  [1] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 267. [2] Mr. Buckle, in his grand work on 'Civilisation,' expresses doubts on the subject owing to the want of statistics. See also Mr. Bowen, Professor of Moral Philosophy, in 'Proc. American Acad. of Sciences,' vol. v. p. 102 [3] For greyhounds, see Low's 'Domest. Animals of the British Islands,' 1845, p. 721. For game-fowls, see 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 123. For pigs, see Mr. Sidney's edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, pp. 11, 22. [4] 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 39. [5] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1755, p. 23. I have seen only second-hand accounts of the two grandsons. Mr. Sedgwick, in a paper to which I shall hereafter often refer, states that four generations were affected, and in each the males alone. [6] Barbara Van Beck, figured, as I am informed by the Rev. W.D. Fox, in Woodburn's 'Gallery of Rare Portraits,' 1816, vol. ii. [7] 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 16 [8] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 34. Report by Pariset in 'Comptes Rendus,' 1847, p. 592. [9] Hunter, as quoted in Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. Sir A. Carlisle, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. [10] Girou de Buzareignues, 'De la GÉnÉration,' p. 282. [11] 'Macmillan's Magazine,' July and August, 1865. [12] The works which I have read and found most useful are Dr. Prosper Lucas's great work, 'TraitÉ de l'HÉrÉditÉ Naturelle,' 1847. Mr. W. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1861, and April and July, 1863: Dr. Garrod on Gout is quoted in these articles. Sir Henry Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855. Piorry, 'De l'HÉrÉditÉ dans les Maladies,' 1840. Adams, 'A Philosophical Treatise on Hereditary Peculiarities,' 2nd edit., 1815. Essay on 'Hereditary Diseases,' by Dr. J. Steinan, 1843. See Paget, in 'Medical Times,' 1857, p. 192, on the Inheritance of Cancer; Dr. Gould, in 'Proc. of American Acad. of Sciences,' Nov. 8, 1853, gives a curious case of hereditary bleeding in four generations. Harlan, 'Medical Researches,' p. 593. [13] Marshall, quoted by Youatt in his work on Cattle, p. 284. [14] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. [15] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., p. 33. [16] This affection, as I hear from Mr. Bowman, has been ably described and spoken of as hereditary by Dr. Dondera, of Utrecht, whose work was published in English by the Sydenham Society in 1864. [17] Quoted by Mr. Herbert Spencer, 'Principles of Biology,' vol. i. p. 244. [18] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review, 'April, 1861, p. 482-6; 'l'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. i. pp. 391-408. [19] Dr. Osborne, Pres. of Royal College of Phys. in Ireland, published this case in the 'Dublin Medical Journal' for 1835. [20] These various statements are taken from the following works and papers:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' pp. 35, 220. Lawrence, 'The Horse,' p. 30. Karkeek, in an excellent paper in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1853, p. 92. Mr. Burke, in 'Journal of R. Agricul. Soc. of England,' vol. v. p. 511. 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 279. Girou de Buzareignues, 'Philosoph. Phys.,' p. 215. See following papers in 'The Veterinary:' Roberts, in vol. ii. p. 144; M. Marrimpoey, vol. ii. p. 387; Mr. Karkeek, vol. iv. p. 5; Youatt on GoÎtre in Dogs, vol. v. p. 483; Youatt, in vol. vi. pp. 66, 348, 412; M. Bernard, vol. xi. p. 539; Dr. Samesreuther, on Cattle, in vol. xii. p. 181; Percivall, in vol. xiii. p. 47. With respect to blindness in horses, see also a whole row of authorities in Dr. P. Lucas's great work, tom. i. p. 399. Mr. Baker, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 721, gives a strong case of hereditary imperfect vision and of jibbing. [21] Knight on 'The Culture of the Apple and Pear,' p. 31. Lindley's 'Horticulture,' p. 180. [22] These statements are taken from the following works in order:—Youatt on 'The Horse,' p. 48; Mr. Darvill, in 'The Veterinary,' vol. viii. p. 50. With respect to Robson, see 'The Veterinary,' vol. iii. p. 580; Mr. Lawrence on 'The Horse,' 1829, p. 9; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, 1851; Baron Cameronn, quoted in 'The Veterinary,' vol x. p. 500. [23] 'Recreations in Agriculture and Nat. Hist.,' vol. i. p. 68. [24] 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., 1828, s. 107. [25] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' band ii. s. 132. [26] Vrolik has discussed this point at full length in a work published in Dutch, from which Mr. Paget has kindly translated for me passages. See, also, Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire's 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. p. 684. [27] 'Edinburgh New Phil. Journal,' July, 1863. [28] Some great anatomists, as Cuvier and Meckel, believe that the tubercle one side of the hinder foot of the tailless Batrachians represents a sixth digit. Certainly, when the hinder foot of a toad, as soon as it first sprouts from the tadpole, is dissected, the partially ossified cartilage of this tubercle resembles under the microscope, in a remarkable manner, a digit. But the highest authority on such subjects, Gegenbaur (Untersuchung. zur vergleich. anat. der Wirbelthiere: Carpus et Tarsus, 1864, s. 63), concludes that this resemblance is not real, only superficial. [29] For these several statements, see Dr. Struthers, in work cited, especially on intermissions in the line of descent. Prof. Huxley, 'Lectures on our Knowledge of Organic Nature,' 1863, p. 97. With respect to inheritance, see Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'L'HÉrÉditÉ Nat.,' tom. i. p. 325. Isid. Geoffroy, 'Anom.,' tom. i. p. 701. Sir A. Carlisle, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1814, p. 94. A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 