1 The Metropolis of Tarsus and Adana, although it is, geographically, in Asia Minor, falls under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch and is therefore omitted here.
2 See authorities for these statements in an essay by the present writer, published in the Michigan Law Review, vol. VI., 1907–1908, pp. 50–52, and entitled, “Roman Law and Mohammedan Jurisprudence,” Part I.
3 See Publication No. 3 of the American-Hellenic Society, entitled Persecutions of the Greeks in Turkey since the Beginning of the European War, June, 1918.
4 The present writer, in carrying on researches dealing with Asia Minor, came upon Dr. Dieterich’s study, and, after reading it, thought that it would be better to publish this essay than to write a new one, inasmuch as he noticed that, with the exception of a few observations which were to be expected from a German writer, the author gives, on the whole, an accurate and impartial account of the condition of things in Asia Minor, and does not seem to share the views of many of the civil and military officials of Germany, who consider that the existence of the Hellenic element there is detrimental to the interests of Deutschtum. It seemed, therefore, that no better testimony could be found than that adduced by a subject of Kaiser Wilhelm on the material and intellectual strength of Hellenism in Asia Minor, which is the latest bugbear of the Teutons and the target of Turkish cruelty.
5 See an account of this interview in a Greek pamphlet entitled How Germany Destroyed Hellenism in Turkey, by G. Mikrasianou, 1916, and particularly the confidential letter of the Turkish Minister of the Interior, Talaat Bey (now Prime Minister), dated May 14, 1914, to the Governor of Smyrna, reproduced in Le Temps of July 20, 1916, and the English translation of it in Publication No. 3 of the American-Hellenic Society, p. 70.
6 Supplement to the Greek White Book, entitled MinistÈre des Affaires Étrangers, Documents Diplomatiques, SupplÉment, 1913–1917, Nos. 1 and 4.
7 Oftentimes the name of the school embodies that of the donor, as, e.g., Marasleion, Zographeion, Theologeion are named from Marasles, Zographos and Theologos.
8 A much earlier and well-known English traveler calls Smyrna “the lovely, the crown of Ionia, the ornament of Asia.” (See Travels in Asia Minor and Greece, by Richard Chandler, ed. N. Revett, vol. I., p. 73, ed. 1825.)
9 See Gaston Deschamps, Sur les routes d’Asie, 1894, p. 152.
10Das Griechentum Kleinasiens, von Dr. Karl Dieterich, in LÄnder und VÖlker der TÜrkei (Schriften des Deutschen Vorderasienkomitees, herausgegeben von Dr. jur. et phil. Hugo Grothe, Leipzig, 1915).
11 A political treatment of the “Greek Question” was presented in a pamphlet of the Vorderasienkomitee, under the title, Die asiatische TÜrkei und die deutschen Interessen, Leipzig, 1913, S. 23–26.
13 So Michael Psellus (11th-12th century) of Nicomedia, Michael Attaliates (11th century) from Attalia in Pamphylia, Nicetas Acominatos (12th-13th century) from Phrygia, Georgius Pachymeres (13th-14th century) of NicÆa; Nicephoros Gregoras (14th century) from Pontus. The two latter are, also, our chief source of information about the invasion of Asia Minor by the Turks. Cf. K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, 2, MÜnchen, 1897, §§ 126 and 128.
14 Cf. J. Strzygowski, Kleinasien, ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte, Leipzig, 1903.
15 K. Krumbacher, Gesch. der byzantin. Litteratur, 2, § 358.
16 Cf. Von der Goltz, Anatol. AusflÜge, Berlin (1896), S. 70 ff.
17 As to the type of the Anatolian Turks, see L. Heermann, RÜckerinnerungen aus dem Orient (Aschaffenburg, 1886, S. 13, 126); A. Philippson, Das Mittelmeergebiet, 2, (Leipzig, 1906, S. 197); H. Gelzer, Geistliches und Weltliches aus dem griechisch-tÜrkischen Orient (Leipzig, 1900, S. 185); R. Fitzner, Anatolien (Leipzig, 1902, S. 19).
18 On these old Church Acts is based the instructive investigation of A. Waechter, Der Verfall des Griechenthums in Kleinasien im 14. Jhd., Leipzig, 1903.
19Translator’s note: There are at present twenty-two Metropolitans in Asia Minor, or better, including that of Tarsus and Adana, which is under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarch of Antioch, twenty-three.
20 On the question of the racial characteristics of the Greeks of Asia Minor, cf. A. von Luschan, Verhandlungen d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkde. zu Berlin, 15 (1888), S. 47–60; Archiv f. Anthropol., 19 (1889–90), S. 31–53; L’Anthropologie, I., p. 679 ff., II., p. 25 f.
21 Specimens of the Pontic and Cappadocian dialects of today are to be found in A. Thumb’s Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache, 2 (Strassburg, 1910), S. 294–298. Grothe, in his treatise, Meine Vorderasienexpedition 1906 u. 1907, Bd. II., S. 175, calls attention to the dialect of the Greeks of Farash in the southern Antitaurus.
22 Exact statistics as to the number of Greeks in Cappadocia are given by R. M. Dawkins, in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, 30 (1910), pp. 109–132, 267–291.
23 For more exact information, see H. Kiepert, Die griechische Sprache im pontischen KÜstengebirge, Zeitschr. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkde. in Berlin, 25 (1890), S. 317 ff.
24 Only the two largest rivers of western Asia Minor, the MÆander and the Sangarios have, in a characteristic manner, kept their old names in the form of Menderes and Sakkaria.
25 These texts, so interesting for the history of trade, are reproduced by D. Georgiades in La Turquie actuelle, Paris, 1892, pp. 197 ff., 218 ff., 224 ff.
26 The statistical data are based on Cuinet, La Turquie d’Asie (Paris, 1890–95), II. and III., completed from Baedeker, Constantinopel und Kleinasien, 2 (1914).
27 In a similar way, in more recent times, the German excavations of Priene and Miletus have benefited the neighboring Greek settlements. Cf. H. Gelzer, Geistliches und Weltliches, S. 231.
28 Also called Kuru-Chesme, i.e., “dry fountain.” The place seems to have a Greek name, ?e??????e as its prototype, though no place of this name is provable in Byzantine times.
29 Details about the history of this school are to be found in K. Krumbacher, PopulÄre AufsÄtze (Leipzig, 1909), S. 251 ff.
30 These statistics about the schools are derived from Cuinet, as above cited.
31 As to the decrease of the Turkish population of Asia Minor and its causes, see L. Heermann, RÜckerinnerungen aus dem Orient (Aschaffenburg, 1886), S. 128 Anm.; R. Fitzner, Anatolien, S. 20 f.; on the increase of the Greeks: K. Humann, Verhandlgn. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdkde. zu Berlin, 7 (1880), S. 249–252; R. Fischer, Mittelmeerbilder, N. F. (Leipzig, 1907), S. 401 f.
32 Hugo Grothe, too, in Die Asiatische TÜrkei und die deutschen Interessen (Der neue Orient, S. 25, 9 Heft), pleads for a closer feeling between the Germans and the Asia Minor Greeks. So, too, Blankenburg, Heft 1 of the Schriftensammlung des Deutschen Vorderasienkomitees, Die Zukunftsarbeit der deutschen Schule in der TÜrkei.
33 It is to be remembered that the higher professional places in the towns of Asia Minor are filled almost exclusively by Greeks. Teachers, doctors and engineers are for the most part Greeks and therefore among the higher engineering and administrative officials of the Anatolian and the Bagdad railways there are many Greeks.
