A
Abascal, General, Viceroy of Peru, 73-78, 163, 168, 260
Abibe Mountains, 408
Acha, General, 276
Aconcagua River, the, 223;
plain of, 168
Acosta, Juan, 56
Acosta, President of Colombia, 464, 465
Acre River, the, 280
"Adelantados," 26, 349, 414, 417
Agua Dulce, battle of, 484, 485
Alansi, valley of, 291
Alacantra, Francisco, 26, 46
Alfaro, President of Ecuador, 339, 341
Alfinger, Adelantado of Venezuela, 349
Almagro, partner of Pizarro, 23, 24, 27, 32, 36, 136, 239, 298;
at war with Pizarro, 41-43, 239, 301;
execution of, 43, 44, 136, 239
Almagro the younger, 49, 50
Alonso, President of Bolivia, 281
Alpaca, the, 3, 4
Alvarado, Spanish adventurer, 44, 88;
Governor of Guatemala, 298
Amar, Viceroy of BogotÁ, 430
Amat, Don Manuel, 154, 155
Amazon River, the, discovery of, 44, 114, 279, 293
Amazon, forested plains of, 4, 5, 40, 67, 303, 351, 424
Andagoya, Pascual de, 22
Andean plateau, the, 3, 235, 285, 288, 302, 312, 335, 342
Andean valleys, 10;
gold in, 349, 354
Andes, the, 4, 135, 245, 317, 342, 347, 409 et passim
Andes, army of the, 168, 173, 174, 185, 186
Andrade, Creole revolutionist, 396
Andueza, Creole revolutionist, 396
Angol, besieged, 145
Angostura (city), 374
Anserma, founded, 409
Antigua, founded, 404, 405
Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia, 387, 407-409, 412, 416, 417, 419, 422, 433, 437, 451
Antioquia, state of, 407, 457, 461, 462, 467
Antofogasta, 119, 120, 122, 277
Apples, 66
ApurÉ River, the, 355, 374-376, 406, 437;
army of, 372, 380
Aragua Valley, the, 350
Araucania, colonised, 216

Araucanians, the, independent spirit of, 138-147, 150, 151, 155;
treaty of, with Spanish, 150, 151;
missions established among, 201;
at war with Chile, 206, 216
Arauco, besieged, 145
Araure, battle of, 368
Arce, President of Bolivia, 278
Arenales, General, 81, 89, 258
Arequipa (city), founded, 44, 80, 99, 103, 108, 110, 112
Arequipa (province), 39, 41, 77, 104, 259
Argentina, 11, 13, 18, 71, 142, 245;
civilised tribes of, 58, 350;
revolution in, 76, 160, 161, 317;
civil wars in, 78, 186, 261, 267, 271, 323
Argentine, army, the, 80, 81, 98, 185, 186, 257, 258;
navy, the, 78, 79, 173, 183, 184;
pampas, 99
Argentine Republic, the, 140;
expansion of, 155, 230, 231;
boundary treaty of, with Chile, 209, 210
Arica (city), 108, 123, 125
Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning, 127, 278
Asses, 66
Atacama desert, the, 239
Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and, 14, 308;
fratricidal war between Huascar and, 16-19, 238, 295, 296;
sends ambassador to Spaniards, 21;
treacherously captured by Pizarro, 30, 31, 48;
offers ransom, 31, 246;
murder of, 32, 238, 297
Atrato, River, the, 403-406;
Valley, 405, 472
Audiencias, royal, established, 67, 71, 250, 251, 254, 267, 308, 417, 420, 426
Auqui Toma, 294
Ayachucho, plain of, 95;
battle of, 96, 97, 256, 264, 266, 322
Ayohuma, battle of, 256, 258
Azuay, nudo of, 17, 291-293, 295, 298
Aztecs, the, 412
B
Balboa, NuÑez de, discoverer of the Pacific, 22, 23, 404
Balcarce, General, 185
Ballivian, General, 273, 274
Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader, 214-216, 218-220, 222-225;
death of, 226
Balta, Colonel, President of Peru, 113, 114, 116
Bambona, battle of, 444
Bananas, 66, 3 03, 352
Baquedano, General, 213, 219, 225
Barcelona (city), founded, 352;
captured, 372
Barcelona (province), 362
Barinos (province), 362, 363, 366
Barley, 66, 303, 343
Barquisimeto, founded, 350, 351;
destroyed by earthquake, 363;
captured, 368
Barreiro, General, 377, 378, 441
Bastida, Rodrigo, 403, 404
Belgrano, General, 258
Bello, civil code prepared by, 200
Belzu, General, 274, 275
Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito, 298, 299, 409, 410, 413, 414
Beni River, the, 246, 279, 280
Bermudez, Colonel, 130, 381
Biobio River, the, 138, 139, 141, 145-147, 150
Blanco, Guzman, Dictator of Venezuela, 391, 394-396, 398
Blanco, the, 119-121
BogotÁ, (city) 308, 312, 316, 317, 378, 384, 420, 448;
founded, 413;
one of the centres of Spanish-American culture, 422;
Archbishop of, banished, 425, 457, 461;
revolutionary junta in, 431;
seat of federal government, 435, 442, 470, 471;
punishment of, 438, 439
BogotÁ (province), 239, 260, 269, 272, 273, 357;
Spanish cities in, 241, 242, 249;
cattle-raising in, 242, 243, 248;
Spanish colonial system in, 243, 245, 249;
taxation in, 243, 269, 270, 276;
missions established in, 245, 279;
printing-press, in, 245;
battles in, 257-260, 264-266, 272, 273, 281;
sturdy spirit of patriots in, 258-262, etc.;
commerce of, 267, 272, 281;
period of civil war and anarchy in, 272 et seq.;
slavery abolished in, 273;
greatest silver producing country of the world, 277, 278;
rubber production of, 278-280;
without seaports, 278, 280, 281;
treaty of, with Brazil, 280;
international position of, 281

Bonaparte, Joseph, 311, 312, 360
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 77, 159, 311, 365, 435
Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 339
Bourbon dynasty, the, 70, 154, 250
Boves, organises troop of llaneros, 368, 369;
death of, 370
BoyacÁ River, the, 378;