140, gives a case of five generations; as does Mr. Sedgwick, in 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, p. 462. On the inheritance of other anomalies in the extremities, see Dr. H. Dobell, in vol. xlvi. of 'Medico-Chirurg. Transactions,' 1863; also Mr. Sedgwick, in op. cit., April, 1863, p. 460. With respect to additional digits in the negro, see Prichard, 'Physical History of Mankind.' Dr. Dieffenbach ('Journ. Royal Geograph. Soc.,' 1841, p. 208) says this anomaly is not uncommon with the Polynesians of the Chatham Islands. [30] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, p. 559. [31] The statements in this paragraph are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. pp. 688-693. [32] As quoted by Carpenter, 'Princ. of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 480. [33] MÜller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. i. 1838, p. 407. A thrush, however, was exhibited before the British Association at Hull, in 1853, which had lost its tarsus, and this member, it was asserted, had been thrice reproduced: I presume it was lost each time by disease. [34] 'Monthly Journal of Medical Science,' Edinburgh, 1848, new series, vol. ii. p. 890. [35] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' trans. by Dr. Maty, 1769, p. 79. [36] Bonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 4to. edit., 1781, pp. 343, 350, 353. [37] So with insects, the larvÆ reproduce lost limbs, but, except in one order, the mature insect has no such power. But the Myriapoda, which apparently represent the larvÆ of true insects, have, as Newport has shown, this power until their last moult. See an excellent discussion on this whole subject by Dr. Carpenter in his 'Princ. Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 479. [38] Dr. GÜnther, in Owen's 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. i., 1866, p. 567. Spallanzani has made similar observations. [39] 'On the Anatomy of Vertebrates,' 1866, p. 170: with respect to the pectoral fins of fishes, pp. 166-168. [40] 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 1839, pp. 24, 34. See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 33. [41] 'Du Danger des Mariages Consanguins,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 103. [42] 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1863, pp. 183, 189. [43] Verlot, 'La Production des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 32. [44] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 368. [45] Verlot, 'La Product. des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 94. [46] Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 121. [47] Rev. W. A. Leighton, 'Flora of Shropshire,' p. 497; and Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i, 1837, p. 30. [48] Verlot, op. cit., p. 93. [49] For these several statements, see Loudon's 'Gard. Magazine,' vol. x., 1834, pp. 408, 180; and vol. ix., 1833, p. 597. [50] These statements are taken from Alph. De Candolle, 'Bot. GÉograph.,' p. 1083. [51] Verlot, op. cit., p. 38. [52] Op. cit., p. 59. [53] Alph. De Candolle, 'GÉograph. Bot.,' p. 1082. [54] See 'Cottage Gardener,' April 10, 1860, p. 18, and Sept. 10, 1861, p. 456; 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 102. [55] Darwin, in 'Journal of Proc. Linn. Soc. Bot.,' 1862, p. 94. [56] Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 10. [57] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. iv. s. 462. Mr. Brent, a great breeder of canaries, informs me that he believes that these statements are correct. [58] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245. [59] 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' July, 1861, pp. 200-204. Mr. Sedgwick has given such full details on this subject, with ample references, that I need refer to no other authorities. [60] 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 299. [61] 'Philosoph. Magazine,' vol. iv., 1799, p. 5. [62] This last case is quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 484. For Blumenbach, see above-cited paper. See, also, Dr. P. Lucas, 'TraitÉ de l'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 492. Also 'Transact. Lin. Soc.,' vol. ix. p. 323. Some curious cases are given by Mr. Baker in 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 723. Another curious case is given in the 'Annales des Scienc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xi. p. 324. [63] 'Proc. Royal Soc.,' vol. x. p. 297. [64] Mr. Sproule, in 'British Medical Journal,' April 18, 1863. [65] Downing, 'Fruits of America,' p. 5; Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' pp. 43, 72. [66] Youatt on Sheep, pp. 20, 234. The same fact of loose horns occasionally appearing in hornless breeds has been observed in Germany: Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 362. [67] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 155, 174. [68] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, pp. 17, 145. [69] I have been informed of this fact through the Rev. W. D. Fox, on the excellent authority of Mr. Wilmot: see, also, remarks on this subject in an original article in the 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 395. [70] Youatt, pp. 19, 234. [71] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 231. [72] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. x., 1834, p. 396: a nurseryman, with much experience on this subject, has likewise assured me that this sometimes occurs. [73] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 777. [74] Ibid., 1862, p. 721. [75] See some excellent remarks on this subject by Mr. Wallace, 'Journal Proc. Linn. Soc.,' 1858, vol. iii. p. 60. [76] Dureau de la Malle, in 'Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 807. From the statements above given, the author concludes that the wild pigs of Louisiana are not descended from the European Sus scrofa. [77] Capt. W. Allen, in his 'Expedition to the Niger,' states that fowls have run wild on the island of Annobon, and have become