  | CHAPTER | PAGE | | I. Introduction | 1 | | § 1. Definition and Method:—Ethical and moral, specific problem, 1; importance of genetic study, 3. § 2. Criterion of the moral:—The moral in cross section, the "what" and the "how," 5; the moral as growth, 8. § 3. Divisions of the treatment, 13. | | PART I
The Beginnings and Growth of Morality | | II. Early Group Life | 17 | | § 1. Typical facts of group life:—Primitive unity and solidarity, 17. § 2. Kinship and household groups:—The kinship group, 21; the family or household group, 23. § 3. Kinship and family groups as economic and industrial units:—The land and the group, 24; movable goods, 25. § 4. Kinship and family groups as political bodies:—Their control over the individual, 26; rights and responsibility, 27. § 5. The kinship or household as a religious unit:—Totem groups, 30; ancestral religion, 31. § 6. Age and sex groups, 32. § 7. Moral significance of the group, 34. | | | III. The Rationalizing and Socializing Agencies in Early Society | 37 | | § 1. Three levels of conduct:—Conduct as instinctive and governed by primal needs, regulated by society's standards, and by personal standards, 37. § 2. Rationalizing agencies: Work, 40; arts and crafts, 41; war, 42. § 3. Socializing agencies:—CoÖperation, 42; art, 45. § 4. Family life as idealizing and socializing agency, 47. § 5. Moral interpretation of this first level, 49. | | | IV. Group Morality—Customs or Mores | 51 | | § 1. Meaning, authority, and origin of customs, 51. § 2. Means of enforcing custom:—Public approval, taboos, rituals, force, 54. § 3. Conditions which render group control conscious:—Educational customs, 57; law and justice, 59; danger or crisis, 64. § 4. Values and defects of customary morality:—Standards, motives, content, organization of character, 68. | | | V. From Custom to Conscience; from Group Morality to Personal Morality | 73 | | § 1. Contrast and collision, 73. § 2. Sociological agencies in the transition:—Economic forces, 76; science and the arts, 78; military forces, 80; religious forces, 81. § 3. Psychological agencies:—Sex, 81; private property, 83; struggles for mastery and liberty, 84; honor and esteem, 85. § 4. Positive reconstruction, 89. | | | VI. The Hebrew Moral Development | 91 | | § 1. General character and determining principles:—The Hebrew and the Greek, 91319; invalid intuitions, 321; deliberation and intuition, 322; the good man's judgment, 324. § 4. The place of general rules:—Their value, 325; casuistry, 326; and its dangers, 327; secondary ends of utilitarianism, 329; empirical rules and customs, 330; distinction of rules and principles, 333; sympathy and reasonableness, 334. | | | XVII. The Place of Duty in the Moral Life: Subjection to Authority | 337 | | Conflict of the rational with the attractive end, 337. § 1. The subjection of desire to law, 339; cause of conflict of desire and thought, 342; demand for transformation of desire, 343; social character of duties, 345; the social self is the "universal" self, 346. § 2. Kantian theory:—Accord with duty versus from duty, 346; the two-fold self of Kant, 347; criticism of Kant, 348; emphasis falls practically on political authority, 351; "Duty for duty's sake," 351. § 3. The Utilitarian theory of duty:—The hedonistic problem, 353; Moral sanctions, 354; they are too external, 355; Bain's account, 356; Spencer's account, 358; such views set up a fictitious non-social self, 361. § 3. Final statement:—Growth requires disagreeable readjustments, 362. | | | XVIII. The Place of the Self in the Moral Life | 364 | | Problems regarding the self, 364. § 1. The doctrine of self-denial:—Explanation of its origin, 365; four objections to doctrine, 366. § 2. Self-assertion:—Ethical dualism, 369; "naturalistic" ethics, 369; false biological basis, 371; misinterprets nature of efficiency, 373. § 3. Self-love and benevolence; or egoism and altruism:—The "crux" of ethical speculation, 375; are all motives selfish? 376; ambiguity of term selfish, 377; are results selfish? 379; self-preservation, 380; rational regard for self, 382; regard for others, 384; the existence of "other-regarding" impulses, 385; altruism may be immoral, 387; social justice necessary to moral altruism, 389. § 4. The good as self-realization:—Self-realization an ambiguous idea, 391; true and false consideration of the self, 393; equation of personal and general happiness, 395. | | | XIX. The Virtues | 399 | Introductory—virtue defined, 399; natural ability and virtue, 400; evolution of virtues, 401; responsibility for moral judgment,
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