battle of, 86, 256, 317, 378, 441
BoyacÁ, state of, 467
Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia, 280;
loyalty of, 337
Brown, Admiral William, smuggling in, 71, 152, 251;
revolutionary junta in, 76, 160, 161, 438;
pampas of, 78, 149;
importance of, 156, 158
Bunes, General, 198, 199
C
Cabildos, in BogotÁ, 431;
in Bolivia, 249;
in Chile, 160, 161;
in Ecuador, 313;
in Venezuela, 360, 361, 385
Cacao, native to South America, 66, 238, 303
Cacao industry in Colombia, 428;
in Ecuador, 303, 328, 332, 341;
in Venezuela, 352, 390, 395
Caceres, President of Peru, 126-131
Cacha, the last Cara shiri, 292, 294
Caciques, 64, 243, 244, 248
Cadiz, 70, 361, 380, 443;
monopoly, the, 152, 352
Cajamarca, 17, 20, 21, 29, 31
Calabozo, 368, 375
Caldas, Colombian scientist, 438
Calderon, Garcia, 126
Cali (city), 408, 409, 432
Cali (province), part of presidency of Quito, 420
Calivio, battle of, 433
Callao, engulfed by tidal wave, 71;
Peruvian fleet at, 104;
Spanish fleet at, 112, 184, 186
Callao Castle, 80, 84, 97, 321
Caluchima, 296
Camano, JosÉ, President of Ecuador, 339
Camargo, patriot leader, 258, 260
Campero, Narcisco, President of Bolivia, 278
CaÑan (province), 288, 291, 296, 298
CaÑaris, the, Indian tribe, 14, 16, 17, 296, 297
Candamo, SeÑor, President of Peru, 131
Cancha-Rayada, battle at, 176-178
CaÑete (city), founded, 143, 144;
besieged, 145, 146
CaÑete, Marquis of, the "good viceroy," 57, 58. See Mendoza
Canizaries, DoÑa Manuela, 313
Canseco, General, President of Peru, 113
Canterac, Spanish commander, 85, 89, 93, 96, 97
Canto, Colonel, 223, 224
Cape Codera, 351
Cape Gracias Á Dios, 403, 404, 405
Cape Horn, 69, 152, 209, 235
Cape San Roman, 347
Captaincies-General, 67, 71, 148, 355, 356, 419, 426
Carabobo, battle of, 86, 317, 381, 443
Caracas (city), revolutionary junta in, 76, 361;
founded, 350;
sacked, 351, 354;
made a captaincy-general, 356, 392, 426;
destroyed by earthquake, 363;
Bolivar's birthplace, 382, 386, 387;
under jurisdiction of BogotÁ, 426;
revolution in, 447

Caracoles, silver mines of, 208
Cara Indians, the, confederacy of, 11, 12, 16, 288, 289;
invade Ecuador, 11, 286, 287;
conquered by Incas, 11-14, 288-296
Caranquis, the Indian tribe, 13, 293, 294
Caras, description of, 286-290, 293, 412;
staple articles of food of, 290, 303;
conquered by Spanish, 299
Carbojal, Spanish commander, 53, 56
Caribbean Sea, 70, 71, 348, 405, 406, 414, 470
Carib Indians, the, 268, 290, 413
Carrasco, Captain-General of Chile, 159-161
Carrera, JosÉ, creole leader, 162, 164, 166, 167, 173, 182
Carrera, Juan, 162, 173, 181, 182
Carrera, Luiz, 162, 173, 181, 182
Carrillo, 126
Cartagena (city), revolutionary junta in, 366, 431;
Bolivar takes service with, 366, 433;
besieged, 380, 381, 429, 435-437, 480;
oldest fortress in America, 406-409, 428, 436, 442;
surrender of, 443
Cartagena (province), 417, 419, 420, 431, 432
Cartago (city), 408, 409;
Carujo, Venezuelan revolutionist, 389
Casanare (province), 424
Casanare River, the, 376, 377, 437;
plains of, 406, 440
Cassava, 66
Castilla, Don Ramon, President of Peru, 106-110, 112, 274;
character and ability of, 108;
death of, 113
Castilla, Don Ruiz de, President of Quito, 312, 314
Castilla, Marshal, 118;
Castro (city), 151
Castro, President of Venezuela, 396, 398, 399
Castro, Vala de, Governor of Peru, 46, 49, 50, 52, 300
Cattle, introduced into South America, 66, 151, 352
Cattle-raising in Bolivia, 243, 261;
in Colombia, 421;
in Venezuela, 354, 355, 390, 395
Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency, 324, 326;
State of, 460, 466, 468
Cauca River, the, 49, 312, 408, 409, 411, 412, 422, 432, 433
Caudillos, the, Bolivian, 256, 269, 270
Caupolican, Arauncanian chief, 144
Ceballos, JosÉ, 361, 368, 369
Central America, Colombia's claim to, 429
Cerro de Pasco Mountains, 4, 9, 11, 17, 18, 32, 36, 81, 262, 264, 289
Chacabuco, battle of, 78, 168, 170, 172, 256, 261, 317
Chanca Indians, the, 9
Chancos, battle of, 467
Charcas (SuerÉ), Indian capital of Bolivia, 44, 59, 240;
audiencia of, 71, 250, 251, 267;
revolutionary junta in, 76;
Spanish capital of Upper Peru, 242, 249, 301;
jurisdiction of, 250, 251
Charles IV. of Spain, 311
Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru, 25, 26, 41, 60;
appoints governor for Venezuela, 349
Chaves, Francisco, 47
Chibcho Indians, the, 412-414;
civilisation of, 412
Chile, Inca conquest of, 11, 12, 18, 135;
Spanish conquest of, 36, 43, 44, 60, 136, 139-149;
captain-general of, 67, 148, 125
Coal mines, 208
Cochabamba

cities founded in, 404-406, 408, 409, 413-416, 424;
climate of, 405, 406, 410, 422, 424, 425;
rainfall in, 405;
tropical forests of, 406;
fertility of, 406, 410, 412, 414, 420, 421;
Indian slavery in, 406, 416;
negro slaves in, 422, 425;
early civilisation of, 404, 409-412;
population of, 409, 410, 413, 422, 424;
territorial divisions of, 416;
royal commissioners sent to, 417, 427;
erected into a presidency, 418, 419;
jurisdiction of presidency, 419, 420;
colonial period of, 419-429;
names of, 419, 458, 459, 461;
education in, 420, 422, 454, 456, 461;
roads built in, 420, 428;
