A list of all the Makura kotoba contained in the ManyÔshiu.

Brief explanations only are given, sufficient to suggest the meaning which can never be strictly defined.

In the companion volume of Translations a short essay on the Makura kotoba will be found, and in the notes to the Translations some of the more difficult or interesting examples are discussed.

The figures denote some of the long lays in which the m. k. to which they are attached are employed. The literal renderings are of the characters, read mana, with which the m. k. are more often written—but not so in all cases. Of many of the m. k. the meanings are, and must remain conjectural.

Place-names are thus indicated (pl. n.).

adzusayumi, bow of white-wood (Catalpa, Prunus?); applied to hiki (draw); compounds of hiki; — hiki-toyokuni = hiki-toyomu-kuni (resounding land); — Yora no yama he, Yora hill, yora resembling yoru (night-time when twang of bow more distinct); — suwe ha yorinemu (at the end will rest—end = bow-end); — suwe (end); — haru (stretch or bend, as bow); — oto sound (as twang of bow), 3, 29, 31, 104.

agakokoro, my heart or feelings; used with following place-names, Kiyosumi no ike, Akashi no ura, Tsukushi no yama. The application is obvious, 199.

Ahajishima, Awaji island; applied by sound-quibble to ahare, alas! oh!

Ahashimano, millet-island; applied to awazhi mono, one who is not met—zh is sh voiced.

ajimurano, like flock of teal (Anas formosa); — sawaku, make noise like flock of teal, 54.

ajinosumu, where teal resort; — Susa no irije (creek); ajisahafu, where teal are abundant, 26; with mure (crowd) or me (contraction of mure) confer umasahafu, 68.

akahoshi, red-star, Venus, bright-star; — akuru ashita, bright-star-morrow’s-daybreak.

akanesasu, red-wort-dyed, madder-red or ruddy, comely; — hi (sun),—hiru (noon); — tereru tsukuyo (bright moonlight night); — murasaki (purple); — kimi (lord), 24, 154, 240.

akarabiku (aka wo hiku), ruddy, rosy; with hi (sun); shikitahe no ko (pretty young girl); kimi (lord); hada (naked skin), 59—in this and preceding m. k. ra and ne may have same value.

akihagino, like autumnal bush-clover (Lespedeza), 119, 201; shinahite aramu, bending like —.

akikashiha, like autumn oak; or ‘vendible oak’ (aki); applied to uru, sell, of Uruha River.

akikazeno, like autumn wind; — Yamabuki no se, course of the Yamabuki river; applies to buki (fuki, blow) of yamabuki (Kerria Japonica); — chiye no ura—(chi taken as = shi, breath, kaze being kami shi, God’s breath).

akikusano, like autumn grass; — musubishi himo, knotted girdle, but musubi also means produce, as a plant produces fruit.

akinohano, like autumn leafery; — nihohi ni tereru (—abundantly shine), 250.

akitsushima, Island of Ripe Ears or Dragonfly-shaped Island;—Yamato, 2, 141.

akiyamano, like autumnal hills; — shitaberu imo (little sister delicate as fading sprays on an autumn hill-side); — iro natsukashiku, play on iro, colour (of autumn), and iro, term of endearment, added to natsukashiku, lovely.

amadzutafu, sky-climb; — hi (sun); — irihi (setting sun); Higasano ura, 17.

amagomori, rain-hidden; applied to Mikasa Hill (Cloud- or Mist-capped Hill).

amakazofu, meaning not clear, perhaps sky-fathoming; used with oho, great, vast, or ohoyoso, universal?

amakumono, like sky-cloud; used with tayutafu (drift); yukura yukura, yuki no manimani, yukikaheri, all involving idea of motion to and fro, driftingly, &c. Also to okuka mo shirazu, unknowing term or end; tadoki mo shirazu, helpless; yoso, any- or somewhere else; wakareshi yuku, depart and go, 22, 25, 37, 45, 48, 57, 58, 62.

Amanohara, the sky-plain; — Fujiye, Fuji-san, as piercing the sky.

amateruya, heaven-shine-Oh! applied to hi (sun).

amatobuya, sky fly-Oh!; used with karu (mallard?), 27.

amatsumidzu, sky-water, i.e. rain; used with afugite matsu, looking up to the sky as when hoping for rain, 22, 234.

amazakaru, heaven-distant; applied to hina, frontier-land, 9, 55, 213.

amenimasu, seated in heaven; used with tsukuyomi wotoko, God of the moon.

amoritsuku, descend-from-heaven-upon; used with Ame- or Kami-no Kaguyama (Mt. Kagu), 33.

arahikinu, cleansed vestment; used with name, Torikahi River; torikahi = change (clean for soiled garment).

arakakino, rough fence; used with yoso, elsewhere, without.

ararenasu, hail-like; used with sochi yori kureba, as if the hail came from sochi, there—a curiously far-fetched application.

arareutsu, hail-beaten; used with Arare, place-name.

arataheno, coarse or unprepared stuff; used with Fuji (Wistaria, fibres of which made a coarse cloth) as part of place-names, Fujiwi, Fujiye, &c., 13, 14, 21.

aratamano, afresh, anew, future?; applied to toshi (years), tsuki (months), ki-he, pass on, pass, elapse, 48, 49.

