-1723). One of the favourites at the Court of Louis XIV. He married the Grande Mademoiselle. LAZAREFF, Madame de (1813-1881). The Princesse Antoinette de Biron-Courlande married General Lazareff, who was in the Russian service. LE COURTIER, FranÇois Joseph (1799-1885). A distinguished preacher and priest of foreign missions, chief priest and canon of Notre Dame, he was appointed Bishop of Montpelier, and resigned in 1873. He was then made Archbishop of SÉbaste in partibus, and Canon of Saint Denis in 1875. LE HON, the Comte** (1792-1868). Belgian Minister at Paris for many years. LEIBNITZ, Wilhelm (1646-1716). A famous philosopher and German man of science, born at Leipzig, and a leader of the Optimist School. LEININGEN, Prince Charles of (1804-1856), or Prince of Linange.** Son of the first marriage of the Duchess of Kent, mother of Queen Victoria. LERCHENFELD, Count Gustavus Anton von (1806-1866). A Bavarian statesman who acquired a great reputation on financial questions, and formed part of the Ministry of 1848. LESPINASSE, Mlle. de (1732-1776). In her salon the most famous encyclopÆdists used to meet, as they were admirers of the wit of Mlle. de Lespinasse. LEUCHTENBERG, the Duchess Augusta of (1788-1851). A daughter of King Maximilian I. of Bavaria. She married in 1808 Prince EugÈne de Beauharnais, son of the first marriage of the Empress Josephine; he was Viceroy of Italy and Duke of Leuchtenberg. LEUCHTENBERG, Prince Max of* (1817-1852). Son of EugÈne de Beauharnais. LEVESON, George (1815-1891). English diplomatist. At first Member of the House of Commons, he came into the title of Lord Granville at his father's death; in 1856 he was sent as Ambassador Extraordinary to Moscow for the Coronation of Alexander II. His Parliamentary attitude was well known for its conciliatory character, and he finally retired with Mr. Gladstone in 1886. LICHTENSTEIN, Joseph Wenzel, Prince of (1696-1773). General and Austrian statesman. A great friend of Prince EugÈne of Savoy with whom he conducted the wars of 1716 and 1718 against the Turks. LICHTENSTEIN, Prince Wenzel of. Born in 1767. Major-General in the Austrian service. LICHTENSTEIN, Prince Ludwig of (1796-1858). Head of the family of Lichtenstein. LICHTENSTEIN, Princess Louisa of (1810-1881). The Countess Frances Kinsky had married in 1831 Prince Ludwig of Lichtenstein. LIEBERMANN, Baron A. of.** Prussian diplomatist. LIEVEN, the Princesse de* (1784-1857). NÉe De Benkendorff. LISZT, FranÇois (1811-1886). Famous Hungarian pianist and composer. LOLA MONTES, Maria Dolores Porris y Montes, so-called (1818-1861). Famous adventuress, who completely turned the head of King Ludwig I. of Bavaria; he gave her in succession the titles of Baroness of Rosenthal and Countess of Lansfeld. The scandal was so great that the Ministry resigned, and the King was forced to abdicate in 1848. LOMBARD, Henri (1825-1843). Nephew of Dr. Andral. LONDONDERRY, Lord (1778-1854). Officer and French diplomatist. LOTTUM, the Countess Clotilde (1809-1894). Eldest daughter of Prince Wilhelm of Putbus. Married in 1828 Count Friedrich Hermann of Wylich and Lottum, Chamberlain at the Prussian Court, and Minister at Naples for several years. LOUISE DE LORRAINE, Queen of France (1554-1601). Daughter of Nicholas of Lorraine, Count of VaudÉmont. She married King Henry III. in 1575. LOW COUNTRIES, King William I. of the (1772-1848). Son of the Stathouder, William V. of Nassau. He first married Princess Frederica of Prussia; then the Comtesse d'Oultremont morganatically, and abdicated in 1840. LOW COUNTRIES, King William II. of the (1792-1849). He married Anna Paulowna, daughter of the Emperor Paul of Russia. LOW COUNTRIES, the Hereditary Prince of the (1817-1891). He married in 1839 Princess Sophia of WÜrtemberg, and became William III. on his accession to the throne in 1849. LUCCA, Charles Louis de Bourbon, Duc de. Born in 1799. Son of the Infanta Maria Louisa of Spain, formerly Queen of Etruria. He married in 1820 Princess Maria Theresa, daughter of the King of Sardinia Victor Emanuel I., and was already Duke of Parma when he inherited the Duchy of Lucca in 1848. Expelled from his estates, he abdicated in 1849 in favour of his son, Charles III., born in 1825, who had married in 1845 Louise de Bourbon, daughter of the Duc de Berry. He was assassinated in 1854. LUDOLF, Franz, Count of (1784-1863). Austrian Field-Marshal. LUDRE, the Comtesse de (1800-1886). NÉe Girardin. A very distinguished woman in whose salon were to be met M. de Falloux, Mgr. Dupanloup, MM. de Coriolis, de Montmorency, &c. LUYNES, the Duchesse Elisabeth de (1753-1830). NÉe de Montmorency Laval, she had married in 1768 the Duc de Luynes, and was Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie Antoinette. Of very liberal opinions, very intelligent and original, the Duchesse often wore men's dress. She was an intimate friend of the Prince de Talleyrand, and died suddenly in her castle of Esclimont. M MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, Lord (1800-1859). English historian, Member of Parliament and of the Privy Council, Minister of War from 1839-1841. MACLEOD, Alexander. An English subject, MacLeod was tried in 1841 at New York for presumed complicity in the burning of the steamboat Caroline on the Niagara in 1837. He was acquitted after a narrow escape from the gallows. MACKAU, Baron Armand de, the Admiral (1788-1855). Peer of France in 1841, he was Naval and Colonial Minister in 1843, in place of Admiral Roussin, but resigned in 1847. He entered the Senate in 1852. MADEMOISELLE Louise, daughter of the Duc and Duchesse de Berry (1819-1864). Often also called Mlle. de Rosny after the exile. She married in 1845 the Duc de Parme, who was assassinated in 1854. She acted as Regent during the minority of her son, Duc Robert. MAGNAN, Bernard Pierre (1791-1865). Made Marshal of France by Napoleon III. MAHON, Lady Emily. Died in 1873. Daughter of General Sir Edward Kerrison. Married in 1838 Philip Henry Stanhope, Viscount Mahon (1805-1875), who became Lord Stanhope on the death of his father in 1855. He was a historian and a distinguished diplomatist. MAILLÉ, the Marquise de. NÉe Mlle. Baudon, she had married in 1831 the Marquis de Tour Landry. MAISTRE, the Comte Rodolphe de (1789-1865). Son of Comte Joseph de Maistre. He was Governor of Genoa afterwards of Nice. MAISTRE, the Comtesse AzÉlia de (1799-1881). Eldest daughter of the Marquis de Plan de SieyÈs, retired naval officer, she married at Valence in 1819 the Comte R. de Maistre. MAISTRE, Francesca de. Born in 1821. Daughter of the Comte Rodolphe de Maistre. In 1842 she entered the Order of the Daughters of Saint Vincent de Paul. MALTZAN, Count** (1783-1843). Prussian diplomatist. MALTZAN, Countess Alexandrina von (1818-1894). Daughter of the foregoing, and married in 1841 Lord Beauvale, who was then English Ambassador at Vienna. After his death in 1853, she married in 1856 George Wild Forrester. MANTEUFFEL, Baron Otho von (1805-1879). Home Secretary in 1848 in the Brandenburg Cabinet; Leader of the Cabinet and Foreign Secretary in 1851; Plenipotentiary Minister at the Paris Congress in 1856. MARIA CHRISTINA, Queen** (1806-1878). Daughter of King Francis I. of Naples, and third wife of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain. MARIE LOUISE, the Empress (1791-1847). Daughter of the Emperor of Austria, Francis II.; she married Napoleon I. in 1810. MARIO, Joseph, Marquis of Candia (1808-1883). Italian singer. Born at Turin, he first entered the Sardinian Cavalry as an officer. He then deserted, and came to Paris in 1836. He made his first appearance at the theatre in 1838, and was afterwards most successful. MARMONT, Marshal, Auguste Frederic Louis, Duc de Raguse (1774-1852). Took part in all the wars under the Republic and the Empire, and enjoyed high favour under the Restoration, when he became peer of France. Louis Philippe, however, struck him off the Army List for accompanying Charles X. to England, and from that time the Marquis lived abroad. MARS, Mlle. (1778-1847). Famous French actress. One of the first-rate actresses who restored the glory of the French theatre. MARTIN DU NORD, Nicolas Ferdinand* (1789-1862). French politician. MASSA, the Duchesse de.