The following species have been reported for Indiana but have been excluded for want of satisfactory evidence to warrant their inclusion: The reasons for exclusion are discussed under the name of the species. It is needless to say that critical examination has been given doubtful species, and doubtful records, and every effort possible has been made to validate them.Pinus echinÀta Miller. Short-leaf Pine. This species does not occur in our area and all reference to it should be transferred to Pinus virginiana. References to this species are instances of wrong determination.Pinus resinÒsa Aiton. Norway Pine. This species was reported as an escape in Wabash County by Coulter[72] for Jenkins.Pinus rÍgida Miller. Pitch Pine. Baird and Taylor[73] reported this species for Clark County. The range of this species is to the east of our area. They also reported Pinus Strobus, which has not been seen since they reported it, and they failed to report Pinus virginiana which is a common tree on the "knobs" of Clark County. A study of their flora of Clark County shows that they did little or no collecting in the "knobs." They also freely reported field crop, garden and flower escapes, and it is believed that their reference to Pinus rigida and Pinus Strobus should be regarded as to cultivated trees.Àbies balsÀmea (LinnÆus.) Miller. Balsam Fir. Heimlich[74] reports this as occurring in Porter County about Dune Park. He cites for his authority Bot. Gaz. Vol. 27: Apr. 1899. The article referred to is Cowles' article on the flora of the sand dunes of Lake Michigan, in which he discusses the flora from Glen Haven in northern Michigan to Dune Park, Indiana in Porter County, which has confused Heimlich in separating the trees reported at several stations. It has never been found in Indiana.ChamÆcyparis thyoÌdes (LinnÆus) Britton, Sterns and Poggenberg. White Cedar. The range of this species is east of the Alleghany mountains and no doubt was never native in our area. The first reference to it is by Dr. Drake in his Picture of Cincinnati, published in 1815, page 83, in which he says: "The White Cedar and Cypress are found on the banks of the Wabash." Schneck[75] in his Flora of the Lower Wabash Valley says: "Wet places near the mouth of the Wabash River." I am certain it is not on the Indiana side of the river. Gorby[76] reports it for Miami County. All of his botanical records are too unreliable to receive serious consideration. Coulter[77] reports it as found in Allen County on the authority of Dr. C. R. Dryer. I saw Dr. Dryer recently and he says he has no recollections about it.Juniperus commÙnis LinnÆus. Juniper. This species has been reported from all parts of the State. The distribution of the species is to the north of Indiana, and examining herbarium specimens it is found that subulate forms of Juniperus virginiana are frequently named Juniperus communis. In the older floras it was a custom to include cultivated forms, and not distinguish them as such. Since juniper has been for years a common ornamental shrub, especially in cemeteries, it is highly probable that many records have such a basis. It is proposed to drop this species from our flora. I refer Higley and Raddin's[78] record to the decumbent variety. VanGorder's and Bradner's records may also be the decumbent form. Heimlich's record I regard as an error, see remarks under Abies balsamea.Populus balsamÍfera LinnÆus. Balsam Poplar. This species was reported by Bradner for Steuben County. In a letter from the late Prof. Bradner, he said he had no specimen and had no recollection of the tree. J. M. Coulter reported it for Jefferson County, but Young who also wrote a flora of Jefferson County does not mention it. Baird and Taylor also reported it for Clark County. The last two records may have been from cultivated trees or mistaken for Populus grandidentata which was not reported and is in the area, and is a frequent tree in the "knobs" in Clark County. Heimlich reports it in Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 1917:404:1918 for Cowles. I regard this as an error. See discussion under Abies canadensis on page 290. Since the range of the species is to the north of Indiana, it is here proposed to drop it from our flora. It should be looked for on the "divide" in Steuben County and about Lake Michigan.Populus cÁndicans Aiton. Balm of Gilead. This species has been included in a few local floras, but it is believed that it has not yet escaped from cultivation. Phinney[79] gives it as "an important timber tree of Delaware County," which is an error.Populus nÌgra var. itÁlica Du Roi. Lombardy Poplar. Reference is made to this tree by Blatchley[80], Meyncke[81] and Nieuwland[82] but it is scarcely more than an accidental escape.Carya aquÁtica Nuttall. Water Hickory. This species is listed as one of the principal trees occurring along the Wabash in the Coblenz edition of Prince Maximilan's travels in North America. It is recorded as "Water Bitternut (Juglans aquatica)." If it occurs in our area it most likely would be found in the extreme southwestern counties. It has been reported from Gallatin County, Illinois, bordering Posey County on the west. There are two other records of its occurrence in the State, which are doubtful. Ryland T. Brown[83] reported it in a list of the