Arichigata, place-name; used as sound-quibble with ari.

arikinuno, fresh or fine garment; used by sound quibble with arite arite nochi ni mo ahazarame ya mo; here arite = ari-ari = real existence; with Mihe (place-name, lit. threefold), according to Motowori the ‘three’ refer to outer, inner, and middle garment; with sawi-sawi (shidzumi), rustling (of dress against dress), tranquillity; sawe sawe, similar sense; with takara, treasure, K. xcix.

Arimasuge, Arima sedge; sound-quibble with ari.

arisomatsu, shore pine; used with the homophon matsu (wait), as in arisomatsu a wo matsu kora, Oh, the pine by the shore! there the maid pines for me!

arisonami, shore-waves; by sound-quibble used with arite for ari-arite.

asagirino, like morning mist; — ohi ni ahimishi, indistinctly seen as in morning mist. So with omohi-madohite, midaruru kokoro, heart disordered and distracted with love, 224.

asahinasu, like morning sun; — maguhashi mo, as morning sun so bright and lovely.

asahisashi, direction towards morning sun; — magirahashi mo na (confused, dazzled as by rays of morning sun); — so-gai ni miyuru, seen where back turned on rays of morning sun, 222, see Gloss. sogahi.

asahisasu, morning-sun-impinge; — kasuga (spring day brilliant as morning-sun).

asajihara, reed plain—with tsubara, tsubara (minutely) because of identity in sound (hara-bara); with wonu, little moor, because of signification; and with chifu, place where chi reeds grow, because of identity of ji and chi (voiced).

asakahono, like the morning-glory; — ho ni ha sakidenu, burst out in bloom like the m. g.

asakami no, morning-hair; — omohi-midarete, thoughts as tangled as morning-hair (after sleep), 60.

asakasumi, mist of dawn; — yahe yama, many-fold (as of mists) hills; — kabi (fire to decoy deer or chase mosquitoes as seen on misty mornings); — honoka, dimly as in mist (or kabi (kahi) may = kirahi, be misty).

asamoyoshi, like hempen vestment, smock; — ki (homophon of ki, put on, don), 24, 57, 183, 213.

asashimono, like morning hoar frost; — kenaba kenu gani; — ke yasuki inochi; kenubeku no miya, as passing, evanescent, as hoar-frost.

asatorino, morning birds; — kayohasu kimi, my lord passing early as morning birds fly; — ne nomi nakitsutu, while filling the air with cries like morning birds.

asatsuyuno, like morning dew; used as asashimono.

ashibinasu, like ashibi, flowerage; — sakayeshi kimi (my lord brilliant as bloom of Ashibi, Andromeda sp.).

ashigachiru, reed-scatter; applied to Naniha as a reedy place.

ashiharano, reed-plain, used with Yamato or Midzuho no kuni, 133, 147, 227.

ashihikino, a difficult word, one meaning assigned is ashi-hiki, foot-dragging (wearisome), another is ashi-hiki-ki, an enclosure (defence work), reached with toil (steep, &c.), another ikashi-hi-ki, flourishing hi (Chamaecyparis) trees—the Kogi seems to accept the last. Applied to yama (hill), wonohe (top of a hill), yatsuwo (yama tsu wo, hill-top), ko no ma (clump of trees), ihane (rocky peak), arashi (mountain wind), wotemokonomo (this and that hill slope), 49, 50.

Ashihoyama, name of a hill in Hitachi; applied by sound-quibble to ashigaru, reed-karu (sort of mallard?).

ashikabino, plumy-reed-top-like; — a nayamu or ana yamu, bending, or feeble, like reed-top.

ashikakino, reed-hedge or fence; — furinishi sato, (ancient home); — omohi-midare (thoughts tangled as reeds in hedge); — hoka (outside), the fence being limit between interior and exterior of the compound, 123, 155, 240.

ashinoneno, like root of reed; applied by sound-quibble to nemokoro, earnest, ne, as homophon, meaning root.

ashinoure = ashikabi no.

ashitadzuno, like reed-birds; — ne nomi shi nakayu (screaming like reed-birds); — ana tadzutadzushi, oh how uncertain (is this road—as in the dark), here as sound-quibble.

atekawoshi (ajikawoshi = ajikayoshi, the meaning of ajika unknown); by sound-quibble applied to Chika no saki (place-name).

awayukino, like foam and snow; used with kihe (ke), pass away, vanish, or with words connoting evanescence.

awohatano, like a green banner; perhaps a corruption of aya hata, pattern-stuff banner; used with Kadzuraki (place-name); — kadzura, chaplet,—and with Osaka (little pass), name of a hill, osaka being compared with osoki (osohi-ki), outer vestment (uhagi), 55, 190.

awokumono, like dark cloud or clouds, regarded as made up of piled white clouds; hence used with shiro white, also with ideko, come forth (as a cloud does); — ideko, 186; wagimo, come forth as the piled clouds; come forth, my love!

awomidzura, a much disputed word; midzura may be kami tsura, parted hair, and awo midzura, a chaplet of green spray (Kadzura, &c). It is used with the place-name Yosami no hara (probably Plain of cold nights), yosami being taken as yose-ami, woven together (as the chaplet would be).

awoniyoshi (a much disputed word), used only with Nara—yoshi is exclamative, yo shi. The characters employed mean ‘green earth’—(or ‘fine earth’?).—Nara is connected with narasu, to make level, so awoniyoshi Nara no miyako might mean the Capital (or Palace), erected on well-levelled fine ground, — narasu or fumi-narasu, trample level; see also K. lviii, 7, 9, 15, 24, 137. Nara also means ‘oak-tree’ and the m. k. might refer to its greenery.