* Born in 1792. Daughter of the Duc de Tarente, and widow of RÉgnier, Duc de Massa. MATTHIOLI, Count Girolamo. Born in 1640. Minister to Charles III., the Duke of Mantua, he was commissioned to negotiate the secret Treaty with France, but he sold the secret. The French Ambassador MATUSIEWICZ, Count* (1790-1842). Russian diplomatist. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Dowager Grand Duchess of** (1771-1871). By birth a Princess of Hesse-Homburg, and stepmother to the Duchesse d'OrlÉans. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, Duke Gustavus of* (1781-1861). One of the sons of the Grand Duke Francis of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, Duke Albert of (1812-1842). Son of the Grand Duke Frederick Francis and of the Princess Caroline of Saxe-Weimar, and brother of the Duchesse d'OrlÉans. MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, the Grand Duke Frederick of (1823-1883). His mother was a Prussian Princess. He was a good soldier, and fought with distinction. He was thrice married. MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, the Grand Duke George of** (1779-1860). He married in 1817 a Princess of Hesse-Cassel. MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, Hereditary Grand Duke Frederick William of (1819-1904). Succeeded his father in 1860. He became blind at an early age, and married the eldest daughter of Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. MECKLENBURG-STRELITZ, Duke George of (1824-1876). Younger brother of the foregoing. He entered the Russian service, and married the Grand Duchess Catherine, daughter of the Grand Duke Michael of Russia. MEDEM, Count Paul* (1800-1854). Russian diplomatist and cousin of the Duchesse de Talleyrand. MEHEMET ALI (1769-1849). Viceroy of Egypt. In two wars against the Porte, in 1832 and 1839, his son Ibrahim was his lieutenant. He entirely reformed the Egyptian army and was recognised by the Government as hereditary Pasha. MELBOURNE, William Lamb, Lord* (1779-1848). English politician. MELBOURNE, Lady. Died in 1828. NÉe Lady Caroline Ponsonby and daughter of Lord Bessborough, she had married in 1805 Lord Melbourne. She obtained a certain literary reputation. Notorious for her intimacy with Lord Byron, she was soon divorced by her husband. MELZI, the Duchess. Died in 1869 at Geneva. Louise de Brignole Sale had married in 1842 Duke Melzi. MERAN, the Count of (1839-1892). Son of the morganatic marriage of the Archduke John with the Countess of Meran. METTERNICH, Prince Clement* (1773-1859). Austrian statesman. METTERNICH, Princess Melanie of (1805-1854). Third wife of Prince Metternich and daughter of Count Francis Zichy Ferraris. MEULAN, Madame de. Wife of a superintendent of Taxes to the Paris Corporation and mother of the first Madame Guizot. MEYENDORFF, Baron Peter of (1792-1863). Russian diplomatist and for a long time Minister Plenipotentiary at Berlin, and afterwards at Vienna; at a later date he was Minister of the Imperial Domains and Appanages at St. Petersburg and Member of the Council of the Empire. MEYENDORFF, the Baroness of. Born in 1800. Wilhelmina Sophia of Buol SchÖnstein, married in 1830 the Baron of Meyendorff. She was an exceedingly clever woman of very independent character. MIGNET, FranÇois Auguste Marie* (1796-1884). French historian and member of the Academy. MITFORD, John (1781-1859). English writer and scholar, who published several learned works and some poems. MODENA, Duke Francis V. of (1819-1875). Archduke of Austria Este, he married in 1842 the Duchess Aldegonde of Bavaria, and succeeded his father in 1846. His duchy was added to the estates of the King of Sardinia in 1860. MOLAY, Jacques de. Last Grand Master of the Order of Templars; he entered this Order in 1265. He was arrested and condemned upon unjust charges which Philip IV., the Fair, levelled at his Order, the riches of which he coveted. Molay was burnt alive in 1314. MOLÉ, Guillaume, died in 1459. He was a squire who, acting in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Jean l'EsguisÉ, drove the English from Troyes under Charles VII. MOLÉ, Mathieu (1584-1656). A Councillor in the Paris Parliament, afterwards chief Financial Minister and first President; during the MOLÉ, the Comte Mathieu* (1781-1855). Peer of France and member of the Academy. Politician under the Empire and the July monarchy. MOLLIEN, the Comte Francois (1758-1850). Financier and Peer of France. MOLLIEN, the Comtesse* (1785-1878). Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Marie AmÉlie. MOLYNEUX, Hon. Francis George (1805-1886). Third son of William Philip, Lord Sefton; he was Secretary to the English Embassy at the Germanic Confederation. He married, in 1842, Lady Georgina Ashburnham, whose marriage with H. R. Mitford had been dissolved, and who died in 1882. MONCEY, Marshal Adrien, Duc de Conegliano (1754-1842). Son of a lawyer in the Parliament of the Franche ComtÉ, he enlisted at the age of fifteen, and took part in almost all the campaigns under the Republic and the Empire. In 1814 he defended Paris heroically, and was appointed Governor of the Invalides in 1834. MONTALEMBERT, the Comte Charles de** (1810-1870). French publicist and politician and one of the most brilliant defenders of liberal Catholicism. MONTCALM, Paul de Saint Veran, Marquis de (1756-1812). As a naval officer he took part in the War of Independence in America, and became a Member of the States-General in 1789. In 1790 he went into exile in Spain, and afterwards went to Piedmont, where he died. MONTEBELLO, Napoleon Auguste Lannes, Duc de (1801-1874). Son of the Marshal Lannes and Peer of France. He followed a diplomatic career. MONTEMOLIN, Carlos Luis Maria Fernando de Bourbon, Count of (1818-1861). Infanta of Spain; a Son of Don Carlos, who abdicated his rights in his favour in 1844. He made several attempts to recover his rights, but unsuccessfully. MONTESQUIOU-FEZENSAC, the AbbÉ FranÇois Xavier de (1767-1832). Agent-General for the clergy in 1785, Deputy in the States-General in 1789, and President of the Constituent Assembly in 1790. After the ninth of Thermidor he was one of the many agents appointed by Louis XVIII. to defend his cause in France. The First Consul sent him into exile therefore to Mantua. In 1814 he was a Member of the Provisional Government, and on May 13 was appointed Minister of the MONTJOYE, the Comtesse de. Died in 1848. Sister of the Marquis de Dolomieu; appointed Lady-of-Honour to Madame AdÉlaÏde, sister of Louis Philippe, she never left this Princess from the time of her youth. She died in England, where she had accompanied the Royal Family into exile. MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse de* (1774-1846). Mother of Raoul de Montmorency, of the Princesse de Bauffremont, and of the Duchesse de ValenÇay. MONTMORENCY, Baron Raoul de* (1790-1862). Became Duc on his father's death. MONTMORENCY, the Baronne de (1787-1858). NÉe EuphÉmie de Harchies: she married, as her first husband, Comte Thibaut de Montmorency, and as her second Baron Raoul de Montmorency. MONTMORENCY, the Duchesse Mathieu de (1774-1858). NÉe Hortense de Chevreuse Luynes. MONTPENSIER, Antoine d'OrlÉans, Duc de (1824-1890). Youngest son of King Louis Philippe; he married in 1846 the Infanta Louise of Spain, sister of Queen Isabella II. MONTROND, the Comte de* (1757-1843). A friend of M. de Talleyrand. MORNAY, the Comte de* (1803-1878). Peer of France and Ambassador. MORPETH, George William Frederick, Earl of Carlisle* (1802-1864). Secretary of State for Ireland from 1835-1841, Commissioner of Woods and Forests from 1846-1850, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1850-1852, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1855-1858 and from 1859 to 1864; he was one of the most popular Governors that Ireland ever had, but ill-health forced him to resign and he died shortly afterwards. He was never married, and his title passed to his brother William George, who became the eighth Earl of Carlisle. MOSKOWA, the Prince de la* (1803-1857). Eldest son of Marshal Ney. MOUNIER, the Baron** (1784-1843). Financier and Peer of France. MUÑOZ, Fernando** (1810-1873). Born of an obscure family, he secured the favour of Queen Maria Christina, who contracted a morganatic marriage with him three months after the death of Ferdinand VII. He never showed any personal ambition, aspired to be nothing more than the Queen's husband, and merely accepted the title of Duke of Rianzares. N NARBONNE, the Comtesse Louis de. NÉe Marie AdÉlaÏde Montholon, she had married Lieutenant-General the Comte de Narbonne, youngest son of the Comte Jean FranÇois de Narbonne Lara. NASSAU, the Duchess Pauline of (1810-1856). Daughter of Prince Paul of WÜrtemberg. She married Duke William of Nassau, whose widow she became in 1839. NASSAU, Duke Adolphus of. Born in 1817. His first wife, whom he married in 1844, was the Grand Duchess Elizabeth of Russia. In 1851 he married the Princess Adelaide of Anhalt-Dessau. NEALE, Countess Pauline** (1779-1869). Lady-of-Honour to Princess Louise of Prussia and wife of Prince Antoine Radziwill. NEIPPERG, Countess Marie of (1816-1890). Daughter of King William I. of WÜrtemberg. She married in 1840 Count Alfred of Neipperg, formerly the husband of the Countess of Grisoni. He was born in 1807, and was the eldest son of Count Albert of Neipperg, chamberlain of the Archduchess Marie Louise, the Duchess of Parma, by his first marriage with Countess Theresa Pola, by whom he had had five children, and who had procured a divorce from Count Trento in order to marry him. NEMOURS, Louis Charles d'OrlÉans, Duc de* (1814-1896). Second son of Louis Philippe. NEMOURS, the Duchesse de (1822-1852). Victoire, daughter of Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. She married the Duc de Nemours in 1840. NESSELRODE, Count* (1780-1862). Russian diplomatist and afterwards Chancellor of the Empire. NESSELRODE, Countess.* Died in 1849. NÉe Gourieff. NEUMANN, Baron. Austrian diplomatist and several times Ambassador. In England he married a daughter of the Duke of Beaufort, by name Charlotte. NEUWIED, Prince William of (1814-1864). Major-General in the Prussian service. NEY, Marshal* (1769-1815). Known to Napoleon as "the bravest of the brave." NEY, wife of the foregoing, Duchesse d'Elchingen, Princess de la Moskowa. NÉe Aglae AuguiÉ, her mother, Madame AuguiÉ, had been chambermaid to Queen Marie Antoinette. She married General Ney in 1802. NEY, Edgard (1812-1822). Prince de la Moskowa, orderly officer to Napoleon III., who gave him a commission to the Papal Government. He took part in the Italian War of 1859. NOAILLES, Viscomtesse Alfred de* (1792-1851). Daughter of the marriage of Charles de Noailles, Duc de Mouchy, with Mlle. Nathalie de Laborde. She married her cousin, the Vicomte de Noailles, who died at the age of twenty-six at the BÉrÉsina. NOAILLES, the Duc Paul de* (1802-1885). Peer of France and member of the Academy. NOAILLES, the Duchesse de (1800-1887). NÉe Alicia de Mortemart. NODIER, Charles (1780-1844). Man of letters and collector of books; member of the Academy from 1834. NORMANBY, Constantine Henry, Marquis of (1797-1863). English politician who belonged to the Whig party and was Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland for several years. In 1846 he became Ambassador at Paris and held that post till 1854, when he was transferred to Florence; there he became very unpopular by reason of his Austrian leanings, and was recalled in 1858. He became a Member of the House of Lords in 1831 on the death of his father, Lord Mulgrave, whose title he bore till 1838, when Queen Victoria made him a Marquis. He married in 1818 the Hon. Maria Liddell, daughter of Lord Ravensworth, who died in 1882. By her he had an only son, who succeeded to his titles. NOSTITZ, Count Augustus of (1777-1866). Prussian infantry General. NOSTITZ, Countess Clara of, died in 1858. A daughter of Prince Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, she married in 1809 Count Augustus of Nostitz. NOTHOMB, Baron J. B. de (1805-1881). At first a lawyer, he strove, by writing in support of Belgian independence, to bring about the Revolution of 1830, and was appointed a deputy at the National Congress under Leopold I. He was several times Minister and afterwards diplomatist to the Berlin Court for many years. O O'DONNELL, Count Maurice, General (1780-1843). An Austrian Field-Marshal; he married Mlle. de Ligne. OLDENBURG, the Grand Duke Augustus of (1783-1853). Succeeded his father in 1829. OLFERS, Franz Werner (1793-1871). Born in Westphalia, he studied medicine at GÖttingen and then entered a diplomatic career. In 1839 the King of Prussia appointed him General Director of the Berlin Museums. He resigned in 1869. OLOZAGA, Don Salluste (1803-1873). Spanish statesman. He began life as a lawyer and was implicated as a member of a secret society in a conspiracy against Ferdinand VII.; he was imprisoned and escaped, and after the King's death he was appointed Deputy to the Cortes. As he was a rival of Espartero, the latter had no sooner obtained the power than he sent him to Paris as Ambassador in 1840. In 1843 Queen Isabella, on attaining her majority, commissioned Olozaga to form the Cabinet; then Court intrigues overthrew him, and forced him to flee to Portugal and afterwards to England. He did not return to Spain until 1848. In 1854 he was again appointed Ambassador at Paris. He died at Enghien. ORÏE, Dr.** Died in 1846. He practised at Bourgueil, in Touraine. ORLÉANS, Gaston d' (1608-1660). Brother of Louis XIII. This Prince, known as Monsieur, spent his life in intrigues and revolts against Richelieu and Mazarin. He first married the Duchesse de Montpensier, who died in 1627; in 1632 he contracted a secret marriage with Marguerite of Lorraine, and was forced to suffer many humiliations to secure recognition of this union. On the death of Louis XIII. he was appointed Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom. ORLÉANS, the Duc d'* (1810-1842). Eldest son of King Louis Philippe. ORLÉANS, the Duchesse d' (1814-1858). NÉe Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She married in 1837 the Duc d'OrlÉans, eldest son of King Louis Philippe, whose widow she became in 1842. Her children were the Comte de Paris and the Comte de Chartres. OULTREMONT ET DE VERGIMOND, the Comtesse Flore d'. Born in 1792. Morganatic wife of King William I. of the Low Countries. OUTREMONT DE MINIÈRES, General d'. Died at Tours in 1858. He married in 1819 Marie Albertine de la Ribellerie, widow of Baron Marchand. P PAGANINI, Niccolo (1784-1840). Celebrated Italian violinist. PAGEOT, Alphonse. French diplomatist who began his career in 1819. In 1831 he became First Secretary to the United States. He was envoy to Madrid in 1840 and to Washington in 1842. He resigned in 1848. PAHLEN, Count Peter.