river transportation in, 420;
creoles of, 421, 422, 427, 428, 430, 431, 476;
agricultural products of, 421, 424, 428;
Antioquia, great mineral province of, 422;
commercial conditions in, 422, 425, 427, 428, 485;
taxation in, 422, 424, 427, 428, 481;
authors of, celebrated, 422;
mineral products of, 424;
Spanish colonial system in, 424, 427, 428, 431;
decrease in population of, 425;
smuggling in, 425;
religious conditions in, 425, 437, 455-458, 461, 462, 469, 470;
governors of, 425, 428, 437;
diseases rife in, 426;
"Rebellion of the Communes" in, 427;
viceroys of, 428, 430, 431;
exports of, 428, 464;
claim of, to Central America, 429;
Congress of, 432, 433, 437, 439;
battles in, 433, 437, 439, 441, 443, 461, 462, 467, 482;
independence of, recognised, 442, 446;
financial conditions in, 446, 447, 455, 463-466, 468, 472, 485;
public debt of, 446, 447, 468, 469, 478, 479;
credit of, 447;
liberty of the Press in, 450, 457;
numerous constitutions of, 452, 455, 457, 460-462, 468, 469, 475, 478, 480;
political conditions in, 454-462, 465, 469, 476, 480, 481;
right of suffrage in, 454, 459-461, 469;
steam navigation introduced into, 455;
death penalty abolished, 456, 461;
campaign of, against Ecuador, 462;
power of judiciary in, 462, 469;
receipts from Panama railway, 464;
franchise of railway extended, 465;
becomes a consolidated republic, 468, 469, 479;
name changed to Republic of, 468, 480;
length of presidential term in, 469, 481;
paper currency in, 470, 478, 485;
negotiates treaties with United States, 470;
rejects treaties, 471, 485, 486;
Panama declares her independence of, 471;
threatens war against United States, 472;
future of, 472;
appeals to United States, 480;
demands of, in regard to Panama Canal, 485, 486
Colombian army, the, 98, 267, 323, 326, 337
Colon (city), 405;
burned, 480;
captured, 485;
adheres to Panama, 488
Colonia (city), 152
Columbus, Bartholomew, 404
Columbus, Christopher, 347, 348
Concepcion, founded, 139, 140, 142, 151;
burned, 145;
destroyed by tidal wave, 154;
patriots capture, 164;
southern capital of Chile, 191
Concordat signed by Ecuador, 337
"Conquistadores," the, 50, 56, 424
Copiapo, valley of, 137;
mines of, 199
Copper, 8, 117, 211, 238, 239
Copper-pan amalgamation process, 241
Coquimbo, founded, 138;
northern capital of Chile, 151, 190
Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador, 340, 341
Cordilleras, the, 4, 11, 33, 259, 286, 290, 376, 408
Cordoba, General, 387, 451
Cordoba, Gonzalo de, 21
Coro (city), 348-350, 360, 361, 406, 413, 420
Corregidors, 60, 64, 69, 243, 248, 249;
abolished, 72, 254
"Corregimentos," 64
Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, 22, 26, 44, 407
Cortes, the Spanish, 166,436
Cotopaxi, eruption of, 298
Cotton, 3, 8, 111, 113, 238, 412
Council of the Indies, 304
Covadonga, the, 119
Coya (city), 145
Creoles, 65, 66, 243, 279, 308, 310, 421;
growth of revolutionary ideas among, 72, 74, 77, 84, 159, 160, 257, 311, 312, 338, 359-362, 388, 430;
characteristics of, 272, 273, 357, 396, 422;
education among, 307, 309, 310, 336, 353, 384;
new race of, 354
Crespo, President of Venezuela, 396
Croix, General Theodore de, 72
Cuaspud, battle of, 337, 462
Cuba, captain-general of, 429
Cubagua, island of, 348
CucutÁ (city), 382;
Colombian Congress meets at, 443, 448
CucutÁ, constitution of, 322, 443
Cuenca (city), 100
Cuenca (province), 291, 298, 312, 314, 323, 324, 327;
plateau of, 288, 307, 308
CumanÁ, oldest city in South America, 348, 351, 50, 51, 243, 417
England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America, 70;
war between Spain and, 158;
fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy, 398;
recognises independence of Colombia, 446
Errazuriz, President of Chile, 207, 228
Esmeralda, the, capture of, 82, 119;
sale of, to Japan, 340
EspaÑa, creole leader, 359, 360
Estremadura (province), 21, 26
F
Falcon, General, 391-394
Federmann, explorer, 414
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of, 159, 311, 312, 360, 365, 370, 380;
restoration of, 435
Fernandez, conspiracy of, 276
Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador, 340
Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador, 101, 323, 324, 326-329, 333, 451
France, war between Spain and, 152, 256, 311, 312;
recognises republic of Panama, 488
Franciscans, the, 68

Freire, General, 104, 191-194, 197
French scientists in Quito, 309
Fruits introduced into South America, 66, 151, 303, 308
G
Gallo heads insurrection, 202
Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru, 101-105, 270
Garrapata, battle of, 467
Gasca, Pedro de la, 54, 56, 57, 301
Gatajo, battle of, 341
Gauchos, 171, 261, 438
Gavilan, battle of, 172
Goajira, peninsula of, 348, 403, 404
Goats, in Ecuador, 27, 53, 299, 307;
in Peru, 25, 27, 32, 36;
in Venezuela, 352
Goyeneche, General, 257, 361
Grains introduced into South America, 66, 151
Grapes, 66;
cultivation of, forbidden, 159
Grau, Miguel, Admiral, 119-121
Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia, 275;
threatened rupture between United States and, 398;
abandons Isthmian colony, 429.