awoyagino, like green willow sprays; used with place-name Kadzuraki (Kadzura = Chaplet); also with Hararo (name of river), by sound-quibble with haru, stretch up (as the young willow shoot does rapidly); also with mayone, as in — kuhashi mayone, eyebrows (of girl), beautiful as the bending willow spray. It is also used with ito, thread, with allusion to the slender drooping branches.

chichinomino, like the fruit of the maidenhair tree; used by sound-quibble with chichi (father), 262.

chidorinaku, where dotterels cry; used as descriptive m. k. of rivers, as Saho and Yoshinu.

chihayaburu, thousand-rock-smashing, or thousand-swift-brandishing; with Kami (god); Uji (name of ferry—the application is obscure, possibly through uji, clan or family); Kane (name of headland), as a place where the waves beat roughly on the rocks, 24, 59, 204, 225, 263; chi may also = te, handle, hilt.

chihayahito, much the same application as chihayaburu, q.v.

chirihijino, like dust and dirt; m. k. of kadzu ni mo aranu, of no account, i.e. mankind.

fujikoromo, vestment made of cloth of Wistaria fibre; m. k. of ma, tohoku (here used as = coarse-meshed, coarse-woven); of naru = nareru, be accustomed to (wear).

fujinamino, a wave or festoon of Wistaria blossom; m. k. of omohi matsuhari, love-enveloped as by a mass of Wistaria flowers.

fukamiruno, like deep-sea weed (Codium sp.?); m. k. by sound-quibble with fuka (deep); with mi, miru (see), in compounds chiefly, 17, 172, 173.

funehatsuru, where a ship ends voyage at; m. k. of Tsushima in Korean straits.

furukoromo, old soiled garment; after cleansing it was beaten (mata uchi); hence used as m. k. of Matsuchi (hill-name); also of utsu in utsuteshi (uchi-suteshi), 89.

furuyukino, like falling snow; m. k. of ke (pass away, vanish); of shirokami (white hairs); by sound-quibble of yuki (go); of ke, kihe (elapse); shiki (spread); ichishiroku (conspicuous).

fuseyataki, burning down a hut; m. k. of susushi, sooty, 125.

fusumachiwo, draw a coverlet or rug over one?; hence m. k. of hiku (draw); in Hikite (hill-name), chi, perhaps = te.

fuyukomori, winter-prisoned; m. k. of haru, spring, 6, 24, 43.

hafukuzuno, like creeping kuzu (Pueraria); applied to what is interminable, indefinitely long, 46.

hafutsutano, like creeping ivy; hard to strip off, so applied to wakaru, separate, part (one from another), 123, 166.

hahasobano, lit. like hahaso, oak (or leaf thereof). Hahaso is Quercus dentata. But by sound-quibble it is used as m. k. of haha, mother (or haha-soba, mother’s side).

hahomameno, like hahomame (?); used with karamuru kimi, my lord whom I embrace (hahomame must be a leguminous? creeper of some sort, as its name indicates).

hamahisaki, lit. shore Catalpa, but not identified. There is a hamahisakaki (Eurya chinensis). Used, by sound-quibble, with hisashiku, for a long time.

hamasudori, shore-birds, wild duck, goose, &c., which waddle about as though lame; hence used with ana yumu = ana yamu = foot-waddle (ashi nayamu?).

hanachirafu (hanachiru), scattering and falling of blossoms; used with aki (autumn); with kono (ko taken as = ki, tree), muka tsu wo, these ridges opposite (where the tree blossoms are falling?); reference to a peak in Ômi called Wonanowo.

hanaguhashi, florescence-fine; m. k. of ashi in ashigaki, reed-fence.

hanakatsumi, like victorious flower, a kind of iris (Kamayama ayame?); used with katsute mo shiranu, never known before, beyond anything known.

hanezuirono, like hanezu colour (red); m. k. of utsurofu, change, fade.

haruhanano, spring blossoms; m. k. of tafutoki (splendid), utsurohi (fade, change), iya medzurashi (more and more beautiful), nihohe (flourish), sakari (blossom).

haruhiwo, a spring day (or sun); used with kasuga, a spring day (kasumi ka, misty day), 41, 92.

harukasumi, spring mist; m. k. of kasuga (spring day); used with wi (well), as homophon of wi, rest, hover (as mists do); with obo ni shi ’mohaba, if I think indistinctly.

harukazeno, like winds in spring; with oto (murmur of the winds).

harukusano, like spring plants; m. k. of medzurashi (beautiful); shigeki (abundant).

harukusawo, spring grass; used with uma kahi, horse-feed.

harutorino, like birds in spring; used with samayohi (wander hither and thither); kowe no samayohi (cry heard in all directions); — ne naki (cry and scream), 24.

haruyamano, like hills of spring; in which the leaves of the trees in spring being young droop; m. k. of shinahi (bend, droop); of obo, indistinct, alluding to thick foliage and mists of spring.

haruyanagi, spring-willow; applied to kadzura, which is compared with the long drooping thready willow-spray showing its florescence in spring-time?

hashimukafu, vis-a-vis, like chopsticks; so brothers may be said to stand; or mutually affectionate (hashi), as brothers ought to be; m. k. of oto, younger brother, 123.

hashitateno, like a ladder, m. k. of kura (storehouse), in composition or simply as sound-quibble; of kumaki for kumiki, timber put together for house-building (some say kumaki is bear-palisade (to keep out bears)); of sakashiki (steep).

