| CHAPTER I. | |
| INTRODUCTION. | |
| PAGE | |
| Legends and Superstitions connected with Caves | 1–5 | |
| The Physical Division of the Subject | 5, 6 | |
| The Biological Division | 6 | |
| Men and Animals | 6 | |
| Ethnological, ArchÆological, and Geographical Bearings | 7–9 | |
| The Three Classes of Bone-Caves | 10, 11 | |
| History of Cave-Exploration in Europe | 11 | |
| ””Germany | 11, 12 | |
| ””Great Britain | 13–18 | |
| ””France | 18–20 | |
| ””Belgium | 20, 21 | |
| ””Southern Europe | 21, 22 | |
| CHAPTER II. | |
| PHYSICAL HISTORY OF CAVES. | |
| Caves formed by the Sea and by Volcanic Action | 23 | |
| Caves in Arenaceous Rocks | 24 | |
| Caves in Calcareous Rocks of various ages | 25–27 | |
| Their Relation to Pot-holes, “Cirques,” and Ravines | 27, 28 | |
| Water-Cave of Wookey Hole | 29–31 | |
| Goatchurch Cave | 31–34 | |
| Water-Caves of Derbyshire | 34 | |
| Water-Caves of Yorkshire—Ingleborough | 35–39 | |
| Rate of Deposit of Stalagmite | 39–41 | |
| Descent into Helln Pot | 41–47 | |
| Caves and Pots round Weathercote | 47–50 | |
| Formation of Caves, Pot-holes, and Ravines | 50–57 | |
| Caverns not generally formed in line of Faults | 57 | |
| Various Ages of Caves | 58–61 | |
| Filling up of Caves | 61 | |
| Cave of Caldy | 62–68 | |
| Black-Rock Cave, Tenby | 68 | |
| Carbonate of Lime dissolved by Atmospheric Water | 69–70 | |
| Circulation of Carbonate of Lime | 71 | |
| Temperature of Caves | 71–72 | |
| Conclusion | 73 | |
| CHAPTER III. | |
| HISTORIC CAVES IN BRITAIN. | |
| Definition of Historic Period | 74 | |
| Wild Animals in Britain during the Historic Period | 75–77 | |
| Animals living under the care of Man | 77 | |
| Classificatory Value of Historic Animals | 78–81 | |
| The Victoria Cave, Settle, Yorkshire—History of Discovery | | |
| Kent’s Hole | 324–330 | |
| Probable Age of the Machairodus in Kent’s Hole | 330–335 | |
| Caves of Ireland—Shandon | 335 | |
| CHAPTER IX. | |
| THE INHABITANTS OF THE CAVES OF NORTH-WESTERN EUROPE, AND THE EVIDENCE OF THE FAUNA AS TO THE ATLANTIC COAST-LINE. | |
| The Caves of France | 336 | |
| Cave of Baume | 337 | |
| Caves of PÉrigord | 337–347 | |
| ”Belgium | 347, 348 | |
| Trou de Naulette | 349 | |
| Caves of Switzerland | 350 | |
| Cave-dwellers and PalÆolithic Men of the River-gravels | 351 | |
| Classification of PalÆolithic Caves | 351–353 | |
| Relation of Cave-dwellers to Eskimos | 353–359 | |
| Pleistocene Animals living north of the Alps and Pyrenees | 359 | |
| Relation of Cave to River-bed Fauna | 362 | |
| The Atlantic Coast-line | 362–366 | |
| Distribution of PalÆolithic Implements | 366, 367 | |
| CHAPTER X. | |
| THE FAUNA OF THE CAVES OF SOUTHERN EUROPE, AND THE EVIDENCE AS TO THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST-LINE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. | |
| Changes of Level in Mediterranean Area in Meiocene and Pleiocene Ages | 369 | |
| Bone-caves of Southern Europe | 370 | |
| Caves of Gibraltar | 371, 372 | |
| Bone-caves of Provence and Mentone | 373–375 | |
| ”Sicily | 375–377 | |
| ”Malta | 377 | |
| Range of Pigmy Hippopotamus | 378 | |
| Fossil Mammalia in Algeria | 379 | |
| Living Species common to Europe and Africa | 379 | |
| Evidence of Soundings | 380–382 | |
| The Glaciers of Lebanon | 382 | |
| Glaciers of Anatolia | 383–386 | |
| ”of the Atlas Mountains | 386 | |
| ”probably produced by elevation above the Sea | 387–389 | |
| Mediterranean Coast-line comparatively modern | 389 | |
| Changes of Level in the Sahara | 390 | |
| CHAPTER XI. | |
| THE EUROPEAN CLIMATE IN THE PLEISTOCENE AGE. | |
| Evidence of the Mammalia as to Climate | 392 | |
| Southern Group of Animals | 393–395 | |
| Northern Group | 395–397 | |
| Probable cause of Association of Northern and Southern Groups | 397, 398 | |
| The Temperate Group | 399 | |
| Species common to Cold and Tropical Climates |
|