* Born in 1775. Russian General and diplomatist. PALFFY OF ERDOED, Count Aloys (1801-1876). Chamberlain and Privy Councillor in the Austrian Service and Governor of Venice until 1848. He married in 1831 Princess Sophia Jablonocka. PALMERSTON, Lord Henry John* (1784-1865). English statesman and on several occasions Minister of Foreign Affairs. PALMERSTON, Lady* (1787-1869). Amelia, daughter of Peniston, first Viscount of Melbourne. She married in 1805 Lord Cowper (1778-1837), by whom she had five children, and married in 1839 Lord Palmerston. PANIS, the Comte de. Landowner of Borelli near Marseilles, he married in 1841 Mlle. de Vandermarcq, daughter of the stockbroker. PARIS, the Comte de** (1838-1894). Eldest son of the Duc d'OrlÉans, representative of the French Royal Family after the death of the Comte de Chambord. PASKEWITCH, Ivan Fedorovitch (1782-1856). Russian General who defeated the Persians in 1826 and 1827; in 1828 he conducted the campaign against Turkey and forced the Porte to sign the treaty of Adrianople in 1829, and was rewarded by the rank of Field-Marshal. He suppressed the Polish Insurrection in 1831, was appointed Prince PASQUIER, the Duc.* Peer of France and Lord Chancellor. PASSY, Hippolyte. French politician who took the place of the Prince de Talleyrand in the Academy of Moral and Physical Science. PASTORET, the Marquis de (1756-1840). An exile during the Revolution, he did not return to France until 1795. He was deputy in the Council of the Five Hundred, was proscribed as a Royalist and took refuge in Switzerland. On the Restoration he was raised to the Peerage and entered the Academy in 1820. Louis XVIII. made him guardian of the children of the Duc de Berry in 1821, and Charles X. gave him the rank of Minister of State in 1826; made him Vice-Chancellor in 1828 and Chancellor in 1829. After 1830 he retired to private life. PEEL, Sir Robert* (1788-1850). One of the most distinguished of English orators and statesmen. He married in 1820 Julia, the youngest daughter of General Sir John Lloyd, by whom he had seven children. PEEL, the Right Hon. William Yates (1789-1858). Brother of Sir Robert Peel, Member of Parliament and of the Privy Council. In 1819 he married Jane Elizabeth, second daughter of Lord Mountcastle who died in 1847. She had eleven children, of whom four were boys. PELLICO, Silvio (1788-1854). Italian poet and man of letters who, in conjunction with Manzoni, Sismondi, Romagnosi, Gioja, founded a Liberal newspaper, Il conciliatore, which became an object of suspicion to Austria who suppressed it in 1820. He was condemned to death in 1822, but his penalty was commuted to fifteen years' imprisonment in the Spilberg; in the course of the ninth year he was pardoned and went to Piedmont where he afterwards lived in retirement. The story of his captivity "My Prisons," which he published in 1833, became popular in Europe. PERIER, Auguste Casimir (1811-1877). Eldest son of the celebrated Minister of Louis Philippe. He first pursued a diplomatic career and abandoned it in 1846 to enter the Chamber of Deputies. He retired on the coup d'État of 1852, of which he disapproved. In 1871 he was elected to the National Assembly and gained a high reputation for his knowledge of financial matters. He became Minister of the Interior under the Presidency of M. Thiers. PÉRIGORD, the Duc Charles de (1788-1879). A noble of Spain of the first class. He married in 1807 Marie Nicolette, daughter of Comte CÉsar de Choiseul Praslin who died in 1866 at the age of seventy-seven. PÉRIGORD, Boson de.** Born in 1832, he afterwards became Prince de Sagan and was the eldest son of the Duc de ValenÇay. PERSIGNY, Fialin de (1808-1872). A great friend of Louis Bonaparte, he took part in the disturbances at Strasburg and ardently supported the cause of Napoleon in the Assembly after the Revolution of 1848. Napoleon III. made him Count, afterwards Duke and Senator. He was twice Ambassador at London and twice Minister of the Interior. PETETOT, the AbbÉ Louis Pierre** (1801-1887). General Superior of the Oratory. At Paris he had previously held the incumbency of Saint Louis d'Antin and of Saint Roch. PEYRONNET, Pierre Charles, Comte de** (1778-1854). Minister of Charles X. He signed the Ordinances. PIUS VII., Pope** (1742-1823). He signed the Concordat with France. PIUS IX., Count Mastai Feretti, Pope (1792-1878). He held the Papacy for thirty-six years, and saw the loss of the Pope's temporal power, after a tenure of office greatly disturbed by political events. PODENAS, the Marquise AdÉlaÏde de. Born in 1785. Daughter of the Marquis de Nadaillac; she married in 1813 the Marquis de Podenas, Prince of Rome. Her mother had married as her second husband in 1816 the Baron, afterwards the Duc des Cars. POECHLIN, Frederick Christian, Baron of (1809-1863). First Secretary to the Danish Legation at Frankfort and afterwards Minister to the Germanic Diet; he was appointed Minister to the Duchy of Lauenburg from 1852-1856. He was a Privy Councillor and had married in 1826 the Countess Adelaide of Eyben. POIX, the Duc de. Juste de Noailles. Born in 1777. He had been Chamberlain to Napoleon I. and had married Mlle. MÉlanie de PÉrigord. POIX, the Duchesse de* (1785-1862). NÉe MÉlanie de PÉrigord. She had married in 1809 the Comte Juste de Noailles, Duc de Poix, who was Chamberlain to the Emperor Napoleon I. POLIGNAC, Prince Jules** (1780-1847). Minister of Charles X. PONCEAU, the Vicomte Adolphe du (1803-1878). A native of Anjou, he sold the estate which he held at ViniÈve and settled at Benais in Touraine with M. de Messine, his father-in-law. His sister married as her first husband the Comte de Contades, afterwards Duc de Luynes. PONCEAU, the Vicomtesse de (1821). NÉe Marie Agathe Collet de Messine, she died in 1886. PONSARD, Francis (1814-1867). Dramatic poet; appointed member of the French Academy in 1855. POURTALÈS, the Comte Louis de (1773-1848). President of the Council of State at NeuchÂtel, he protested in 1823 against the conjunction of the principality with the Swiss Confederation, and in 1832 he induced the Council to sign an address, asking the King of Prussia to break the connection between the Principality and Switzerland; as this attempt proved a failure, he retired into private life. POZZO DI BORGO, Count* (1764-1842). Russian diplomatist. POZZO DI BORGO, Count Charles. Nephew of the foregoing; he served in the French Army until 1830 and then resigned with the rank of Colonel. He married Mlle. Valentine de Crillon, daughter of the Duc de Crillon. PRASLIN, the Marquis Charles de Choiseul, Duc de** (1805-1847). Son-in-law of Marshal SÉbastiani. PRASLIN, the Duchess de. Died in 1847. Daughter of Marshal SÉbastiani. PRITWITZ, General Charles Ernest of (1790-1871). Aide-de-camp to King Frederick William III. and Lieutenant-General in 1844; Commander of the Berlin troops in 1848 and Chief of the Federal Army in Schleswig in 1849. PROKESCH-OSTEN, Baron Anton of (1795-1876). Austrian diplomatist. He represented Austria at Berlin from 1849-1852, and at Frankfort until 1857, and afterwards at Constantinople. PRUSSIA, Prince Augustus of (1778-1843). Youngest son of Prince Ferdinand of Prussia, he was the youngest brother of Frederick the Great, and of his wife the Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt. PRUSSIA, Prince William of (1783-1851). Brother of King Frederick William III., he married in 1814 a Princess of Hesse-Homburg. He was a cavalry general and Governor at Mayence. PRUSSIA, Prince Adalbert of (1811-1873). Son of Prince William and of a Princess of Hesse-Homburg. PRUSSIA, Prince Waldemar of (1817-1849). Second son of Prince William, brother of Frederick William III. PRUSSIA, Princess Maria of** (1825-1889). Sister of the foregoing and wife of