hatsuhanano, like opening first blossom; used with haru (spring); chiru (wither and fall).

hatasusuki, a tall plumy swaying reed, Miscanthus sinensis; applied to things conspicuous, as blossoming, blooming, flourishing, or to a top or upper bloom (ura, ure), or to words containing above by composition, quibble-wise, or otherwise.

hayakahano, like swift stream; used with yukuhe mo shirazu (unknowing future course), 157.

hikarukami (written dazzling god), lightning; used by word-quibble with Narihata wotome, the girl Narihata (nari = thunder,—nari hatataku, roll of thunder).

hikuamino, like drawing-net; also error for nihotori; used with nadzusahi komu (will come swimming or floating).

himokagami, m. k. of Notoka (hill-name). The explanation given is that himo is the cord by which the kagami (mirror) was hung up, and notoka, a corruption of na toki, do not unfasten (because my lover is coming), kimi kimaseru ni himo akezu namu.

himonowono, the cord or girdle that ties a vestment; as a m. k. of kokoro, the allusion is to the tying of knots in such fastenings by lovers to mark fidelity; of itsugari-ahite, as meaning leading in the bonds of love.

hinakumori, either hi no kumori (clouded sun) or hita kugumoru, quite overclouded; the light then becomes usui (thin or dim)—to usui the m. k. is applied.

hinomotono, sun-source; m. k. of Yamato. [Is this m. k. a translation of Nihon or the reverse?]

hisakatano. A difficult word, variously written. It may mean a long time or long ago, sunshine-source (Br.), gourd-shaped (inversely-concave, hisaokata). A m. k. of ame (heaven); ame (rain), tsuki (moon); Miyako (City-Royal—the heavenly place, as residence of Mikado). See 22, 24, 25, 32, 34, 42, 45, 51, 62, 68.

hotarunasu, like firefly; m. k. of honoka, dim (fireflies being visible enough, but in their quick motion indistinct), 196.

hototogisu, cuckoo-bird; m. k. of Tobata (name of a bay), tobu hata (fly-flag); of hotohoto (noise of knocking—at door by or of mistress), as sound-quibble.

ihabashino, stepping-stones-like; used with chikaki (near—as stepping-stones are close together); also tohoki naku, not distant, or rocks connected by slight bridges.

ihabashiru, swirl among rocks; used with Tarumi, place-name (descending water); tagi (cascade or rapids); Afumi (aha-umi, foam-water), or Lake Ômi (Biwa); Kamunabi (kami-nari-buri), thunder = noise of falling water, 9, 13, 134.

ihafuchino, like pool (of river), rock-enclosed; used with komori, seclude, enclose.

ihahonasu, rock- or cliff-like; used with tokiha, everlasting, comp. everlasting hills.

ihahosuge, rock-growing sedge; used with ne (root), of nemokoro (earnestly), a word-play.

ihakuyeno, rock-crumbling; through similarity of sound with kuyu (koyu), cross.

ihatsutano, rock-rope (= ihatsuta, rock-creeping ivy); ivy grows quickly where stripped off, hence used with phrases like mata wochi kaheri (waka-kaheri), become young again.

ihawitsura (suberi-hiyu), Portulaca oleracea, L.; used with hikaba nurunuru or nuretsutsu, implying sense of gently, smoothly, or slippery?

ihetsutori, house bird: used with kake (lit. crow), cock.

ihohenami, 500, i.e. countless waves; applied to tachi-wi, rise and fall, or rise and rest as the waves are eternally doing.

imehitono, archer-men; with Fushimi (pl. n.), fushi = crouch to watch for game.

imetachite, where archers stand; used with Tomi no Woka (place-name); tomi = trail-trackers.

imogahimo, my love’s girdle or cord; with yufu, tie up; toku, untie; musubu, fasten.

imogaihe (ni), to my love’s home; used with iku (yuku), to go, of Ikuri no mori (Shrine of Ikuri).

imogakado, my love’s doorway or home; with iri, enter, idzu, go forth from, or their combinations.

imogakami, my love’s hair; with age, lift up (to knot), in Agesasabanu, Moor of Agesasaba.

imogakeru, by my love worn; to mikasa (fine hat), of Mikasa Hill (pl. n.).

imogamewo, my love’s eye; with mi-somu, fall in love; Tomi no saki (Cape Tomi, mi = see); Mimakuhoriye (pl. n.), mimakuhori, desire to see and love.

imogarito, or imoragari (imo ga ari), towards where my love is; with ima (now, or place where), as in Imaki (Peak); with Ikoma (Hill)—Ikoma = yuku (iku) koma.

imogasode, my love’s sleeve; with maki, roll up, of Makimuku Hill.

imogatewo, my love’s hand; with tori (take), toru or toro; Toroshi no ike, Pool of Toroshi.

inamushiro, rice-straw matting; used as kaha (skin employed also as mat); with kake and shiku, apply, spread, by quibble with kaha, stream, 102.

inanomeno, the word means daybreak (not-sleep-eye); applied to ake, open, break as dawn; another explanation is, ina no me (ina—rice-plant—no mure) no, ake is then confounded with aku akaramu, grow ruddy, ripe, and an involved word-play results.

inuzhimono, dog-like; — michi ni fushite, lying down (dying), like a dog by the roadside.

irihinasu, like the setting sun; with kakuru, hide, withdraw, 28, 50.

isanatori, whale-catching; used with umi (sea) hama (shore); nada—open sea—Hijiki no nada; Afumi no umi (Lake Ômi or Biwa) by extension, 16, 19, 30, 40, 78, 193.