See also England.
GrÖningen, victory of, 62
Guaicaipuro, Indian chief, 350
Gual, creole leader, 359, 360
Gual, Pedro, 391
Guamanga, founded, 44, 49, 50, 60, 106, 126;
battle at, 49, 50
Guano deposits, 109, 113, 114, 116, 127, 128, 206, 210
Guarany, Indians, the, 249;
language, 306
Guatamala, 39, 298
Guayaquil (city), founded, 299;
best port on Pacific coast of South America, 86, 101, 105, 299, 323, 324, 326, 335;
population and wealth of, 328, 332, 341
Guayaquil (province), 312, 314, 317, 327, 444;
cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in, 308
Guayaquil, Gulf of, 12, 20, 25, 27, 285, 341
Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of BogotÁ, 356;
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 361, 426
Guiana, British, 398
Guipuzcoa Company, the, 354-356, 358
Gutierrez brothers, the, 114, 116
Gutierrez, President of Colombia, 465
H
Hague international tribunal, the, 399
Hayti, Bolivar flees to, 372;
gold placers of, 404, 406
Heath, explorer, 278
Heredia founds Cartagena, 406, 408
Herran, General, President of New Granada, 454, 455, 458
Herrera, General, 103, 485
Hides, exportation of, 354, 428
Honda (city), 420
Honduras, 403
Horses, 20, 27, 39, 66, 243, 261
Huacho, San Martin lands at, 81
Huaina Capac, Inca emperor, campaign of, 12;
conquest of Quito by, 12-14, 18, 292-294, 308;
death of, 14, 295
Hualcopo, Cara shiri, 290-292, 295
Huanacabamba (province), 288
Huanca, Auqui, 17
Huanchaca, mines of, 278
Huaqui, battle of, 170, 256, 257

Huascar, Inca empire divided between Atahuallpa and, 14;
fratricidal war between Atahuallpa and, 16-19, 238, 295, 296;
execution of, 31
Huascar, the, 119-121, 212
Humachiri, battle of, 259
"Husares de la Muerte," cavalry corps, 182
I
Ibague (city), 416
Ibarra, 287, 293
Iglesias, President of Chile, 126, 127
Immigrants, into Peru, 111, 149;
into Chile, 156, 203;
into Ecuador, 307
Imperial (city), founded, 140;
besieged, 142, 145, 146
Inca Indians, the, home of, 3, 4;
civilisation of, 3, 24, 25, 236, 290, 412;
migration of, 4
Incas, language of, 4, 10, 13;
religion of, 5, 13;
social and industrial organisation of, 5, 6, 10, 59, 249, 289, 295;
capital of, 5, 12, 18, 19, 32-35, etc.;
emperors of, 5, 6, 8-10, 12, 14, 16, 28-32, 34-38, 40, 61, 62;
death of last emperor of, 63;
conquests of, 6, 8-19, 236, 288 et seq.;
irrigation system of, 6, 10, 25, 59;
empire of, 8, 9, 11, 13, 22, 292-294;
military roads built by, 9, 10, 12, 28, 29, 38, 59, 239, 244, 251, 307;
armies of, 11, 18, 19, etc., 237;
Spanish conquest of, 20-40, 297;
population of, 25, 65, 244, 303;
reduced to slavery, 38, etc., 242-244, 348;
cities built by, 20, 38, 44, 59, 60, 240
Independencia, the, 119, 212
Indians of South America, the, early civilisation of, 3, 4, 236, 286, 289, 410, 412;
various tribes of, 3, 5, 8-14, 23, 59, 135, 238, 245, 286-289, 292, 293, 350, 405, 410, 413;
language of, 4, 9, 10, 11, 136, 238, 306;
characteristics of, 24, 25, 77, 136, 249, 252, 253, 289, 303, 307, 421, 422;
conquered by Spanish, 24, 25, 27-40;
oppression and slavery of, 38, 58, 59, 63-65, 68, 69, 242-244, 253, 254, 348, 406, 416, 422, 425-428;
rebellions of, 38-40, 72, 77, 251, 253, 254, 258, 259;
Spanish legislation in behalf of, 57, 243, 254, 417;
impressment of, 64, 69, 242, 253, 416, 425;
missions established among, 151, 244, 250, 306, 352
Indigo, 303
Inquisition established, in Peru, 69;
in Colombia, 437
Ipecacuanha, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66
Iquique, Peruvian port, 119, 122
Iquitos (city), 114
Irish mercenaries in Bolivar's army, 376, 380
Irrigation in South America, 6, 10, 25, 59, 135
J
Jauja (city), 54417;
commissions from, 58;
revenue sent to, 69;
government, 70, 147, 309, 418;
French king on throne of, 152
Madrid, Dictator of Colombia, 437
Magdalena River, the, 366, 380, 406, 408-410, 412-414 et passim;
named, 403;
Valley, 312, 381

Magdalena, State of, 463, 466, 468, 480
Magellan, Straits of, 69, 140, 209
Maipo, battle of, 79, 179-182
Maize, 3, 4, 8, 39, 238, 248, 290, 303, 352;
Europe indebted to Peru for, 66
Mallarino, President of New Granada, 458
Manabi, 292, 293
Manaos, 280
Manco Capac, first Inca sovereign, 5, 6
Manco Capac, brother of Huascar, 34, 38-41
Manso, Governor, 154
Maracaibo Bay, 406, 409, 441
Maracaibo (city), sack of, 354;
refused to bend delegates to Caracas, 361
Maracaibo, Gulf of, 347, 348, 351, 403, 406
Maracaibo, Lake, 351, 383