modified in form and voice. The account is so meagre and vague that it did not appear to me worth copying; but I now find that Dureau de la Malle ('Comptes Rendus,' tom. xli., 1855, p. 690) advances this as a good instance of reversion to the primitive stock, and as confirmatory of a still more vague statement in classical times by Varro. [78] 'Flora of Australia,' 1859, Introduct., p. ix. [79] 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. pp. 54, 58, 60. [80] Mr. Sedgwick gives many instances in the 'British and Foreign Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April and July, 1863, pp. 448, 188. [81] In his edit. of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 27. [82] Dr. P. Lucas, 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 314, 892: see a good practical article on this subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 620. I could add a vast number of references, but they would be superfluous. [83] KÖlreuter gives cases in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' 1766, s. 53, 59; and in his well-known 'Memoirs on Lavatera and Jalapa.' GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 437, 441, &c. Naudin, in his 'Recherches sur l'HybriditÉ, Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 25. [84] Quoted by Mr. Sedgwick in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 485. Dr. H. Dobell, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Transactions,' vol. xlvi., gives an analogous case, in which, in a large family, fingers with thickened joints were transmitted to several members during five generations; but when the blemish once disappeared it never reappeared. [85] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 63. [86] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 25. Alex. Braun (in his 'Rejuvenescence,' Ray Soc., 1853, p. 315) apparently holds a similar opinion. [87] Mr. Teebay, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 72. [88] Quoted by Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c., s. 98. [89] 'Essais Hist. Nat. du Paraguay,' tom. ii. 1801, p. 372. [90] These facts are given on the high authority of Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 248. [91] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 97. [92] 'Gardener's Chron. and Agricultural Gazette,' 1866, p. 528. [93] Ibid., 1860, p. 343. [94] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163. [95] 'History of the Horse,' p. 212. [96] 'MÉm. prÉsentÉs par divers Savans À l'Acad. Royale,' tom. vi. 1835, p. 338. [97] 'Letters from Alabama,' 1859, p. 280. [98] 'Hist. Nat. des MammifÈres,' 1820, tom. i. [99] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1821, p. 20. [100] Sclater, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 163: this species is the Ghor-Khur of N.W. India, and has often been called the Hemionus of Pallas. See, also, Mr. Blyth's excellent paper in 'Journ. of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii., 1860, p. 229. [101] Another species of wild ass, the true A. hemionus or Kiang, which ordinarily has no shoulder-stripes, is said occasionally to have them; and these, as with the horse and ass, are sometimes double: see Mr. Blyth, in the paper just quoted, and in 'Indian Sporting Review,' 1856, p. 320; and Col. Hamilton Smith, in 'Nat. Library, Horses,' p. 318; and 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. iii. p. 563. [102] Figured in the 'Gleanings from the Knowsley Menageries,' by Dr. J. E. Gray. [103] Cases of both Spanish and Polish hens sitting are given in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' 1855, vol. iii. p. 477. [104] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 119, 163. The author, who remarks on the two negatives ('Journ. of Hort.,' 1862, p. 325), states that two broods were raised from a Spanish cock and Silver-pencilled Hamburgh hen, neither of which are incubators, and no less than seven out of eight hens in these two broods "showed a perfect obstinacy in sitting." The Rev. E.S. Dixon ('Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 200) says that chickens reared from a cross between Golden and Black Polish fowls, are "good and steady birds to sit." Mr. B.P. Brent informs me that he raised some good sitting hens by crossing Pencilled Hamburgh and Polish breeds. A cross-bred bird from a Spanish non-incubating cock and Cochin incubating hen is mentioned in the 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii. p. 13, as an "exemplary mother." On the other hand, an exceptional case is given in the 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 388, of a hen raised from a Spanish cock and black Polish hen which did not incubate. [105] 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165, 167. [106] 'Natural History Review,' 1863, April, p. 277. [107] 'Essays on Natural History,' p. 197. [108] As stated by Mr. Orton, in his 'Physiology of Breeding,' p. 12. [109] M. E. de Selys-Longchamps refers ('Bulletin Acad. Roy. de Bruxelles,' tom. xii. No. 10) to more than seven of these hybrids shot in Switzerland and France. M. Deby asserts ('Zoologist,' vol. v., 1845-46, p. 1254) that several have been shot in various parts of Belgium and Northern France. Audubon ('Ornitholog. Biography,' vol. iii. p. 168), speaking of these hybrids, says that, in North America, they "now and then wander off and become quite wild." [110] 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 71. [111] 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, pp. 25, 150. [112] Dr. P. Broca, on 'Hybridity in the Genus Homo,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 39. [113] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 151. [114] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 582, 438, &c. [115] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung ... der Weiden,' 1865, s. 23. For GÄrtner's remarks on this head, see 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 474, 582. [116] Yarrell, 'Phil. Transact.,' 1827, p. 