principal trees of Fountain County in a report of the geology of Fountain County. Carya laciniosa, which is sometimes called swamp hickory and which is more or less frequent in the county, he failed to report. It is believed this reference to Carya aquatica should be referred to laciniosa. B. C. Hobbs also reported it as common in Parke County in a short list of the principal trees. He named only four of the five or more species of hickory that occur in the county, and it is believed since he was no botanist, that he confused the names. Elliott in his Trees of Indiana gives "Carya aquatica" as common, but no doubt this reference should be transferred to some other species.Carya myristicÆfÓrmis Nuttall. Nutmeg Hickory. This tree also was reported by Prince Maximilian as occurring along the Wabash River. The known range of the species is from North Carolina to Arkansas, and for this reason the species is not included in this list.Betula lÉnta LinnÆus. Black Birch. This species has been reported for Indiana as occurring in Fulton, Gibson, Miami, Noble, Posey, St. Joseph and Steuben Counties. Sargent[84] says: "This species has until recently been badly misunderstood. The range of the species is southern Maine to northwestern Vermont, eastern Kentucky, and south to Delaware and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama." No doubt all of the Indiana records should be transferred to Betula lutea, except the Gibson and Posey County record which may be Betula nigra.Castanea pÚmila (LinnÆus) Miller. Chinquapin. This species was given a place in our flora in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, Ridgway and Schneck. Ridgway, in giving an additional list of the trees of the Lower Wabash Valley[85] says: "There is some doubt as to No. 16 Castanea pumila, which is given on Prof. Sargent's authority; but there is a possibility of an error having been made from the circumstances that the name 'chinquapin' is in that region almost universally applied to the fruit of Quercus Muhlenbergii." The Posey County record was based on a specimen in Dr. Schneck's herbarium, which proves to have been taken from a cultivated tree near Poseyville.Quercus ilicifÒlia Wangenheim. Bear Oak. This species is credited to our flora by Will Scott in his ecological study of "The Leesburg Swamp" in Kosciusko County, published in the Indiana Academy of Science, 1905, page 225. In a reply to an inquiry addressed to him he says no herbarium material was preserved. This ecological work was done during the summer months while working at the biological station at Winona Lake. In a footnote in this paper we are informed that for the identification of the trees listed, Apgar's Trees of the Northern United States was used. In this key to the trees, Quercus velutina (Black Oak) is given only as a variety of Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak), and the distinction between Quercus velutina with its many formed leaves, and Quercus ilicifolia is not made apparent. In view of the fact that the natural habitat of Quercus ilicifolia is sandy barrens and rocky hillsides and its western range is eastern Ohio, it is believed what Mr. Scott had in hand was a variable form of Quercus velutina, which is frequent in that vicinity. The evidence is not encouraging enough to include it.Quercus nÌgra LinnÆus. Water Oak. This species has been reported by several authors for Indiana. It is believed that a majority of the records should be transferred to velutina and imbricaria or marylandica. Gorby and Schneck call Quercus nigra black jack oak, which is generally the common name for Quercus marilandica. Ridgway in his writings of the flora of the lower Wabash Valley, likewise speaks of Quercus nigra as jack oak and says it is found in poor soil. Coulter in his catalogue of Indiana plants regarded these references to nigra as errors and did not include it in his list. The report for Crawford County by Deam should be transferred to marilandica. Since the range of the species is not north of Kentucky, the reference to the species in the State should be dropped.

The published records are as follows: Carroll (Thompson); Crawford (Deam); Delaware, Jay, Randolph and Wayne (Phinney); Jay (McCaslin); Fountain (Brown); Miami (Gorby); Parke (Hobbs).Quercus PhÉllos LinnÆus. Willow Oak. This species has been reported from various counties of the State. The tree is said to grow in swamps and on sandy uplands, ranging from Staten Island, New York, south to Florida and west to Texas, and north to southern Kentucky. If it occurs within our area it no doubt would have been found by Dr. Schneck, who was an enthusiastic student of the oaks. He reported it as occurring in the lower Wabash in his early writings, but his herbarium contained no specimens. The writer while in search for this species in Posey County met three men in widely separated parts of the county who were acquainted with the species in the South and they said they had never seen it in Indiana. One of the men was an old man who had spent his boyhood in Arkansas and he was well acquainted with the willow oak before he came to Indiana. It is believed what has been reported for Q. Phellos has been narrow-leaved forms of Q. imbricaria (shingle oak), and that the records should be transferred to that species.