King Maximilian II. of Bavaria. PRUSSIA, Prince Frederick of (1794-1863). Son of Prince Louis of Prussia,* younger brother of Frederick William III. and of Princess Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, sister of Queen Louise. He married a Princess of Anhalt-Bernburg, and was the father of the Princes Alexander and George of Prussia. PRUSSIA, the Prince William of** (1797-1888). Second son of Frederick William III.; he became King in 1861 and Emperor of Germany in 1871. PRUSSIA, the Princess of** (1811-1890). Wife of the foregoing, and afterwards the Empress Augusta. PRUSSIA, Prince Charles of** (1801-1883). Third son of King Frederick William III. PRUSSIA, the Princess Charles of** (1808-1877). Daughter of the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. PRUSSIA, Prince Albert of** (1809-1872). Fourth son of King Frederick William III. PRUSSIA, Princess Albert of** (1810-1883). By birth a Princess of the Low Countries. PRUSSIA, Princess Charlotte of (1831-1855). Daughter of the Prince and Princess Albert. She married in 1850 the Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen. PÜCKLER, Prince Hermann** (1795-1871). Traveller and German man of letters. Member of the House of Lords from 1863. PÜCKLER, Princess Anna** (1776-1854). NÉe Princess Hardenberg, and was first married to Count Pappenheim. PUTBUS, Prince William of (1783-1854). Governor-General of Prussian Pomerania and of the island of RÜgen; Member of the Council of State and Chamberlain. PUTBUS, Princess Louise of (1784-1860). By birth Baroness of Lauterbach, she first married in 1803 Count RÖttger of Veltheim, whom she divorced in 1806 in order to marry Prince G. of Putbus. PUTBUS, Count Malte of** (1807-1837). Son of the foregoing. AttachÉ to the Prussian Legation at Naples. Q QUÉLEN, Mgr. de* (1778-1839). Archbishop of Paris from 1821, and member of the French Academy. QUINEMONT, the Marquis of. Born in 1808. Formerly a pupil of Saint Cyr and cavalry officer. He resigned in 1830 and entered the diplomatic career; was attached to the French Legation in Tuscany and afterwards in Denmark. In 1863 he was appointed Deputy and afterwards Senator. R RADETZ-RADETZKY, Count (1766-1858). Austrian Field-Marshal, who took part in all the wars of his time. When war broke out with Piedmont in 1848 he was at first beaten, but took a glorious revenge in 1849 with the victory of Novara. RADOWITZ, Joseph von, General (1797-1853). A great friend of Frederick William IV., who largely influenced the King's policy. RADZIWILL, Prince Anton (1775-1833). Second son of the Count Palatine of Vilna. He studied in Germany and at the age of eighteen married Princess Louise of Prussia, daughter of the youngest brother of Frederick the Great. His marriage obliged him to settle in Berlin. After the Congress of Vienna the King of Prussia appointed him the Royal Representative for the Grand Duchy of Posen. He there resided for ten years and his memory was regarded with great affection. RADZIWILL, Prince William** (1797-1870). Eldest son of the foregoing and a General in the Prussian service. RADZIWILL, Princess William** (1806-1896). By birth Countess Mathilde Clary Aldringen. RAMBUTEAU, the Comte de* (1781-1869). Prefect of the Seine from 1833-1848. RAMBUTEAU, the Comtesse de. Daughter of the Comte Louis de Narbonne, she had married in 1809 the Comte de Rambuteau. RANELAGH, Thomas, Viscount (1812-1886). Seventh and last Viscount of Ranelagh. His sister Barbara married Count Rechberg, an Austrian officer. RAUCH, Christian Daniel** (1777-1857). Famous Prussian sculptor. RAUCH, Friedrich von (1790-1850). Lieutenant-General in the Prussian Army and aide-de-camp to King Frederick William IV. He was military attachÉ at the St. Petersburg Court from 1832-1848. RAUZAN, the Duchesse de. Born in 1820, Claire, daughter of the last Duc de Duras. Married in 1819 the Marquis Louis de Chastellux, who was made Duc de Rauzan on the day of his marriage by Louis XVIII., and afterwards inherited his father-in-law's title. RAVIGNAN, the AbbÉ de** (1775-1858). Member of the Society of Jesus. REDERN, Count Wilhelm von** (1802-1880). Member of the House of Lords in Prussia. REDERN, Countess Wilhelmina von** (1811-1875) NÉe Bertha Ienisz, daughter of a Hamburg Senator. REEDE, the Countess of** (1769-1847). NÉe Krusemacht. REEDTZ, Holger Christian of (1800-1857). Danish historian and statesman. He was commissioned in 1848 to negotiate the treaty of Malmoe with the King of Sweden for the purpose of establishing a new government in Schleswig-Holstein. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1850-1851 in the Cabinet presided over by Count Moltke, and afterwards lived in retirement. REICHENBACH, Countess Emelie of (1791-1843). NÉe ÖrtlÖpp, the morganatic wife of the Elector of Hesse, William II. On her marriage with him in 1841, she took the title of Countess Reichenbach-Lessowitz. RÉMUSAT, the Comte Ch. de* (1797-1875). French historian and politician; son of M. de RÉmusat, Chamberlain to Napoleon I. and of Mlle. de Vergennes, famous for her beauty and wit. RÉMUSAT, the Comtesse Pauline de. NÉe de Lasteyrie, granddaughter of General de La Fayette and wife of the Comte Ch. de RÉmusat. RIVIÈRE, the Duc de (1817-1890). Son of Charles FranÇois Riffardeau, who was condemned to death with Georges Cadoudal in 1804 and was only saved by the intervention of JosÉphine. He married Mlle. de CossÉ-Brissac and resided upon his estate in the Department of Cher. In 1876 he was elected Senator. RODEN, Lord Robert (1788-1870). Member of the Privy Council at the English Court. He married in 1813 Maria Frances Catherine, daughter of Lord Thomas le Despencer, who died in 1861, leaving him with six children, the eldest of whom was Lord Robert, Viscount Jocelyn. In 1862 he married the widow of an officer, nÉe Clementine Andrews. ROENNE, Ludwig Moritz Peter von (1804-1875). German lawyer and publicist, councillor at the Court of Justice at Berlin in 1843. ROGER, Jean FranÇois (1776-1842). French dramatic author and politician, member of the French Academy in 1817. ROHAN-CHABOT, Fernand, Duc de (1789-1869). Aide-de-camp to Napoleon I., whom he accompanied during his Russian campaign. He also served under the Restoration and afterwards lived in retirement. ROKEBY, Baron Edward (1787-1847). Eldest son of Lord Matthew Montagu, fourth Lord Rokeby, he succeeded his father in 1831. He ROSAS, Manuel (1793-1874). Statesman in the Argentine and Governor of the Argentine Republic from 1828-1861. He was overthrown by an insurrection supported by Brazil and was obliged to take refuge in England. ROSSI, Count. Of Italian origin, he married the widow of Prince Maximilian of Saxony, whose Chamberlain he became. He was a cousin of the Count Rossi who married FrÄulein Sontag. ROSSI, Pellegrino (1787-1848). French economist and diplomatist, of Italian origin, born at Carrara; he had studied at Bologna and was forced to go into exile in 1815. He became a naturalised Frenchman and was member of the Council of Education in 1840. In 1844 he was Peer of France; in 1845 he was sent to Rome as Ambassador, won the confidence of Pope Pius IX. and undertook to guide his Ministry. He was then assassinated by a Republican fanatic. ROTHSCHILD, Anselm von (1772-1855). Eldest son of the founder of this celebrated firm, he lived at Frankfort-on-Main. The Emperor of Austria gave him the title of Baron in 1825. ROTHSCHILD, the Baron Anselm von. Died in 1874. He was the son of Solomon Rothschild, who founded the Vienna branch of the firm, and joined his brother James in Paris in 1835, leaving the Vienna bank to his son. He was a great lover of art and possessed vast estates in Silesia. ROVIGO, the Duchesse de. NÉe Mlle. de