268; Dr. Hamilton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1862, p. 23. [117] 'Archiv. Skand. BeitrÄge zur Naturgesch.,' viii. s. 397-413. [118] In his 'Essays on Nat. Hist.,' 1838. Mr. Hewitt gives analogous cases with hen-pheasants in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 12, 1864, p. 37. Isidore Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, in his 'Essais de Zoolog. GÉn.' (suites À Buffon, 1842, pp. 496-513), has collected such cases in ten different kinds of birds. It appears that Aristotle was well aware of the change in mental disposition in old hens. The case of the female deer acquiring horns is given at p. 513. [119] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 379. [120] 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, tom. ii. p. 8. [121] Sir H. Holland, 'Medical Notes and Reflections,' 3rd edit., 1855, p. 31. [122] Prof. Thomson on Steenstrup's Views on the Obliquity of Flounders: 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' May, 1865, p. 361. [123] Dr. E. von Martens, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March, 1866, p. 209. [124] Darwin, 'BalanidÆ,' Ray Soc., 1854, p. 499: see also the appended remarks on the apparently capricious development of the thoracic limbs on the right and left sides in the higher crustaceans. [125] Mormodes ignea: Darwin, 'Fertilization of Orchids,' 1862, p. 251. [126] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July, 1864, p. 38. I have had the opportunity of examining these remarkable feathers through the kindness of Mr. Tegetmeier. [127] 'The Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 241. [128] Carl Vogt, 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat., 1864, p. 411. [129] On Cattle, p. 174. [130] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 353. With respect to the mammÆ in women, see tom. i. p. 710. [131] 'Natural Hist. Review,' April, 1863, p. 258. See also his Lecture, Royal Institution, March 16, 1860. On same subject, see Moquin-Tandon, 'ElÉments de TÉratologie,' 1841, pp. 184, 352. [132] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 89; Naudin, 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 137. [133] In his discussion on some curious peloric calceolarias, quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152. [134] For other cases of six divisions in peloric flowers of the LabiatÆ and ScrophulariaceÆ, see Moquin-Tandon, 'TÉratologie,' p. 192. [135] Moquin-Tandon, 'TÉratologie,' p. 186. [136] See Youatt on Cattle, pp. 92, 69, 78, 88, 163: also Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. Also Dr. Lucas, 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 310. [137] 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 112-120. [138] Sir H. Holland, 'Chapters on Mental Physiology,' 1852, p. 234. [139] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. [140] Mr. N. H. Smith, Observations on Breeding, quoted in 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 278. [141] Quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170. See Sturm, 'Ueber Racen,' 1825, s. 104-107. For the niata cattle, see my 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 146. [142] Lucas, 'l'HÉrÉditÉ Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 112. [143] Mr. Orton, 'Physiology of Breeding,' 1855, p. 9. [144] Boitard and CorbiÉ, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 224. [145] 'Les Pigeons, pp. 168, 198. [146] 'Das Ganze,' &c., 1837, s. 39. [147] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46. [148] 'Physiology of Breeding,' p.22; Mr. Hewitt, in 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 224. [149] Boitard and CorbiÉ, 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 226. [150] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 256, 290, &c. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 149) gives a striking instance of prepotency in Datura stramonium when crossed with two other species. [151] Flourens, 'LongÉvitÉ Humaine,' p. 144, on crossed jackals. With respect to the difference between the mule and the hinny, I am aware that this has generally been attributed to the sire and dam transmitting their characters differently; but Colin, who has given in his 'TraitÉ Phys. Comp.,' tom. ii. pp. 537-539, the fullest description which I have met with of these reciprocal hybrids, is strongly of opinion that the ass preponderates in both crosses, but in an unequal degree. This is likewise the conclusion of Flourens, and of Bechstein in his 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' b. i. s. 294. The tail of the hinny is much more like that of the horse than is the tail of the mule, and this is generally accounted for by the males of both species transmitting with greater power this part of their structure; but a compound hybrid which I saw in the Zoological Gardens, from a mare by a hybrid ass-zebra, closely resembled its mother in its tail. [152] Mr. Hewitt, who has had such great experience in raising these hybrids, says ('Poultry Book,' by Mr. Tegetmeier, 1866, pp. 165-167) that in all, the head was destitute of wattles, comb, and ear-lappets; and all closely resembled the pheasant in the shape of the tail and general contour of the body. These hybrids were raised from hens of several breeds by a cock-pheasant; but another hybrid, described by Mr. Hewitt, was raised from a hen-pheasant by a silver-laced Bantam cock, and this possessed a rudimental comb and wattles. [153] 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. book ii. ch. i. [154] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 264-266. Naudin ('Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 148) has arrived at a similar conclusion. [155] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 101, 137. [156] See some remarks on this head with respect to sheep by Mr. Wilson, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 15. [157] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 66. [158] Moquin-Tandon, 'TÉratologie,' p. 191. [159] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 137. [160] 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 137-165. See, also, Mr. Sedgwick's four memoirs, immediately to be referred to. [161] On Sexual Limitation in Hereditary Diseases, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1861, p. 477; July, p. 198; April, 1863, p. 44; and July, p. 159. [162] W. Scrope, 'Art of Deer Stalking,' p. 354. [163] Boitard and CorbiÉ, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 173; Dr. F. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 87. [164] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 349. [165] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. The third generation is described by Capt. Yule in his 'Narrative of the Mission to the Court of Ava,' 1855, p. 94. [166] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 21, tab. i., fig. 4; s. 24, tab. iv., fig. 2. [167] Kidd's 'Treatise on the Canary,' p. 18. [168] Charlesworth, 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 167. [169] Dr. Prosper Lucas, 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 713. [170] 'L'HÉrÉd. dans les Maladies,' 1840, p. 135. For Hunter, see Harlan's 'Med. Researches,' p. 530. [171] 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 850. [172] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and For. Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April 1861, p. 485. I have seen three accounts, all taken from the same original authority (which I have not been able to consult), and all differ in the details! but as they agree in the main facts, I have ventured to quote this case. [173] Prosper Lucas, 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 400. [174] Sedgwick, idem, July, 1861, p. 202. [175] Piorry, p. 109; Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 759. [176] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. p. 748. [177] Prosper Lucas, tom. ii. pp. 678, 700, 702; Sedgwick, idem, April, 1863, p. 449, and July, 1863, p. 162; Dr. J. Steinan, 'Essay on Hereditary Disease,' 1843, pp. 27, 34. [178] These cases are given by Mr. Sedgwick, on the authority of Dr. H. Stewart, in 'Med.-Chirurg. Review,' April, 1863, pp. 449, 477. [179] 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 852. [180] Communications to the Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 367. [181] 'Review of Reports, North of England,' 1808, p. 200. [182] 'SÄugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 212. [183] Rengger, 'SÄugethiere,' &c., s. 154. [184] White, 'Regular Gradation in Man,' p. 146. [185] Dr. W. F. Edwards, in his 'CharactÈres Physiolog. des Races Humaines,' p. 23, first called attention to this subject, and ably discussed it. [186] Rev. D. Tyerman, and Bennett, 'Journal of Voyages,' 1821-1829, vol. i. p. 300. [187] Mr. S. J. Salter, 'Journal Linn. Soc.,' vol. vi., 1862, p. 71. [188] Sturm, 'Ueber Racen, &c.,' 1825, s. 107. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur.,' b. ii. s. 170, gives a table of the proportions of blood after successive crosses. Dr. P. Lucas, 'l'HÉrÉditÉ Nat.,' tom. ii. p. 308. [189] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 463, 470. [190] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1794, p. 393: see also previous volume. [191] As quoted in the 'True Principles of Breeding,' by C. H. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 1865, p. 11. [192] With respect to plants, an admirable essay on this subject (Die Geschlechter-Vertheilung bei den Pflanzen: 1867) has lately been published by Dr. Hildebrand, who arrives at the same general conclusions as I have done. [193] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Vegetal,' 1816, p. 12. [194] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 72. [195] Duval-Jouve, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. de France,' tom. x., 1863, p. 194. [196] Extract of a letter from Sir R. Heron, 1838, given me by Mr. Yarrell. With respect to mice, see 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 180; and I have heard of other similar cases. For turtle-doves, Boitard and CorbiÉ, 'Les Pigeons,' &c., p. 238. For the Game fowl, 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 128. For crosses of tailless fowls, see Bechstein, 'Naturges. Deutsch.' b. iii. s. 403. Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 170, gives analogous facts with horses. On the hairless condition of crossed South American dogs, see Rengger, 'SÄugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 152: but I saw in the Zoological Gardens mongrels, from a similar cross, which were hairless, quite hairy, or hairy in patches, that is, piebald with hair. For crosses of Dorking and other fowls, see 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii. p. 355. About the crossed pigs, extract of letter from Sir R. Heron to Mr. Yarrell. For other cases, see P. Lucas, 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 212. [197] 'Internat. Hort. and Bot. Congress of London,' 1866. [198] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 307. KÖlreuter ('Dritte Fortsetszung,' s. 34, 39), however, obtained intermediate tints from similar crosses in the genus Verbascum. With respect to the turnips, see Herbert's 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' 1837, p. 370. [199] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 100. [200] Richardson, 'Pigs,' 1847, pp. 37, 42; S. Sidney's edition of 'Youatt on the Pig,' 1860, p. 3. [201] See Mr. W. C. Spooner's excellent paper on Cross-Breeding, 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii.: see also an equally good article by Mr. Ch. Howard, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 320. [202] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, pp. 649, 652. [203] 'Bulletin de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1862, tom. ix. p. 463. See also, for other cases, MM. Moll and Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. xxxii. [204] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 