Maracaibo (province), under jurisdiction of BogotÁ, 356, 426;
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, 356, 426;
revolt in, 380;
separated from Caracas, 392
Marco, General, 170
Margarita, Island of, 348, 367, 378, 389
Marquez, President of New Granada, 454
Marroquin, President of Colombia, 469, 470, 484
Martin, Alonso, 405
Maturin captured, 367
Maule River, the, 11, 135, 136, 138, 142, 145, 164, 166
Medina Celi joins patriots, 264, 265
Melgarejo, Dictator of Bolivia, 276, 277
Mello, Geronimo, explores Magdalena River, 414
Melo, General, 458
Mendoza, Andre Hurtado de, Marquis of CaÑete, "the good viceroy," 57, 58, 60, 142;
death of, 61
Mendoza, Garcia de, campaign of, 142, 143;
founds CaÑete, 143
Mendoza (province), 140, 149
Menendez, President of Peru, 107
Mercury, 69
Merida (city), founded, 350;
destroyed by earthquake, 363
Merida (province), 362, 363, 366
Meta River, the, 377
Meuqueta, zipa of, 412
Mexico, 22, 39, 290
Miranda, Francisco, patriot leader, 359, 360, 362, 363
Mississippi River, the, 27
"Mitta," 64, 65
Mocha, 293, 316
Mochica language, the, 11
Mojos Indians, the, 245, 250, 279
Molina, Governor of Ecuador, 315
Mollendo railroad, the, 54, 277
Monagas, President of Venezuela, 388, 390
Monteagudo, Dr., 182
Montes, General, 316
Monteverde, General, 363, 364, 367, 368, 370
Montilla, General, 381
Montt, Jorge, President of Chile, 220, 227
Montt, Manuel, President of Chile, 199-201;
proclaims martial law, 201
Montt, Pedro, 228
Montufar, Carlos, 314
Montufar, Juan, 313
Moquegua, 124
Morales, General, 277, 370, 372, 383
Moreno, Garcia, President of Ecuador, long administration of, 335-339, 462;
character of, 336

Morgan, sacked Maracaibo, 354
Morillo, Marshal, in Venezuela, 370-372, 436-439;
report of, 375;
resigns, 380
Mosquera, Tomas, President of Columbia, 452, 454, 455, 458, 460-464
Mosquito Coast, the, 419
Munecas, priest, 259
Murillo, President of Colombia, 459, 462, 466
N
Napo River, the, 300
Napoleon. See Bonaparte
NariÑo, Dictator of Colombia, 431, 432, 434
Narvarte, Doctor, 390
Naxichi, battle at, 16
Negroes, 70, 273, 351, 352, 357, 394, 416, 422, 425
Neiva (city), 416
Neiva, President of New Granada, 420
New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru, 67;
viceroyalty of, created, 71, 308, 312, 426;
jurisdiction of, 420;
revolutionary junta installed in, 76;
war of independence in, 86, 98, 101, 261, 312, 317, 318, 320, 322, 326, 370, 435, 442;
provinces in Colombian confederation, 376, 443;
opposition to Bolivar's government in, 385, 387;
recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador, 388, 452;
name of, extended to presidency of BogotÁ, 419;
influence of first president of, 452, 454;
army of, 452, 458;
constitution of 1832, 452, 455, 457;
name of, changed, 458, 459, 461.
See also Colombia.
"New Laws," the, 51, 54, 57, 59
Nicaragua, 27, 403;
Canal, 485
Nicuesa, Diego de, 404, 405
Nieto, Dictator of Peru, 102
Nitrates, 113, 114, 117, 277;
extent of region, 117, 206;
taxed, 118, 211
Noboa, Diego, 334
Nombre de Dios founded, 405
"Nudos," 4, 8, 287, 291, 292
NuÑez, Rafael, President of Colombia, 468;
political ideas of, 478-480;
death of, 481
O
Oats, 66
Obando, General, President of New Granada, 452, 454, 457, 458
Ocana (city), captured, 366, 433;
national assembly held at, 385, 448;
founded, 420;
battle near, 437
Ocumare, 359, 372
O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of, 156, 158
O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of, 164;
saves Santiago, 166;
defeated, 167;
dictator, 171, 173, 181, 182, 190;
resignation of, 191
Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of, 22, 403;
names Venezuela, 347, 348
OlaÑeta, renegade Argentine, 91;
death of, 97, 263-265
Olives, 66, 159, 352
Opon River, the, 410
Oranges, 66
Oratorio, battle of, 460
Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru, 102-105
OrdoÑez, General, 171
O'Reilly, General, 81
Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, 44, 300;
refounds Guayaquil, 299
Orinoco, River, the, 78, 348, 355, 356, 374, 377, 442;
plains, 354, 367, 424, 441;
valley, 442
Orton River, the, 279
Oruro, silver mines of, 242, 249, 266, 277

Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile, 167, 168;
defeated by San Martin, 174, 176-181
Osorno, founded, 143; besieged, 145, 146
Ospina, President of New Granada, 459-461
Otavalo, capture of, 293, 294
P
PacamdrÉ Indians, the, 293
Pachacutec, See Yupanqui.