Isayagaha, a river-name; used with reference to the interjection isa!

isokahino, like shore-shells; used with kata (unpaired as in kata kohi, solitary love, because one of the pair parted from the other); probably the shell meant was a bivalve, one valve = kata. The simile is found in English poetry.

isomatsu (Statice arbuscula, Max.); used with tsune (always), matsu (pine) indicating length of time.

Isonokami, a tract in Yamato where a place existed named Furu, which may mean, old, or to pour down (as rain); hence Isonokami is used as a m. k. of furu, 45.

iyukiahino, where men climb and meet from either side; as a hill-pass.

iyushishino, arrow-shot or wounded deer; with kokoro wo itami, grieve my heart; — yuki mo shinamu, like stricken hart go on to die.

kadzunokino (kaji noki, Broussonetia papyrifera); applied with sound-quibble to wa wo kadzusane = ware wo kadohashi wite yukane (kadohashi-gataku); kadohashi = kadowakashi, abduct, kidnap.

kadzuragake = hikage (Lycopodium clavatum)—club-moss (used in ritual?), hence a praise-word applied to kimi (lord), kuhashi (comely).

kahadzunaku, frog-croak; used with waters, idzumi (source), kaha (stream).

kahayagino (kahayanagi), river-willow; used with ne (homophonous with ne, root) of nemokoro (nengoro), earnestly.

kagaminasu, mirror-like; applied to miru (see) and mi in compounds and place-names; to imo (my love), to tsuma (spouse)—in both cases = precious, a mirror being regarded as a treasure; to the phrase kaku shi tsune mimu, thus ever indeed to see, with allusion to the mirror constantly kept (kaku) by the bed-place, 26, 55.

kagirohino (kagerohi?), a difficult word. Often written as if meaning seirei or tombo (dragon-fly), it is probably a lengthened form of kageru, shine, glitter. Used with yufu (evening—the glow at and after sunset?); iha, rock which sparkles when struck; honoka, dim, by reference probably to ho, flame; haru, spring—when the air is fresh, clear and glittering; kokoro moyetsutsu, glow of heart; hi, flame, sun; tada hito me (just a glance, here the m. k. may have reference to what is seen dimly?), 12, 28, 92, 123.

kajinootono, sound or splash of oar: used with tsubaratsubara ni, clearly, distinctly.

kakihonasu; see 120, 125—fence-like, not in Kogi list.

kakikazofu, count over as 1, 2, 3, &c.; used with futa, two, in Futakami yama, Twain-gods (or Twain Peak) Hill, 223.

kakikoyuru, cross over or through the house-fence; used with inu, dog, a somewhat meaningless m. k.

kakitsubata, camellia; used with nidzurafu, be ruddy, saku, bloom.

kakozhimono, deer’s-young-like; used with hitori, one, unique, 119.

kamozhimono, wild-duck-like; applied to uki, float.

kamukaze, god-wind; used with Ise where the chief gods have their seat, 172.

karakaji, this may be Chinese or Korean kaji, oar, scull or steer-oar, used with oto takashi mo na, loud is the sound (i.e. as that made by the splash of the scull or creak of oar).

karakoromo, Kara (China or Korea), garment, robe; used with ki (put on) in Kinara, tatsu (cut out clothes) in Tatsuta, suso (hem) combined with ahazu—not meeting (as parts of vestment). The use may be by way of quibble.

kariganeno (kari?), white-fronted wild-goose, also cry of same. Its application to kitsugi (84) is not quite clear, perhaps it refers to the regularity of going to see the cherry blossoms with one’s comrades being like the regularity with which the wild-geese return in spring-time.

karikomono, like cut rushes; used with midaru, confused, disordered; with shinu as in kokoro mo shinu, the heart yields, becomes weak, &c.

kashinomino, like acorn which is single always, never double or triple as chestnut; applied to hitori, one, unique, 106.

kasumitatsu, mist-rising; applied to Kasuga (pl. n.), which however is written haru no hi, spring day, 4, 9, 33.

katamohino, like lidless bowl; love deep as the bowl or jar.

kazenotono, wind-sound; as heard from afar; applied to my love far from me.

kekoromono, fur or feather vestment; used with haru (spring). Such vestments were worn when hunting, &c., used as m. k. of asu, morrow, morning, kefukefu to, to-day to-day.

kimigaiheni, in my lord’s house; — aga sumi-saka no, where sumi written ‘black’, but homophonously to be understood as ‘dwell’, is introduced by a kind of prefatial quibble—wherein I dwell, as in my lord’s house.

kimigakeru, what my lord wears; used with Mikasa yama (hill-name), like kimi ga sasu in the Kokinshiu; mikasa means my lord’s hat—so written, in the hill-name it has, probably, a different meaning.

kimomukafu, opposite liver or bowels; used with kokoro, heart, as chief of the inner organs. Perhaps simply in front of the inner organs, 17, 120.

komatsurugi, Koma or straight sword; Koma was one of the four Korean kingdoms. The sword had a ring, wa, at the end of the hilt, hence the application of the m. k. to wa, in Wazami no hara, Wazami Moor; to wa ga kokoro (my heart) as sound-quibble, 24.

komomakura, komo is a kind of rush (also sea-grass, Zostera), a pillow made of such. Used with ahimakishi (rolled up); with taka confused with taku = maki-tsukanu.