The published records are as follows: Gibson, Knox and Posey (Schneck); Knox (Thomas); Miami (Gorby).Quercus prinoÌdes Willdenow. Scrub or Dwarf Chestnut Oak. Reported for Marshall County by Nieuwland[86] on the authority of a specimen deposited in the National Museum collected by Clark. I had this reference checked by E. S. Steele and in a letter to me dated January 4, 1917, he says: "I find no specimen labeled Quercus prinoides, but there is one named Q. Prinus. There is no ground for calling it Q. prinoides." Since the specimen in question is a very immature one, I propose not to take it into consideration since the range of the species would be extended on a dubious specimen.PlanÈra aquÁtica (Walter) J. F. Gmelin. Planer-tree. Water Elm. This tree was included in Coulter's catalogue upon the authority of Sargent, who includes Indiana in the range of the species in his "Forest Trees of North America," Vol. 9, U.S. Census Report, 1880, page 124. Dr. Schneck spent a lifetime along the lower Wabash bottoms and very carefully preserved specimens of all the flora of the region where this species is reported to occur. In his report of the flora of this region in 1875 he does not include this tree. An examination of his herbarium material showed no specimens of this tree either from Indiana or Illinois. It is fair to presume if he had been acquainted with the tree he would have had it represented in his herbarium. Since the white elm is frequently called water elm, as well as the planer-tree, it is easy to understand how confusion might arise in separating these trees by non-professional people.Morus nÌgra LinnÆus. Black Mulberry. This species is reported by Phinney[87] as one of the "more important and common forest trees observed in Delaware County." He also enumerates Morus rubra. A splendid example of careless work. This species is reported by Brown[88] for Fountain County, and by McCaslin[89] for Jay County. These authors reported this species as a native forest tree. Since this species is not a native of the United States the citations no doubt should be referred to our native mulberry, Morus rubra (red mulberry).Ìlex opÀca Aiton. Holly. This species was included in Coulter's Catalogue of the Plants of Indiana on the authority of Robert Ridgway. I find no reference to this species in the writings of Ridgway.

In Shawnee Park on the west side of Louisville, Kentucky is a large tree of this species. I was told that it was a native. A timber buyer of Tell City told me that there was a native tree on his grandfather's farm in the southern part of Perry County. Since this species has been reported for Grayson County, Kentucky, which is less than forty miles to the south, it is quite probable that a few trees were found as far north as Indiana.Acer pennsylvÁnicum LinnÆus. Moosewood. The only record of this species occurring in Indiana is in a report of the Trees occurring along the Wabash River by Prince Maximilian. Since the report does not definitely state where the species was observed or how frequently it occurred and since the greater part of Maximilian's time was spent on the Illinois side of the Wabash, it is more than likely that he observed it on the Illinois side of the Wabash. While Indiana is within the possible range of the species, it has not been discovered since. If not extinct in our area it is most likely to be found among the hills of the southern counties or in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. Robert Ridgway says that he and Dr. Schneck saw it growing in a wooded cove near a cavern called Flory's Cave in Johnson County, Illinois.Nyssa aquÁtica LinnÆus. Tupelo Gum. Several early authors erroneously reported Nyssa sylvatica as this species. This species inhabits deep swamps. Dr. Schneck and Robert Ridgway, recognized authorities and best acquainted with the swamp area of the southwestern counties, at first thought it was a member of our flora, but later decided that it should be excluded.

Michael Catt, 83 years old, who lived nearly 75 years about three miles west of Decker on the border of the cypress swamp in the south part of Knox County, told me that he is positive that the tupelo gum was an occasional tree in the cypress swamp west of Decker.Fraxinus caroliniÀna Miller. Water Ash. This species was included in Coulter's Catalogue of Indiana Plants upon the authority of Dr. Schneck. It is asserted that specimens were sent to Missouri Botanical Gardens for verification. The writer has carefully examined all the specimens of Fraxinus in the Missouri Botanical Gardens, and all of Schneck's specimens in the herbarium are now correctly named Fraxinus profunda. Since this species is not in our range it should be dropped from our flora.