Pacheco, President of Bolivia, 278
Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, 22, 404, 405
Padilla, patriot leader, 258, 260
Paez, JosÉ Antonio, patriot leader, 79, 371, 372, 375, 377, 380, 381, 385, 387;
Dictator and President of Venezuela, 389-391, 447, 450
Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, 144-146
Paita (city), 28
Paita (province), 285, 288, 289
Pampas, 78, 99, 149
Pampas River, the, 94
Pamplona, revolutionary junta in, 431
Pamplona (province), 349, 366, 411, 416, 419, 437
Panama (city), founded, 22, 23-25, 298, 341, 412;
Pizarro sends to, for aid, 39;
pan-American Congress at, 323
Panama Canal, the, 470-472, 482, 485-489
Panama, Gulf of, 27
Panama hats, manufacture of, 342
Panama, Isthmus of (province), 22, 23, 27, 69, 352, 404, 108, 111, 113, 114, 127-129, 132;
revenue to Spain from, 53, 60, 64-66, 69, 77;
civil wars in, 57, 99-103, 106-108, 110, 113, 127;
Spanish colonial system established in, 61-66;
taxation in, 64, 66, 69, 109;
population of, 65;
university in, 67;
Spanish language in, 68;
religious conditions in, 68, 69, 132;
discovery of virtues of quinine, 70;
earthquakes in, 71;
Jesuits expelled from, 71;
creoles of, 72, 74, 76, 77, 84, 110, 123, 130;
revolutionary spirit in, 72-76, 81, 82;
navy of, 78, 101, 104, 109, 118, 197, 325;
war of independence in, 80-97, 185, 186, 261, 316;
Spaniards evacuate capital of, 84;
proclaimed a republic, 85;
financial conditions in, 89, 110, 114, 115, 130, 132;
congress of, 98, 99;
Bolivar, Dictator of, 98, 322, 447;
Bolivarian constitution imposed on, 99, revolts from Bolivar's government, 99-101, 270, 323, 324, 448;
state of anarchy in, 101-103;
further constitutions of, 102, 111;
at war with Chile, 104, 119-125, 190, 197, 198;
capital of, captured by Chileans, 125, 126, 212, 213;
at war with Bolivia, 104, 273;
treaty of peace with Bolivia, 105;
commerce in, 108;
railways in, 109, 113, 122, 128;
debt of, 109, 114, 128;
insurrections in, 110, 113, 114, 116, 123, 130-132;
immigration into, encouraged, 111;
treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain, 112;
naval battles of, 112, 119-121, 212;
at war with Spain, 112, 203, 204, 337;
revenue from nitrates, 113, 114;
first civilian president of, 114;
guano deposits of, 116, 127, 128;
currency of, 116;
treaty of alliance with Bolivia, 118, 119;
nitrate region owned by, 117, 119, 121, 122, 212;
loses nitrate province, 123, 125;
losses of, in Chilean war, 125, 127;
mediation of United States between Chile and, 125;
treaty of peace with Chile, 127;
reorganisation of, 128;
British creditors of, 128;
rubber industry in, 129;
political conditions in, 130-132;
hopeful signs of the times for, 131;
cause of revolutions in, 132;
Upper, formed into republic of Bolivia, 240, 266-268;
re-establishes independent existence, 272;
at war with Colombia, 324, 451;
surrenders southern provinces, 324
Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the, 101-103, 105, 197, 197, 270-273, 281
Peruvian bonds, 114, 116
Peruvian Corporation, the, 128, 129
Pezet, President of Peru, 111, 112

Pezuela, General, 82, 260
Philip II. of Spain, 53, 54, 61
Piar, negro chief, 372, 374
Pichincha, battle of, 86, 444
Pierola, General, 116, 123, 126, 130;
President of Peru, 131
Pigeons, 66
Pigs, 66
Pinto, Anibal, President of Chile, 209, 213
Pinto, General, President of Chile, 193
"Pipiolas," 192
Pisagua captured, 122
Pisco, 80, 81
Piura (city) founded, 60, 297
Piura (province), 288
Piura, valley of, 291
Pizarro, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, early life of, 21, 22;
with Ojeda and Balboa, 22, 404, 405;
partners of, 23;
failure of first exploring expedition, 23;
second expedition of, 23-25;
authorised by Charles V. to conquer Peru, 25, 26;
third expedition of, 26, 27;
reinforced by de Soto, 27;
lands in northern Peru, 27, 28, 297;
meets Inca emperor, 29;
treachery of, 28-34, 238;
establishes Spanish government, 35, 44;
founds cities, 36, 44;
territory awarded to, 36, 41;
crushes Indian rebellion, 38-40;
Almagro quarrels with, 41-43;
treachery of, towards Almagro, 42, 43, 48, 136, 239;
extends Spanish conquest throughout Inca empire, 44, 136, 240, 407, 408;
conspiracy against, 46;
murder of, 47-50, 300;
character of, 48
Pizarro, Gonzalo, valour of, 26, 56;
at siege of Cuzco, 38;
capture of, 42;
Governor of Quito, 44, 299-301;
Governor of Peru, 50-53, 240, 301;
defeat and death of, 56, 240, 301
Pizarro, Hernando, joins expedition to conquer Peru, 26, 38;
capture and release of, 42, 43;
capture and death of Almagro by, 43, 136;
develops mining industry of Bolivia, 44;
establishes feudal lordships, 239, 240
Pizarro, Juan, 26, 38
Plantain introduced into Ecuador, 303, 308
Plate provinces, the, 71
Plate River, the, 67, 245, 251;
Valley, 155, 236
Platinum, 424
Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecuador, 341