komorikuno, enclosed (by hills)—applied to Hatsuse (pl. n.), 12, 15, 45, 179.

komorinuno (numa), a pond or marsh enclosed and hidden (by reeds); used with shita, under, lower; with mizu, not-see, 125.

komotatami, komo, (rush) matting; applied to Heguri (pl. n.), he taken as = fold or thickness. Heguri no aso in the ManyÔshiu seems to mean a fish, tachi-uwo (Trichiurus lepturus?).

konokureno, tree-dark, as when foliage becomes abundant in fourth month, u no tsuki, hence used with u (tsuki), also with shigeki, crowded abundant; — shigeki omohi, crowded thoughts, 245.

koragatewo, a girl’s hand, or arm, or sleeve; applied to Makimuku (hill-name), maki read as = hold, enfold.

koromote, sleeve of a garment; used with Hitachi (province), hita or hida being the folds of a sleeve. Other applications exist, but their value is uncertain. Such are Tanaga (hill-name), ta = arm; nagi, cast away, or mow (the arm being used)?

koromotewo, sleeve of a dress; used with Takaya (pl. n.), from similarity of taka with taguru, to haul, pull with arm; with wori-tamu (wori-tamotohoru, wander about), wori-tamoto = roll back sleeve; with ashige no uma, reed-grey horse, the peculiar etymology of which is that ashige may be read as a corruption of osoki = uhagi = outer dress, which of course would have a sleeve! 110, 157.

kotohiushino (kotohi), a great bull; used with Miyake no ura (Bay of M.); miya = mika = mi (or ma) ya, thus miyake = mika ke, abundance of hair, as a bull is supposed to have (a Chinese idea; comp. ‘one hair of nine bulls’ as an infinitesimal proportion), 116. But, perhaps, the m. k. only = grand, and kotohi, a sacred bull.

kotosaheku, mumble, stammer (as a foreigner); applied to Kara, Kudara, 17, 24.

kumoriyono, cloudy or dark night; with tadoki mo shirazu (know not what to do); madoheru (distracted); shitabahe (crouch and creep), 183.

kumowinasu, like a cloud; used with tohoku (distant); with isayohi (hesitating, like cloud uncertain which way it will drift); — kokoro mo shinu ni (the heart yielding as a cloud drifts), 41, 222.

kurenawino, red, a deep red; used with iro (colour); — utsushi kokoro, show feeling by change of colour? 64, 106, 216.

kusakageno, grass-shade; applied to Arawi Cape, but the use here is not understood. Ara-wi is raw rush of some sort. Its use with anu is equally unclear. (In I. an explanation is given connected with the withering (aru) of vegetation under the shadow of tall grasses or herbs.)

kusamakura, grass pillow, pillow of herbs, while on a journey often the only available one; used with tabi, journey, also with tago for hatago, a basket to hold food for a journey, 1, 4, 12, 23, 40, 49.

kushiromaku, armlet-wind; used with Tafushi (hill-name)—ta read homophonously as arm.

kuzunoneno, root of Pueraria; with naga, long.

makanamochi (te), with a true kana (shaping or scraping-tool); m. k. of yuge nokahara, yuge = yumi kedzuru, shape or scrape into bow-shape, scrape bow.

makanefuku, true metal (iron) smelt; descriptive epithet of Nifu (pl. n.).

makibashira, pillars of maki (right-word, hi no ki, Chamaecyparis obtusa?); applied to futoki (stout), futoki kokoro, stout heart.

makinotatsu, see makitatsu.

makisaku, split maki into planks for building; applied to hi [no tsumade] Chamaecyparis timber, 13.

makitatsu, where maki trees grow; epithet of arayama, wild hills, 12.

makitsumu, heaping maki timber; as to float down Idzumi River, hence m. k. of that river.

makomokaru, fine-komo (rush)-reap; epithet of Ohonu River.

makuradzuku, put pillows close together; epithet of tsumaya, spousal pavilion, 28, 236.

makusakaru, where-fine-grass-cut; the fine-grass is susuki, Miscanthus sinensis; epithet of Aranu (name of a moor—wild-moor).

makuzuhafu, where-fine-kuzu-creeps—kusu is Pueraria Thunbergiana, Benth., a leguminous trailing plant; descriptive epithet of Kasuga Hill and Wonu Moor, 84.

managotsuchi. There is a place called Manago ura. The m. k. is written ‘beloved-child’, and is used by sound-quibble in Managotsuchi manaho ni shite, where manaho, &c. = right, truly, just. In managotsuchi manaku tokinashi aga kofuraku ha, manago may be = masago, and the whole mean, my love is so unceasing, that not even the interval of a grain of sand is to be found in its continuity. Probably managotsuchi = simply sandy soil.

mashimidzuno, pure cold water; applied to kokoro mo keya ni, unsullied the heart.

masokagami, perfect-mirror, i.e. perfectly polished, used with words of seeing, shining, polishing, hanging up, &c., 32, 59.

masugeyoshi, where-right-sedge-good; epithet of Soga no kahara (dry part of a river-bed).

masurawono (ma-arashi-wo), [or ma-so-], right-fierce-man, warrior; applied to Tayuhi ga ura (Bay of Tayuhi)—ta is written, hand or arm, the m. k. implies strength, 40, 52, 64, 216.

matamadeno, a sort of m. k., like fine arms; see 102.

matamadzura, fine-creeper, i.e. sanekadzura (Kadzura japonica); conf. sanekadzura, applied to what is not likely to end, as tayemu no kokoro aga ’mohanaku ni = will my heart cease to love—no!

matamanasu, like true-jewel; applied to aga ’mofu imo, my mistress whom I love.

matamiruno, a sort of sea-weed (Codium?); chiefly used by sound-quibble—as with mata yukikaheri again go and come. Mata means ‘forked’, also ‘again’, 172.

matorisumu, where the true-bird dwelleth, i.e. washi, the eagle; used with Unade no mori (the grove of Unade)—Unade is written cloud-ladder which may give a clue to the meaning of the m. k. The Kogi rather applies it to mori (mamori).