Faudoas. ROYER COLLARD, Pierre Paul* (1763-1845). French philosopher and statesman. RUMFORD, Madame de** (1766-1836). NÉe Mlle. de Paulze. RUMIGNY, the Comte de, General** (1789-1860). Aide-de-camp to the Duc d'OrlÉans, and faithful servant to Louis Philippe, whom he accompanied into exile. RUSSELL, Lord William* (1799-1846). English Ambassador at Berlin; he was succeeded by Lord Westmoreland. RUSSELL, Lord John* (1792-1878). English statesman. He married as his first wife in 1835 the widow of Lord Ribblesdale, nÉe Adelaide Lister, who died in 1838, leaving him two daughters. In 1841 he married Lady Frances Elliot, daughter of Lord Minto, by whom he had three sons and one daughter. RUSSIA, the Emperor Nicholas I. of* (1796-1855). Ascended the throne in 1825. RUSSIA, the Hereditary Grand Duke of** (1818-1881). Succeeded his father, Nicholas I., in 1855 as Alexander II. RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Constantine of (1779-1831). Second son of the Emperor Paul. RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Constantine of (1827-1892). Second son of the Emperor Nicholas I.; Admiral in the Russian navy. RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Constantine of. Born in 1830. Alexandra, daughter of Duke Joseph of Saxe-Altenburg, married the Grand Duke Constantine in 1844. RUSSIA, the Grand Duke Michael of (1798-1849). The youngest son of the Emperor Paul I. and brother of Nicholas I. He married in 1824 Princess Charlotte of WÜrtemberg, who took the title of the Grand Duchess Helena.** RUSSIA, the Grand Duchess Olga of (1795-1865). Daughter of the Emperor Paul I. She married in 1816 William II., King of the Low Countries. S SAINTE-ALDEGONDE, the Comtesse Camille de* (1793-1869). NÉe de Chavagnes. SAINTE-AULAIRE, the Comte de* (1778-1854). Ambassador and Peer of France. SAINTE-BEUVE, Charles Augustin (1804-1869). Famous French critic, author of the Causeries du Lundi. SAINTE-ELME, Ida (1778-1845). La Contemporaine, adventuress and author of scandalous memoirs concerning the Revolution and the Empire. SALVANDY, the Comte de* (1795-1856). French politician. SALVANDY, the Comtesse de.** NÉe Julie Ferey. SAPIEHA, Princess Hedwige (1806-1890). NÉe Countess Zamoyska. She married Prince Leon Sapieha in 1825. SAUZET, Paul* (1800-1877). Deputy and politician. SAVIGNY, Frau von (1780-1863). Marie Brentano de Laroche married in 1809 Herr von Savigny, Prussian lawyer. She was the sister of the poet Brentano. SAXONY, King Frederick Augustus II. of** (1797-1854). Succeeded his uncle, King Anthony, in 1836. SAXONY, Queen Maria of** (1805-1877). By birth a Princess of Bavaria. SAXE-COBURG-ALTENBURG, the Dowager Duchess of (1771-1848). Caroline, daughter of William I., Elector of Hesse. Her husband, Duke Augustus of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg, died in 1822. SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA, Prince Augustus of (1818-1881). Cousin of the King of Saxony. He married in 1843 Princesse ClÉmentine d'OrlÉans, by whom he had several children, including King Ferdinand I. of Bulgaria. SAXE-MEININGEN, Duke Bernard of* (1800-1882). He abdicated in 1866 in favour of his son, Prince George, who became Duke George II. SAXE-MEININGEN, Prince George of. Born in 1826, and came to the throne in 1866. He was three times married: in 1850 to Princess Charlotte of Prussia, who died in 1855; also to Princess Feodora of Hohenlohe, who died in 1872; and in 1873 he contracted a morganatic marriage with the Baroness Helena of Heidelburg. SAXE-WEIMAR, the Duchesse Amelia of (1739-1807). Daughter of Duke Charles of Brunswick. She married in 1756 the reigning Duke of Weimar, and under her reign Weimar became the literary centre of Germany. SAXE-WEIMAR, the Grand Duchess Louise of (1757-1830). Daughter of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. She married in 1775 Duke Charles Augustus of Saxe-Weimar. SAXE-WEIMAR, Duke Bernard of** (1792-1862). Infantry General in the service of the Low Countries. SAXE-WEIMAR, Princess Ch. B. of (1794-1852). NÉe Princess Ida of Saxe-Meiningen. SAXE-WEIMAR, the Grand Duke Charles Frederick of (1783-1853). In 1804 he married the Grand Duchesse Maria Paulowna, daughter of Paul I., Emperor of Russia. SAXE-WEIMAR, the Hereditary Prince of (1818-1901). Prince Charles became Grand Duke on his father's death in 1853. SCHEFFER, Ary* (1785-1858). A French painter who enjoyed high favour from the OrlÉans family. SCHLEGEL, Augustus Wilhelm (1767-1845). Learned German critic and poet. He was on terms of friendship about 1804 with Madame de StaËl, whom he followed to Paris as tutor to her children. SCHLEINITZ, Count Alexander of (1807-1885). At first diplomatist, and in 1841 councillor and reporter to the political division of Foreign Affairs at Berlin, and in 1858 Minister of Foreign Affairs. He resigned this post in 1861 to become Minister of the King's Household, which office he held until his death. SCHNEIDER, the Chevalier Antoine (1779-1847). At first officer, then deputy in 1834, he became Minister of War in 1839. SCHÖNBORN, Countess Ernestine of. Born in 1800. As Countess KÜenburg, she married in 1824 Count Charles of SchÖnborn. On his death in 1841 she became chief lady at the court of the Archduchess Sophia of Austria. SCHÖNBURG, Princess Louise of** (1803-1884). By birth a Princess of Schwarzenberg. SCHÖNHALS, General von (1788-1857). Lieutenant-General in the Austrian army, aide-de-camp and friend of Marshal Radetzky. SCHÖNLEIN, Dr. Johann Ludwig** (1793-1864). Learned doctor of Zurich, in practice at Berlin. SCHRECKENSTEIN, Baron Maximilian of.** Chief Gentleman at the Court of Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. SCHULENBURG, Count Charles of** (1788-1856). Austrian Lieutenant-Colonel, the third husband of the Duchess Wilhelmina of Sagan. SCHULENBURG-KLOSTERODE, the Count of** (1772-1853). Austrian diplomatist. SCHWANTHALER, Ludwig Michael (1802-1848). Famous Bavarian sculptor. SCHWARZENBERG, Prince Felix (1800-1852). Austrian diplomatist and Prime Minister after 1848. By his energy he re-established the Emperor's authority, but carried the policy of repression to excess. SCHWARZENBERG, Cardinal, Prince Friedrich (1807-1885). Prince and Archbishop of Salzburg in 1836, he received the Cardinal's hat in SCHWARZENBERG, Princess Lory (1812-1873). A daughter of Prince Moritz Lichtenstein, she married Prince Adolphus Schwarzenberg in 1830. SCHWERIN, Count Maximilian (1804-1872). A Prussian statesman of very liberal opinions, Minister of Public Worship in 1848 in Arnim's Ministry. After his resignation he became President of the Second Chamber; he was also Minister of the Interior in 1858. SCRIBE, Eugene (1791-1861). French dramatic author. SEAFORD, Charles Rose Ellis, Lord. Born in Jamaica. He married Elizabeth Caroline Catherine Hervey, granddaughter of the fourth Lord Bristol. She died in 1803, leaving a son, Charles Augustus, who afterwards become Lord Howard Walden.