Poll-taxes, 64, 243, 427
PopayÁn (city) founded, 409
PopayÁn (province), 49, 53, 301, 312, 314, 408, 409, 417, 424, 432, 433, 444, 454;
part of presidency of Quito, 324-327, 420;
lost to Ecuador, 327
Portales, Chilean statesman, 194, 196, 197;
death of, 197, 198
Porto Bello captured, 429
Portuguese, the, 67, 261, 316
Potatoes, native to South America, 3, 4, 8, 238, 248, 287, 290, 303, 332, 343, 352;
introduced into Europe, 66
PotosÍ, silver mines of, 44, 53, 65, 99, 240, 241, 258;
yield of silver from, 278
Poultry introduced into South America, 66, 151
Prado, General, President of Peru, 112, 116, 123
Presidencies, 71, 418, 420, 426
Preston, Amyas, 351
Prieto, General, President of Chile, 194, 196-198
Printing-press, the, 245
Promancians, the, 138
Puerreyedon, Argentine dictator, 183
Puerto Cabello, 347, 359, 360, 366, 372;
British attacks on, 356;
captured by patriots, 382, 383, 385

Pumacagua, Indian leader, 77
Puna, bleak plateau of, 36, 236, 239, 268
Puna, island of, 27, 292
Puno, 97
Purus River, the, 280
Puzuela, General, Viceroy of Peru, 78
Q
Quartz mining in Bolivia, 246
Quesada, Jimenez de, conquest of, 410, 412-414;
founds BogotÁ, 413;
exiled, 417;
names New Granada, 419
Quiapo, Spanish victory at, 144
Quichua language, official medium of Inca empire, 9, 10, 238, 295, 306;
reduced to a written language, 306
Quicksilver, discovery of, in Peru, 241
Quillin, treaty of, 150
Quillota, 224
Quindio mountain range, 409, 411
Quinine, Europe indebted to Peru for, 66;
discovery of virtue of, 70;
origin of name, 70
Quinoa grain, the, native to South America, 3, 4, 238, 290, 303
Quintana, Dictator of Chile, 173, 174
Quinua, village of, 95
Quito (city), the Cara capital, 103, 104, 197, 270, 271;
overthrow of, 105, 198, 272
Santa Maria, President of Chile, 213
Santa Marta (city), 326, 406, 414, 436
Santa Marta Mountains, 403
Santander, 442-444, 446-448;
first legal President of Colombia (New Granada), 450, 452;
title of, 454
Santander (city), "Rebellion of the Communes" in, 427
Santander, State of, 460, 461, 467
Santiago (city), 11, 126, 135, 142, 145, 186, 223-225;
revolutionary junta installed in, 76, 160, 161;
founded, 137;
discovery of gold near, 138;
population of, 151;
universities established in, 154, 198;
social centre of Chile, 158
Sarsaparilla, 303
Sayri Tupac, Inca emperor, 61, 62
Sebastian founded, 404
Segoria, battle of, 460
Seville junta, the, 314, 360, 362
Sheep introduced into South America, 66, 242, 243, 248
Shiris, the, of Quito, 12, 14, 16, 287-296
Silver, in Bolivia, 44, 239-242,

245, 246;
in Chile, 199, 208;
in Colombia, 424;
in Ecuador, 307;
in Peru, 24, 25, 53, 65, 66, 69, 117

Sinu River, the, 408
Slavery, Indian, 38, 69, 71, 242-244, 348, 406;
negro, 273, 394, 416, 422, 425
Smallpox, ravages of, 142, 426
Smuggling, 70, 71, 152, 251, 353, 354, 394, 425
Socorro (city), revolutionary junta in, 431, 432
Socorro, plateau province of, 312, 376, 413, 416, 437
Solar, Vice-President of Peru, 130
Sorata (city), the rival of PotosÍ, 246;
destroyed, 247
de Soto, Hernando, 27
Soublette, General, 390
South America, animals native to, 3, 4, 238;
tribes of, 4, 5, 9, 13, 66, 238, 248, etc.;
productions of, 3, 5, 8, 66, 70, 238, 303;
Spanish law in, 61, 66, 200, 253, 304;
animals introduced into, 66, 242, 243;
benefits to, from Spanish occupation, 66, 151, 303;
commerce except with Spain forbidden to, 66, 69-71, 152, 251, 355, 356;
Lima the political, commercial, and social centre of, 67;
negroes imported into, 70, 416;
spread of revolutionary ideas in, 73, 74, etc.;
character of revolution in, 84;
plan for constitutional monarchy in, 84;
success of wars of independence in, 97, 188, 265, 318, 322, 383;
Argentine preponderance among republics of, 155;
description of Andean plateau of, 235, 285;
theatre of the war of independence in, 255;
revolution in, saved from extinction, 258;
plan for one great confederacy in, 269, 322;
countries of, 322;
harbours of, 341;
oldest city of, 348;
first independent republic in, 362;
oldest fortress in, 407, 428, 436;
manner of founding Spanish cities in, 424
South Sea, the, 405
Spain, conquest of South America by, see Peru, Chile, etc.;
royal commissioners sent from, 46, 49, 54, 417, 427;
colonial system of, 62 et seq., 70, 243, 307, 351-356, 424, 427, 428;
colonial government of, 57, 59, 249, 301, 303, 353;
commercial monopoly of, 66, 69-71, 152, 250, 251, 352-356, 424;
war of succession in, 70, 152, 159, 250, 256, 311, 312, 354, 360, 370;
at war with France, 77, 159, 256, 311, 312;
revolution in, 82, 359, 370, 430, 443;
at war with Peru and Chile, 111, 112, 203, 204, 337;
reforms in system of colonial government of, 154, 253, 254, 301, 349, 417;
at war with England, 158
Spanish, adventurers 21, 22, 26, 27, 53, 58, 67, 242, 300, 301, 348, 404, 407, 413, 414;