Matsuchiyama, a hill-name; it seems to involve merely a sound-quibble with moto tsu hito (written, men of old) and matsuramu imo (my love who will await me, or whom I await).

matsugaheri, a difficult word of which several more or less futile explanations are given. Here is one more. The m. k. is used with shihite, compellingly, &c., may it not mean, as certainly as come round the cycles of the everlasting pine-tree!

matsuganeno, pine-tree-root; used with words denoting length of time or space; also endlessness, as with tayuru koto naku, ceasing is-not. The use of the m. k. with kimi ga kokoro is not explained—is it with kokoro as = ki(ko) koru, fell timber, 47, 257.

matsukaheno, like pine and yew (Torreya nucifera, S. et Z.), or, oak, sp.; epithet applied to words of enduring and flourishing, as to sakaye (bloom).

mayobikino, like (my love’s) painted eyebrows (or the false ones on forehead above the true ones shaved off?); applied to Yokoyama (hill-name) by the poet who sees the mountain’s regular form in the distance.

mawogomono, true-small-rush-like; applied to fu nomi chikakute in a tanka where the sense seems to be ‘as close as the rushes in fence wattled with them’.

midzukakino, written water-fence, but the meaning is shining, i.e. fine fence; used with hisashiki, ‘for a long time’, because in Midzukaki no Miya dwelt the Mikado Suzhin, and it was hoped the miya might long endure—that is the reign, the two being regarded as conterminous.

midzukukino, like shining stem; applied to woka (knoll), woka being taken as a corruption of waka, young; and by sound-quibble to Midzuki (pl. n.).

midzutade, water-pepper = tade, perhaps midzu = here fine bright, not water; m. k. of Hodzumi (pl. n.), written, ear (in grain) pluck, fruit-pluck. Midzutade is Polygonum flaccidum, Roxb.—the growing fruit was—perhaps is—eaten.

midzutamaru, water-collect; epithet of ike (pool);—Ikeda (pl. n.), 134.

midzutorino, water-fowl; m. k. of kamo (wild duck), &c., also of ukine (sleep afloat like water-fowl); of awoha (grey wings), part of Awoha no yama; of tatsu (rise, start in flight).

midzutsutafu, skirt the water; epithet of shore, beach, iso.

mihakashiwo, what the sovran girds on; as a tsurugi (straight Chinese sword), so used with Tsurugi no Ike (name of a pool).

mikamononasu, like water wildfowl; applied to futari-narabi-wi (two being together, as two lovers), like water-fowl (pairing), 50.

mikemukafu, offering sovran’s food; m. k. of ki (sakÉ), homophon of ki (tree, or more probably ‘fort’) in Kinohe (or kinohe = a cup of sakÉ); so of aha, millet (Ahaji island), aji (wild-fowl), mina, shellfish (Minafuchi—more correctly = midzu no fuchi), or mi (flesh), 26, 83.

mikokorowo, the sovran’s heart; m. k. of Yoshinu, mi kokoro wo yoshi = delighteth the sovran’s heart (soul), 10.

mikomokaru (mi = ma), right-sedge-cut; m. k. of Shinano province. The Kogi imagines a connexion by reading Shinano, shina nu[ma], explaining shina as ura, within, interior or back of—i.e. land with (sedgy) lakes in its interior.

mikushigeno, like the fine comb-box; applied to Futakami Hill; futa, lid, is homophon of Futa [kami], twain gods.

mimorotsuku, mimoro may mean sacred dwelling or shrine (on Kase Hill), or may be written erroneously for umi wo, spool of hemp-yarn; kase being a spindle. The m. k. is used with Kaseyama. Tsuku would be tsukuru, construct, or tsuku, employ (the spindle); other explanations exist. To Miwa it is applied, taking Miwa as miwaku, a boiling spring, and therefore as sacred.

minahanasu, like foam of water; m. k. of moroki inochi (brittle, i.e. impermanent life of men).

minanowata, pulp of Mina shell (Melania sp.); because of its blackness used as m. k. of ka-guroki-kami, jetty tresses, 64, 168.

minasegaha, mi-na(ki)-se-kaha, waterless stream; kohi ni mo so hito ha shinisuru minasegaha shita yu are yasu tsuki ni hi ni keni, I die of love, as a stream without water I pass on and perish month by month, day by day (as the stream with too little water from its source does).

minashigaha; see above.

mirunogoto, like miru, seaweed; m. k. of wawake, rags, tatters.

misagowiru, where fine-sand is; m. k. of iso (beach), su (shoal or sandy shore), ariso (wild-beach).

misorayuku, fine-air-traverse; m. k. of tsuki (moon); kumo (cloud).

mitorashino, what the sovran taketh hold of; m. k. of adzusa yami, white-wood bow, 3.

mitsugurino, like three chestnuts (in one shell); used with reference to naka, middle—middle as centre chestnut.