36. [205] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 58. [206] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, p. 765. [207] Spooner, in 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. xx., part ii. [208] See Colin's 'TraitÉ de Phys. Comp. des Animaux Domestiques,' tom. ii. p. 536, where this subject is well treated. [209] 'Les Pigeons,' p. 37. [210] Vol. i., 1854, p. 101. [211] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 110. [212] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 553. [213] Dr. Pigeaux, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. iii., July 1866, as quoted in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1867, vol. xx. p. 75. [214] 'Journal de Physiolog.,' tom. ii., 1859, p. 385. [215] Dec. 1863, p. 484. [216] On the Varieties of Wheat, p. 66. [217] Rengger, 'SÄugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 336. [218] See a memoir by MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., July, 1861, p. 312. [219] For the Norfolk sheep, see Marshall's 'Rural Economy of Norfolk,' vol. ii. p. 133. See Rev. L. Landt's 'Description of Faroe,' p. 66. For the ancon sheep, see 'Phil. Transact.,' 1813, p. 90. [220] White's 'Nat. Hist. of Selbourne,' edited by Bennett, p. 39. With respect to the origin of the dark-coloured deer, see 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by E.P. Shirley, Esq. [221] 'The Dovecote,' by the Rev. E. S. Dixon, p. 155; Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 17. [222] 'Cattle,' p. 202. [223] Mr. J. Wilkinson, in 'Remarks addressed to Sir J. Sebright,' 1820, p. 38. [224] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771. [225] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 169. See also the Table at the end of volume. [226] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 87, 577. [227] 'Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' s. 137; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 92, 181. On raising the two varieties from seed see s. 307. [228] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 216. [229] The following facts, given by KÖlreuter in his 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 34, 39, appear at first sight strongly to confirm Mr. Scott's and GÄrtner's statements; and to a certain limited extent they do so. KÖlreuter asserts, from innumerable observations, that insects incessantly carry pollen from one species and variety of Verbascum to another; and I can confirm this assertion; yet he found that the white and yellow varieties of Verbascum lychnitis often grew wild mingled together: moreover, he cultivated these two varieties in considerable numbers during four years in his garden, and they kept true by seed; but when he crossed them, they produced flowers of an intermediate tint. Hence it might have thought that both varieties must have a stronger elective affinity for the pollen of their own variety than for that of the other; this elective affinity, I may add, of each species for its own pollen (KÖlreuter, 'Dritte Forts.,' s. 39, and GÄrtner, 'Bastarderz.,' passim) being a perfectly well-ascertained power. But the force of the foregoing facts is much lessened by GÄrtner's numerous experiments, for, differently from KÖlreuter, he never once got ('Bastarderz.,' s. 307) an intermediate tint when he crossed the yellow and white flowered varieties of Verbascum. So that the fact of the white and yellow varieties keeping true to their colour by seed does not prove that they were not mutually fertilised by the pollen carried by insects from one to the other. [230] 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' 1837, p. 366. GÄrtner has made a similar observation. [231] KÖlreuter first observed this fact. 'MÉm. de l'Acad. St. Petersburg,' vol. iii. p. 197. See also C.K. Sprengel, 'Das Entdeckte Geheimniss,' s. 345. [232] Namely, Barbarines, Pastissons, Giraumous: 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxx., 1833, pp. 398 and 405. [233] 'MÉmoire sur les CucurbitaceÆ,' 1826, pp. 46, 55. [234] 'Annales des Se. Nat.,' 4th series, tom. vi. M. Naudin considers these forms as undoubtedly varieties of Cucurbita pepo. [235] 'MÉm. Cucurb.,' p. 8. [236] 'Zweite Forts.,' s. 53, namely, Nicotiana major vulgaris; (2) perennis; (3) Transylvanica; (4) a sub-var. of the last; (5) major latifol. fl. alb. [237] KÖlreuter was so much struck with this fact that he suspected that a little pollen of N. glutinosa in one of his experiments might have accidentally got mingled with that of var. perennis, and thus aided its fertilising power. But we now know conclusively from GÄrtner ('Bastarderz.,' s. 34, 431) that two kinds of pollen never act conjointly on a third species; still less will the pollen of a distinct species, mingled with a plant's own pollen, if the latter be present in sufficient quantity, have any effect. The sole effect of mingling two kinds of pollen is to produce in the same capsule seeds which yield plants, some taking after the one and some after the other parent. [238] Mr. Scott has made some observations on the absolute sterility of a purple and white primrose (Primula vulgaris) when fertilised by pollen from the primrose ('Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 98); but these observations require confirmation. I raised a number of purple-flowered long-styled seedlings from seed kindly sent me by Mr. Scott, and, though they were all some degree sterile, they were much more fertile with pollen taken from the common primrose than with their own pollen. Mr. Scott has likewise described a red equal-styled cowslip (P. veris, idem, p. 106), which was found by him to be highly sterile when crossed with the common cowslip; but this was not the case with several equal-styled red seedlings raised by me from his plant. This variety of the cowslip presents the remarkable peculiarity of combining male organs in every respect like those of the short-styled form, with female organs resembling in function and partly in structure those of the