armies in South America, 29, 39, 50, 52, 80, 81, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 155, 168, 170, 174, 181, 239, 253, 258-261, 263, 264, 298, 301, 315-318, 350, 366, 367, 371, 375, 376, 380, 413, 436, 437, 440, 443;
constitution, the, 370;
constitutional law, 304
Spanish crown, revenue of, from Peru, 32, 53, 60, 64-66, 69, 77;
from South America, 417, 425
Spanish fleet, 79, 80, 142, 174;
seizes Chincha Islands, 112, 203;
at Callao, 112, 186;
at Valparaiso, 204;
defeated, 360, 383;
at Cartagena, 436
SucrÉ (Charcas), 44
SucrÉ, General, Bolivar's great lieutenant, destroys Spanish army, 86;
takes Colombian army to Peru, 89, 264, 321;
wins battle of Ayachucho, 93-97, 266, 321, 322;
numbers and quality of army of, 95, 318;
first President of Bolivia, 99, 268, 322;
administration of, 269;
overthrow of, 270, 323;
wins battle of Pichincho, 318, 444;
murder of, 326, 452
Sugar-cane, introduced into South America, 66, 303;
cultivation of, 111, 113, 308, 352, 355, 390, 428
Sugar Loaf, the battle of, 105
Suipacha, battle of, 256, 257
Sun-god, worship of the, 5, 13, 298
T
Tacna (city), revolutionary expedition to, 82;
result of campaign, 123, 213
Tacna (province), 122, 123;
yielded to Chile, 127
Talca (city), captured, 166;
independence of Chile proclaimed at, 176
Talcahuano (city), 163, 164, 171, 174
Tambo, battle of, 316, 437
TarapacÁ, province of Peru, 106;
nitrate deposits of, 212
Tarija (city), 249
Tarqui, decisive battle of, 324, 325
Taxation, 64, 66, 69, 118, 152, 158, 211, 243, 269, 270, 276, 301, 307, 328, 336, 353, 424
Teques Indians, the, 350
Tiocajas nudo, 291;
battles of, 291, 240;
cities founded by, 137, 139;
capture and death of, 141
Valencia, founded, 350;
loyal to Spain, 363, 364, 439;
patriots in, 367, 369, 372
Valmy, battle of, 359
Valparaiso (city), 104, 119, 120, 262, 285, 317, 341;
size of, 151;
bombarded, 204;
battle at, 223-225
Valparaiso Bay, 220
Valverde, Friar, 30
Varas, Chilean Minister, 200, 201
Vargas, Doctor, President of Venezuela, 389
Veintemilla, General, President of Ecuador, 339
Vela, Blasco NuÑez de, Viceroy of Peru, 50-53
Velez (city) founded, 410, 414
Venezuela, sighted by Columbus 347;
named, 348;
cities founded in, 348-350, 352;
colonisation of, 348;
governors of, 349, 426;
fertility of, 349, 350, 352, 395;
granted to Welser family, 349;
settlement of, 349-351;
savage tribes of, 350;
subject to viceroyalty of Lima, 67;
under jurisdiction of BogotÁ and Caracas, 71, 356, 419, 426;
revolutionary spirit in, 76, 358-361, etc.;
revolts against Bolivar, 79, 101, 323, 378;
war of independence in, 86, 261, 316, 317, 362, 364, 366-370, 378-383, 388,
topography of, 351, 352;
negro labour in, 351, 352, 357;
agricultural products of, 352, 358, 390, 395;
exports from, 352, 390;
commercial conditions of, 352-358, 390-392, 395, 396, 398, 399;
gold placers of, 352;
taxation in, 353, 389, 391, 392, 395;
education in, 353;
trading posts in, 354;
made a captaincy-general, 355, 419;
captains-general of, 356, 360, 361;
boundaries of, fixed, 356;
population of, 357, 390;
characteristics of population of, 357, 358;
Bonaparte claims allegiance of, 360;
first independent republic of South America, 362;
constitution of 1811, 362;
financial conditions in, 362, 394-396, 398;
earthquake in, 363;
important battles of war of independence in, 369, 374, 375, 378, 381-383;
impoverished by wars, 384, 394;
constitution of 1831, 389, 391, 394;
civil wars in, 387-392, 396-398;
political conditions in, 389-392;
roads built in, 390;
bank established in, 390;
slavery abolished, 391;
liberty of the press permitted, 392;
religious conditions in, 392, 395;
smuggling in, 394;
stable currency of, 395;
railroads built in, 395, 396;
debt of, 396;
boundary dispute with British Guiana, 398;
foreign relations of, 398;
navy of, destroyed, 398;
progress of, 399;
provinces under jurisdiction of, 426
Vernon, Admiral, 428
Viceroyalties, of BogotÁ, 71, 250, 356, 420, 426;
of Buenos Aires, 71, 251;
of Lima, 50, 67, 250, 375;
of Quito, 86, 418, 420
VicuÑa, Claudio, President of Chile, 193, 194, 219, 226
VicuÑas, 238
Vidal, Dictator of Peru, 102, 106
Vilcabamba, 40, 61, 63
VilcaÑota nudo, the, 4, 8
Villapugio, battle of, 170, 258
Villarica, gold-mines of, 144-146
Viluma, battle of, 256, 260
Vista Florida, Dictator of Peru, 102
Vivanco, Peruvian general, 106
W
Welser family, the, Venezuela granted to, 349
Wheat introduced into South America, 66, 151, 211, 303, 332, 343, 352, 421, 428
Wheelwright, William, establishes first Pacific steamship line, 198
Windward Islands, the, 347
Wool, 8
Y
Yahuarcocha Lake, 294
Yahuar Huaccac, Inca emperor, 8
Yngavi, decisive battle of, 105, 107, 273
Yucay, valley of, 61
Yungay, battle of, 105, 198, 272
Yupanqui, Inca emperor, 9
Z
Zaldua, President of Colombia, 479
Zaruma, plateau of, 288, 291
Zenufana (Antioquia), 407