mitsumitsushi, brilliant, glorious, m. k. applied to kume no wakugo, young lord of kume, more properly to kume, warrior, host of warriors, army (a word of Chinese origin?). The Ohotomo ancestor was an Ohokume (ccxxvii).

miwotsukushi, mi-wo-tsu-kushi = midzu oru no shirushi, marks to show a fairway. Used, by a quibble, with tsukushi, in such a phrase as kokoro wo tsukushi, to the very bottom of my heart.

miyakehiku, float down timber for palace; m. k. of Idzumi, river.

miyukifuru, falling of snow; m. k. of Koshi (one of the north-west provinces very cold in winter), and fuyu, winter.

mochidzukino, like full-moon; m. k. of tatahashi (complete, perfect, &c.); of omowa (face, visage); of medzurashi (lovely).

mochitori, limed bird; m. k. of kakarahashi, be concerned, involved in, entangled (as lover is), 62, 183.

modamoarazu, not-silent; m. k. of Ihoshirowoda (pl. n.); iho taken as = ifu (f and h were nearly like-sounded), say, speak.

momichibano, russet leaves of autumn; with chiri, sugi, utsuri, fall, pass, fade, 174, 192.

momodzutafu, hundred-wise thread or coast, i.e. as applied to yaso no shima, make one’s way among all the islands; to Minu (as mi nu, fair moors, coasting along hundreds of fair moors); Minu of course is merely a place-name, and the application of the m. k. is a quibble.

momofuneno, hundreds of ships, i.e. all ships; used with hatsuru shima, island where ships anchor, Tsushima, 97.

momoshikino, written as a hundred stone-forts (i.e. countless —); shiki seems to have been an earthwork strengthened with stone, momoshiki no miya, a palace built with stones enough for countless shiki, 33, 74, 75.

momoshinuno, hundreds (crowds) of shinu (small bamboo); used with Minu (regarded as mi nu = ma nu, true, fine moor), 185.

momotarazu, not a hundred—m. k. of yaso (eighty); of ikada (raft—ika, how many?); of i fifty (i tsuki no yeda—branches of fifty tsuki, trees), 13, 131, 204.

momoyogusa, a plant said to resemble an aster or pyrethrum; by sound-quibble with momo yo idemase—a hundred nights went forth.

mononofuno, weapon-wight, armed retainer, guard; m. k. of yaso (eighty, i.e. all the uji or tomo, guilds, military families, &c.); of uji (family); of Ihase no mori (Shrine of Ihase), because the mononofu crowded (ihamu) the camp, 13, 52, 59, 77, 92.

murakimono, the inner organs taken together; used with kokoro, heart, as one of them, 4, 128.

murasakino, purple colour; used with Kokata (pl. n.), from resemblance of kokata to koki, deepen colour or dye deep shade of colour; on account of the fragrance of the flower so-called, a species of Lithospermum, used with nihoeru, as in—nihoeru imo, my love, fragrant as murasaki bloom.

muratamano, like a lot of pearls; m. k. of kuru, wind, thread or turn round &c.? with kuru ni kugi sashi = pivot of door, turning round like stringed pearls. Some equate the m. k. with nubatama, q. v.

muratorino, flocking birds; with mure (assemble); asatachi (morning flight); idetachi, start and rise (of birds), 92, 117, 166.

nabikimono, what bends, yields; with yorineshi, sleep close by.

naguhashi (—ki), name or fame-fine; descriptive m. k. of Yoshinu, Samine no shima, Inami, &c.

nagurusano, a bow-shot distance; m. k. of tohoki, &c.

nahanorino, like rope-seaweed; with hiku (draw, haul), 173; also with phrase na ha katsute norazhi (name not yet told).

nakukonasu, like weeping child; m. k. of shitafu (to love, as child crying for its mother); koto dani tohazu (infans); ne nomi shi nakayu (sound of weeping and wailing); yuki-tori-saguri (cry for things as children do), 49, 61, 173.

nakutadzuno, screaming crane; used with ne nomi shi nakayu (see nakukonasu), 55.

nakutorino, like screaming birds; with ma naku toki nashi (continuously); here the m. k. is used as sound- and sense-quibble.

namayomino (nama yo mi no), fresh sweet flesh (of shell-fish; applied by quibble to Kahi, name of province); — kahi = shell, 37.

naminohono, like crest of wave; m. k. of itaburashi (itodo furu), heave wildly.

nanorisono, like nanori (naminori = wave-ride), a seaweed, Sargassum sp.?; a quibbling m. k. of na, name, nanori, tell name, noru, tell, na nori so, do not tell.

narashibano, apparently oak-faggots; used, by sound-quibble with nare?

narukamino, like thunder-god; m. k. of oto, sound, noise, 72.

natsukusano, like summer herbs; m. k. of Nu (pl. n.) = no, moor, or nayu, grow, flourish—nayu contracted into nu; of nayete (nayu), in omohishinayete (think inclinedly of, love), here rather to shinayete, 16, 26.

natsusobiku, written summer-hemp-draw, is explained as na tsuri sawo hiku, fish-angling-rod-haul; m. k. of umi, sea, as in Unakami (pl. n.) = umi no kami, of Unahi = umi na hi (umi no ahi)? Another explanation is more literal—the hemp gathered in summer from the une or furrows, 148.

nayotakeno, like bending bamboo, m. k. of towoyoru; towo = tawa (of tauamu), flexuous, gracefully pliant, delicate, 29, 45.