long-styled form; so that we have the singular anomaly of the two forms combined in the same flower. Hence it is not surprising that these flowers should be spontaneously self-infertile in a high degree. [239] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii., pp. 84, 100. [240] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' tom. xxi. (1st series), p. 61. [241] 'Bull. Bot. Soc. de France,' Dec. 27th, 1861, tom. viii. p. 612. [242] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Naturelle GÉnÉrale,' tom. iii. p. 476. Since this MS. has been sent to press a full discussion on the present subject has appeared in Mr. Herbert Spencer's 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1867, p. 457 et seq. [243] For cats and dogs, &c., see Bellingeri, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xii. p. 155. For ferrets, Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band i., 1801, s. 786, 795. For rabbits, ditto, s. 1123, 1131; and Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 99. For mountain sheep, ditto, s. 102. For the fertility of the wild sow, see Bechstein's 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' B. i., 1801, s. 534; for the domestic pig, Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 62. With respect to Lapland, see Acerbi's 'Travels to the North Cape,' Eng. translat., vol. ii. p. 222. About the Highland cows, see Hogg on Sheep, p. 263. [244] For the eggs of Gallus bankiva, see Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 2nd series, vol. i., 1848, p. 456. For wild and tame ducks, Macgillivray, 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 37; and 'Die Enten,' s. 87. For wild geese, L. Lloyd, 'Scandinavian Adventures,' vol. ii. 1854, p. 413; and for tame geese, 'Ornamental Poultry,' by Rev. E.S. Dixon, p. 139. On the breeding of pigeons, Pistor, 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1831, s. 46; and Boitard and CorbiÉ, 'Les Pigeons,' p. 158. With respect to peacocks, according to Temminck ('Hist. Nat. GÉn. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. ii. p. 41), the hen lays in India even as many as twenty eggs; but according to Jerdon and another writer (quoted in Tegetmeier's 'Poultry Book,' 1866, pp. 280, 282), she there lays only from four to nine or ten eggs: in England she is said, in the 'Poultry Book,' to lay five or six, but another writer says from eight to twelve eggs. [245] 'The Art of Improving the Breed, &c.,' 1809, p. 16. [246] For Andrew Knight, see A. Walker, on 'Intermarriage,' 1838, p. 227. Sir J. Sebright's Treatise has just been quoted. [247] 'Cattle,' p. 199. [248] Nathusius, 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 71: see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 270. Many analogous cases are given in a pamphlet recently published by Mr. C. Macknight and Dr. H. Madden, 'On the True Principles of Breeding;' Melbourne, Australia, 1865. [249] Mr. Willoughby Wood, in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1855, p. 411; and 1860, p. 270. See the very clear tables and pedigrees given in Nathusius' 'Rindvieh,' s. 72-77. [250] Mr. Wright, 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1846, p. 204. [251] Youatt on Cattle, p. 202. [252] Report British Assoc., Zoolog. Sect., 1838. [253] Azara, 'QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. pp. 354, 368. [254] For the case of the Messrs. Brown, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 26. For the Foscote flock, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 416. For the Naz flock, 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1860, p. 477. [255] Nathusius, 'Rindvieh,' s. 65; Youatt on Sheep, p. 495. [256] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 631. [257] Lord Somerville, 'Facts on Sheep and Husbandry,' p. 6. Mr. Spooner, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' vol. xx., part ii. See also an excellent paper on the same subject in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 321, by Mr. Charles Howard. [258] 'Some Account of English Deer Parks,' by Evelyn P. Shirley, 1867. [259] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' &c., p. 13. With respect to Scotch deer-hounds, see Scrope's 'Art of Deer Stalking,' pp. 350-353. [260] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1861, p. 327. [261] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, 1860, p. 30; p. 33, quotation from Mr. Druce; p. 29, on Lord Western's case. [262] 'Journal, Royal Agricult. Soc. of England,' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205. [263] 'Ueber Rindvieh,' &c., s. 78. [264] Sidney on the Pig, p. 36. See also note, p. 34. Also Richardson on the Pig, 1847, p. 26. [265] Dr. Dally has published an excellent article (translated in the 'Anthropolog. Review,' May, 1864, p. 65), criticising all writers who have maintained that evil follows from consanguineous marriages. No doubt on this side of the question many advocates have injured their cause by inaccuracies: thus it has been stated (Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages,' &c., 1862, p. 141) that the marriages of cousins have been prohibited by the legislature of Ohio; but I have been assured, in answer to inquiries made in the United States, that this statement is a mere fable. [266] See his most interesting work on the 'Early History of Man,' 1865, chap. x. [267] On Consanguinity in Marriage, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1865, p. 710; Hofacker, 'Ueber die Eigenschaften,' &c. [268] Sir G. Grey's 'Journal of Expeditions into Australia,' vol. ii. p. 243; and Dobrizhoffer, 'On the Abipones of South America.' [269] 'The Art of Improving the Breed,' p. 13. [270] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 245. [271] 'Journal Royal Agricult. Soc.' 1846, vol. vii. p. 205; see also Ferguson on the Fowl, pp. 83, 317; see also 'The Poultry Book,' by Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 135, with respect to the extent to which cock-fighters found that they could