** SÉBASTIANI DE LA PORTA, Marshal* (1775-1851). French General and diplomatist. SEMONVILLE, the Marquis de* (1754-1839). Chief referendary to the Court of Peers. SEYDELMANN, Charles (1793-1843). Celebrated German actor. SEYMOUR, Lady. Died in 1884. Jane Georgiana, the youngest daughter of Thomas Sheridan, Esq., son of the Right Hon. Richard Brinsley Sheridan, M.P., married in 1830 Edward Adolphus Saint Maur (1804-1885) who succeeded his father in 1855 as twelfth Duke of Seymour and was First Lord of the Admiralty from 1859 to 1866. Lady Seymour, was sister to Lady Dufferin and to Mrs. Norton and all three were famous for their beauty. Lady Seymour was popularly known as the "Queen of Beauty," a title which had been given her in a famous tournament held by Archibald William Eglinton at Eglinton Castle in Scotland. Among the knights present on that occasion was Prince Louis Napoleon, afterwards Napoleon III. SISMONDI, Jean Charles Sismondi de (1773-1843). Born at Geneva of a rich family which belonged to Pisa, he became a member of the Representative Council of Geneva. He made his name as a historian and economist. SOLMS-BRAUNFELS, Prince Charles of (1812-1873). Son of Prince Frederick William of Solms-Braunfels; his wife was a Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and widow of Prince Ludwig of Prussia. He was an officer in the Prussian army. SOMMERSET, Lady Blanche. Daughter of the seventh Duke of Beaufort. She married in 1848 Lord Kinnoul. SOULT, Marshal* (1769-1852). French General and politician. STADION, Count Francis (1806-1853). Austrian statesman; he became Aulic councillor in 1834, Governor of Trieste from 1841-1847, and Governor of Galicia from 1847-1848. He then became Minister of the Interior in the Cabinet of Prince F. Schwarzenberg, but fell ill in 1848 and died in 1853. STAËL, Madame de* (1766-1817). NÉe Necker. STANGER, Baron Albert von. Born in 1796 and an officer in the Prussian service until 1829, he obtained a post in 1837 at a prison at Lichtenberg. In 1841 he became governor of the prison of Sagan; in 1845 he held a similar post at Jauer and retired to Hirschberg in 1871. STOCKHAUSEN, General von (1791-1861). Prussian Minister of War in 1850. STOLBERG-WERNIGERODE, Count Heinrich of (1772-1854). Prussian Minister of State. STRAUSS, Johann (1825-1899). Austrian composer. STROGONOFF, the Countess Julia. Countess of Ega by her first marriage. STUART, Sir Charles (1779-1845). English diplomatist. In 1860 he was sent to the Court of Portugal as Envoy-Extraordinary; he was then Ambassador at Paris from 1815-1830; in 1828 he became a Peer of England with the title of Lord Stuart of Rothesay. STURMFEDER, Frau von** (1819-1891). NÉe von MÜnchingen. STYLER. German painter. SULLY, the Duc de (1560-1641). Minister and friend of King Henry IV. SUTHERLAND, the Duchess of.* Died in 1868. Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria. SUTHERLAND, George Granville, Duke of (1786-1891). He entered Parliament during his father's lifetime (who died in 1833), as Lord Gower. He was Lord-Lieutenant of the County of Sutherland. SWEDEN, the Princess Amelia of (1805-1853). Daughter of Gustavus IV., King of Sweden, sister of Prince Gustavus of Vasa, father of Queen Carola of Saxony. SWETCHINE, Madame. A Russian by birth (1782-1857). Anna Sophia Soymonoff married General Swetchine; she settled at Paris where her drawing-room was very popular. T TALLEYRAND, Baron, afterwards Count Charles de (1821-1896). French diplomatist, in succession secretary to the embassies at Lisbon, Madrid, St. Petersburg, and London. He was Minister Plenipotentiary at Weimar in 1852 and at Baden in 1854; Minister at Turin in 1859, and at Brussels in 1861; Ambassador at Berlin in 1862, and at St. Petersburg in 1864. In 1868 he was appointed Senator. TATITCHEFF, Demetrius Paulowitch** (1769-1845). Russian diplomatist. TESTE, J. B.* (1780-1852). French legal authority and politician. THORWALDSEN, Bartholomew* (1769-1844). Celebrated Danish sculptor. THUN UND HOHESTEIN, Count Leon of (1811-1888). He held a post in the Aulic Chancery at Vienna until 1848; was Minister of Education and Public Worship in 1849; life member of the House of Lords in 1861, and Envoy to the Bohemian Diet. After the victory of the Constitutional party he left the Landtag of Bohemia in 1871 and was not re-elected until 1883. TIECK, Ludwig von (1773-1853). Celebrated German poet and man of letters, the translator of Shakspere and friend of Schlegel. TILLY, the Comte de (1559-1632). One of the most famous Imperialist Generals in the Thirty Years War. TOCQUEVILLE, Comte Alexis ClÉrel de** (1805-1859). French Deputy and distinguished historian. TORENO, the Countess of. Wife of Jose Maria Gueipo y Slano, Count of Toreno,* Spanish statesman who retired from politics in 1835 and then settled at Paris. TRACY, the Marquis de (1781-1864). At first an officer, he resigned in 1818 to devote himself to scientific research. In 1822 he was appointed a Deputy and took his seat on the Extreme Left with La Fayette. In 1848 he declared against the insurgents and under Prince Louis Napoleon took the portfolio of Naval and Colonial Affairs; he protested against the coup d'État and retired to his estates. TRIQUETI, Baron Henri de (1802-1874). French painter and sculptor, a pupil of Hersent and by birth a native of Piedmont. TUSCANY, Leopold II., Archduke of Austria, Grand Duke of** (1797-1870). He succeeded his father the Grand Duke Ferdinand III. in 1824. TYCHO-BRAHÉ (1546-1601). Famous Swedish astronomer, who discovered an astronomical system in advance of the Ptolemaean and Copernican systems. TYSZKIEWICZ, Princess* (1765-1834). Niece of Stanislas Augustus Poniatowski, last King of Poland. U UGGLAS, the Countess (1793-1836). Eldest daughter of the Field-Marshal Count Stedingk, Swedish Ambassador in Russia from 1790-1811. In 1812 she married the Lieutenant-Colonel Count Ugglas, who was afterwards a member of the Council of Ministers in Sweden. ULRICA, Queen (1720-1782). Wife of King Adolphus Frederick of Sweden whom she married in 1844, and mother of King Gustavus III. She was a daughter of Frederick I., King of Prussia, and a sister of Frederick the Great. USEDOM, Count Charles Louis Guido of (1805-1884). Prussian diplomatist and secretary to the Legation at Rome in 1835, and afterwards Envoy-Extraordinary in the same town. In 1850 he was commissioned to conclude peace with Denmark; in 1858 he was appointed Plenipotentiary for Russia to the Germanic Confederation, and in 1863 Ambassador in Italy. In 1872 he was appointed general director of the Berlin museums. V VALÉE, Marshal** (1773-1846). He became Governor-General of Algiers towards the end of his career. VALENÇAY, Louis de Talleyrand-PÉrigord, Duc de Talleyrand et de* (1811-1898). Duc de Sagan after the death of his mother, nÉe Princesse DorothÉe de Courlande, author of these memoirs. VALENÇAY, the Duchesse de* (1810-1858). First wife of the Duc de ValenÇay. NÉe Alix de Montmorency. VELTHEIM, the Countess of. Born in 1781 as Charlotte von BÜlow. She was the third wife of Count RÖttger von Veltheim. VÉRAC, the Marquis Armand de** (1768-1858). Peer of France and Governor of Versailles. VERNET, Horace** (1789-1863). Illustrious French painter. VÉRON, Dr. Louis DÉsirÉ (1789-1867). On the conclusion of his professional work (he had practised from 1823), he devoted himself to literature and to commercial enterprises. For some years he was director of the opera; he then undertook, at the instance of M. Thiers, to revive le Constitutionnel of which he became managing director. He supported with all his power the candidature of Prince Louis Napoleon for the Presidency; was elected Deputy in 1852; sold le Constitutionnel to M. MirÈs, and then retired from public life. VESTIER, Phidias** (1796-1874). Architect at Tours. VIARDOT, Madame. Born in 1821. She was Pauline Garcia, sister of Malibran and married Louis Viardot. She was a famous singer. VICTOR EMMANUEL II. (1820-1878). King of Sardinia in 1849, King of Italy in 1861. He was the eldest son of the King Charles Albert who abdicated in his favour after the Battle of Novara. He overcame his difficulties by choosing clever and energetic Ministers. By his intervention in the Crimean war, to which he sent a force of seventeen thousand men, he obtained the right to proclaim the grievances and the rights of Italy at the Congress of Paris before Europe. The alliance of his daughter Clotilda with Prince Napoleon gave him