| CHAPTER I. |
| The Man. |
| PAGE |
| His Parents | 1 |
| His Early Education | 2 |
| His University Training at Leipsic | 4 |
| At Jena | 8 |
| At the University of Altdorf | 10 |
| His Removal to Frankfurt | 10 |
| His Mission to Paris | 11 |
| Discovery of the Calculus | 12 |
| Librarian at Hanover | 13 |
| His Activities | 14 |
| His Philosophic Writings | 15 |
| His Ecclesiastic and Academic Projects | 17 |
| His Later Years and Death | 18 |
| CHAPTER II. |
| Sources of his Philosophy. |
| Character of the Epoch into which Leibniz was born | 20 |
| The Thought of the Unity of the World | 23 |
| The two Agencies which formed Leibniz’s Philosophy | 24 |
| The Cartesian Influences | 26 |
| Rationalistic Method | 28 |
| Mechanical Explanation of Nature | 30 |
| Application of Mathematics | 32 |
| Idea of Evolution | 33 |
| Interpretation of these Ideas | 35 |
| Idea of Activity or Entelechy | 39 |
| Idea of Rationality | 40 |
| Idea of Organism | 42 |
| CHAPTER III. |
| The Problem and its Solution. |
| Unity of Leibniz’s Thought | 43 |
| Relation of Universal and Individual | 44 |
| Descartes’ Treatment of this Question | 46 |
| Spinoza’s Treatment of it | 48 |
| Leibniz’s Solution | 50 |
| All Unity is Spiritual | 53 |
| And Active | 54 |
| Is a Representative Individual | 56 |
| Contrast of Monad and Atom | 58 |
| Pre-established Harmony reconciles Universal and Individual | 59 |
| Meaning of this Doctrine | 62 |
| CHAPTER IV. |
| Locke and Leibniz.—Innate Ideas. |
| Necessity of Preliminary Account of Leibniz’s Philosophy | 66 |
| Locke’s Empiricism | 67 |
| Leibniz’s Comments upon Locke | 69 |
| The Controversies of Leibniz | 72 |
| The Essay on the Human Understanding | 73 |
| Locke’s Denial of Innate Ideas | 237 |
| Man’s Spirit as Architectonic | 238 |
| CHAPTER XII. |
| Criticism and Conclusion. |
| Leibniz’s Fundamental Contradiction is between his Method and his Subject Matter | 240 |
| The Use which Leibniz makes of the Principle of Sufficient Reason reveals this Contradiction | 242 |
| The Contradiction is between the Ideas of Formal and of Concrete Unity | 243 |
| From this Contradiction flow |
| (1) The Contradiction in the Notion of Individuality | 246 |
| Which becomes purely Negative | 247 |
| The Negative he interprets as merely Privative | 249 |
| (2) The Contradiction in his Conception of God has the Same Source | 250 |
| He really has Three Definitions of God | 250 |
| One results in Atomism, another in Pantheism | 251 |
| The Third in a Conception of the Organic Harmony of the Infinite and Finite | 252 |
| (3) The Contradiction between the Real and the Ideal in the Monads has the Same Source | 253 |
| (4) As have also the Contradictions in the Treatment of the Relations of Matter and Spirit | 254 |
| (5) And finally, his Original Contradiction leads to a Contradictory Treatment of Knowledge | 257 |
| Summary as to the Positive Value of Leibniz | 259 |
| The Influence of Leibniz’s Philosophy | 261 |
| Especially upon Kant | 262 |
| Kant claims to be the True Apologist for Leibniz | 263 |
| (1) As to the Doctrine of Sufficient Reason and Contradiction | 263 |
| Which finds its Kantian Analogue in the Distinction between Analytic and Synthetic Judgment | 266 |
| (2) As to the Relation of Monads and Matter | 268 |
| Which finds its Kantian Analogue in the Relation of the Sensuous and Supersensuous | 268 |
| (3) And finally, as to the Doctrine of Pre-established Harmony | 269 |
| Which Kant transforms into Harmony between Understanding and Sense | 269 |
| And between the Categories of the Understanding and the Ideas of Reason | 270 |
| Conclusion | 272 |