the all-powerful support of France in the war against Austria in 1859, with which event Italian national unity began. In 1842 he married Adelaide, daughter of the Archduke Regnier, who died in 1855. VILLELE, Mgr. de** (1770-1840). He was appointed Archbishop of Bourges in 1824. VILLENEUVE, Madame de. Mlle. Guibert married under the Empire M. RenÉ de Villeneuve, who shared in some of the campaigns of the Grand Army, was made Count, and afterwards attached to Queen Hortense as Chamberlain. VISCONTI, Louis Joachim (1791-1853). A famous architect, of Italian nationality, who left his country in 1798 and was a naturalised Frenchman in 1799. In 1808 he entered the School of Fine Arts, and in 1825 became architect of the Royal Library. He designed the tomb of the Emperor Napoleon at the Invalides; and also designed VITROLLES, the Baron de* (1774-1854). French diplomatist. W WALCKENAER, Baron Charles Athanase de (1771-1852). A learned French geographer, entomologist, and biographer, a member of the Institute. He was Prefect of NiÈvre in 1826, and treasurer of the Royal Library in 1839. WALDECK, Benedict Franz LÖwe (1802-1870). A Prussian lawyer and great political agitator. In the Chambers of 1848 he joined the Opposition and headed a conspiracy, which ended in his arrest and imprisonment. WALDECK, the Princess Regent of (1802-1858). Emma, daughter of the Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaunburg, married in 1823 Prince George of Waldeck. On her widowhood, in 1845, she became Regent of the Principality of Waldeck during the minority of her son. WALDSTEIN-DUX-LEUTOMISCHL, the Count of (1793-1848). Austrian Chamberlain and major. He married in 1817 a Countess FÜnfkirchen. WALLENSTEIN (1583-1634). A famous soldier; one of the best-known Generals of the Thirty Years War. WALSCH, Countess Agatha. Chief Lady at the Court of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. WALEWSKI, the Comte (1810-1868). A French politician who supported Napoleon III. and became Minister of Foreign Affairs. WALMODEN-GIMBORN, Count Ludwig von (1769-1862). An Austrian officer of great capacity and unusual strength of character. After 1823 he commanded the Austrian forces in Upper Italy and held this post until 1848, when he retired. WASA, Prince Gustavus (1799-1877). In 1830 he married Princess Louise of Baden, daughter of the Grand Duchess Stephanie of Baden. Their only daughter married King Albert of Saxony. WELLESLEY, Richard, Marquis of* (1760-1842). Eldest brother of the Duke of Wellington. He did important service for England as Governor-General of India, where he defeated Sultan Tippoo and destroyed the Empire of Mysore. He was twice Lieutenant of Ireland. He married in 1794 Mlle. Gabrielle Roland, who died in 1816; in 1825 WELLINGTON, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of* (1769-1852). At first an officer in the Indian Army and Member of the Irish Parliament, he became famous for his high military talent. He was present at the Congress of Vienna in 1814, and at that of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1818; he then played an important part in English politics. In 1806 he married the Hon. Catherine Pakenham, daughter of Lord Longford, who died in 1831. WERTHER, the Baron von* (1772-1859); Prussian diplomatist. WERTHER, the Baroness von* (1778-1853). NÉe Countess Sophie Sandizell. WESSENBERG-AMPRIGEN, the Baron* (1773-1858). Austrian diplomatist. WESTMORLAND, John, Lord (1759-1841). Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland from 1790 to 1795 under Pitt's Ministry. In 1782 he married Miss Sarah Child, who died in 1795, and in 1800 he married Miss Saunders, who survived him. WESTMORLAND, John Burghersh, eleventh Earl of* (1784-1859). The only son and successor of the foregoing. He was a highly talented English General and an eminent diplomatist; was Minister Plenipotentiary at Berlin in 1841, at Vienna in 1851, and one of the chief members of the Vienna Conference in 1855; he retired to private life shortly afterwards. WESTMORLAND, Lady Anne (1793-1879). Wife of the foregoing. She was married in 1811, and had six children. Her eldest son, Lord Burghersh, died in 1848 at the age of nineteen. Lady Westmorland was a daughter of William, Lord Maryborough, brother of the Marquis of Wellesley and of the Duke of Wellington above mentioned. She was a clever woman, with many friends. WESTPHALIA, Count of. Born in 1805. Minister of the Interior in Prussia from 1850-1858, and Member of the House of Lords from 1854. WEYER, Sylvan van de* (1803-1874). Belgian statesman and man of letters; Ambassador at London from 1846-1867. WICHMANN, Ludwig Wilhelm (1784-1859). Prussian sculptor. Brother of Karl Friedrich Wichmann, also a sculptor. WIELAND (1732-1813). Famous German poet and man of letters. WILTON, Thomas Egerton, Lord (1799-1882). Second son of the Marquis of Westminster. He was a naval officer, and in 1835 held a post at Court. In 1821 he married Lady Margaret Stanley, daughter WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Prince Alfred of (1787-1862). Austrian General; he was commissioned in 1848, after a brilliant career, to suppress the insurrection in Vienna, and was rewarded by the rank of Field-Marshal. He afterwards conducted the Hungarian campaign with less success. WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Princess Eleanor (1796-1848). NÉe Princess Schwarzenberg, she married in 1817 Prince Alfred of Windisch-Graetz. She was killed at Prague during the insurrection. WINDISCH-GRAETZ, Princess Veriand of (1795-1876). NÉe Princess Eleanor of Lobkowitz, she had married in 1812 Prince Veriand of Windisch-Graetz. WINTER, Herr von. Minister of the Interior in Prussia from 1859-1860. and afterwards chief of police from 1860-1861. WITTGENSTEIN, Prince William of Sayn-** (1770-1851). Minister in the Household of King Frederick William III. WOLFF, Herr von.** Councillor to the Home Office in Prussia. WOLFF, Frau von.** NÉe Hennenberg. WORONZOFF-DASCHKOFF, Count Ivan** (1791-1854). Russian diplomatist. WREDE, the Prince of (1767-1838). A Bavarian General who took an active part in the Wars of the Empire. WURMB, Friedrich Karl von** (1766-1843). Estate agent to the Duchesse de Talleyrand and de Sagan in Silesia. WÜRTEMBURG, King William I. of* (1781-1864). Ascended the throne in 1816. WÜRTEMBERG, the Prince Royal of. Born in 1823. In 1864 he ascended the throne of WÜrtemberg under the name of Charles I. He was the son of King William I., of his second marriage with his cousin Pauline of WÜrtemberg. He married in 1846 the Grand Duchess Olga Nicolaievna, born in 1822, daughter of the Emperor of Russia. WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Paul of** (1785-1852). Brother of King William I. WÜRTEMBERG, Prince Augustus of** (1813-1885). Distinguished officer in the Prussian service, where he held important posts. WYM, Sir Henry Walthin (1783-1856). English diplomatist who for several years was Minister Plenipotentiary at Copenhagen. Z ZEA, Madame de.* Spanish lady, and wife of M. Zea Bermedez, a diplomatist. ZEDLITZ, Baron Joseph Christian von (1790-1862). Famous German poet, who was an officer in the Austrian service and held a post at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs at Vienna. ZICHY, Count Ferdinand (1783-1862). Austrian Field-Marshal. When commander of the Fortress of Vienna, in 1848, he capitulated to the insurgents; tried before a court-martial, he was condemned to lose his rank and to ten years' confinement in a fortress. He was pardoned in 1851. ZICHY-VASONYKÖ, Count EugÈne (1803-1848). He was accused as a spy by the Hungarian insurgents, who put him to death. |
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