venture to breed in-and-in, viz., occasionally a hen with her own son; "but they were cautious not to repeat the in-and-in breeding." [272] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79. [273] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' 1854, vol. i. p. 43. [274] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 79. [275] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i. p. 89. [276] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 210. [277] Ibid, 1866, p. 167; and 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. iii., 1855, p. 15. [278] 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' by J. M. Eaton, p. 56. [279] 'The Pigeon Book,' p. 46. [280] 'Das Ganze der Taubenzucht,' 1837, s. 18. [281] 'Les Pigeons,' 1824, p. 35. [282] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Aug. 6th, 1860, p. 126. [283] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, pp. 39, 77, 158; and 1864, p. 206. [284] 'BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 366. [285] 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' p. 371. [286] 'De la FÉcondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 79. [287] 'MÉmoire sur les CucurbitacÉes,' pp. 36, 28, 30. [288] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. viii., 1832, p. 52. [289] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 25. [290] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. vi. p. 189. [291] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1799, p. 200. [292] 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' 1828, s. 32, 33. For Mr. Chaundy's case, see Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. vii., 1831, p. 696. [293] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1846, p. 601. [294] 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1799, p. 201. [295] Quoted in 'Bull. Bot. Soc. France,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 327. [296] GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 259, 518, 526 et seq. [297] 'Fortsetzung,' 1763, s. 29; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 44, 96; 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1782, part ii., p. 251; 'Nova Acta,' 1793, pp. 391, 394; 'Nova Acta,' 1795, pp. 316, 323. [298] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 31, 41, 42. [299] Max Wichura fully accepts this view ('Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 43), as does the Rev. M.J. Berkeley, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' Jan. 1866, p. 70. [300] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 394, 526, 528. [301] KÖlreuter,' Nova Acta,' 1795, p. 316. [302] GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 430. [303] 'Botanische Zeitung,' Jan. 1864, s. 3. [304] 'Monatsbericht Akad. Wissen,' Berlin, 1866, s. 372. [305] International Hort. Congress, London, 1866. [306] 'Proc. Bot. Soc. of Edinburgh,' May, 1863: these observations are given in abstract, and others are added, in the 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii. Bot., 1864, p. 162. [307] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la FÉcondation,' 2nd edit., 1862, p. 76. [308] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64, 357. [309] Idem, s. 357. [310] 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10; 'Dritte Fort.,' s. 40. [311] Duvernoy, quoted by GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 334. [312] 'Gardner's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 183. [313] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vii., 1830, p. 95. [314] Prof. Lecoq, 'De la FÉcondation,' 1845, p. 70; GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 64. [315] 'Gardener's Chron.' 1866, p. 1068. [316] 'Journal of Proc. of Linn. Soc.,' vol. viii., 1864, p. 168. [317] 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' 1837, p. 371; 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii., 1847, p. 19. [318] Loudon's 'Gardener's Magazine,' vol. xi., 1835, p. 260. [319] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 470. [320] 'Journal Hort. Soc., vol. v. p. 135. The seedlings thus raised were given to the Hort. Soc.; but I find, on inquiry, that they unfortunately died the following winter. [321] Mr. D. Beaton, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, p. 453. Lecoq, however ('De la FÉcond.,' 1862, p. 369), states that this hybrid is descended from G. psittacinus and cardinalis; but this is opposed to Herbert's experience, who found that the former species could not be crossed. [322] This is the conclusion of Prof. Devay, 'Du Danger des Mariages Consang.,' 1862, p. 97. Virchow quotes, in the 'Deutsche JahrbÜcher,' 1863, s. 354, some curious evidence on half the cases of a peculiar form of blindness occurring in the offspring from near relations. [323] For England, see below. For Germany, see Metzger, 'Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 63. For France, Loiseleur-Deslongchamps ('Consid. sur les CÉreales,' 1843, p. 200) gives numerous references on this subject. For Southern France, see Godron, 'Florula Juvenalis,' 1854, p. 28. [324] 'A general Treatise of Husbandry,' vol. iii. p. 58. [325] 'Gardener's Chronicle and Agricult. Gazette,' 1858, p. 247; and for the second statement, idem, 1850, p. 702. On this same subject, see also Rev. D. Walker's 'Prize Essay of Highland Agricult. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 200. Also Marshall's 'Minutes of Agriculture,' November, 1775. [326] Oberlin's 'Memoirs,' Eng. translat., p. 73. For Lancashire, see Marshall's 'Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 295. [327] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, p. 186. For Mr. Robson's subsequent statements, see 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 18, 1866, p. 121. For Mr. Abbey's remarks on grafting, &c., idem, July 18, 1865, p. 44. [328] 'MÉm. de l'Acad. des Sciences,' 1790, p. 209. [329] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 52. [330] Mr. Spencer has fully and ably discussed this whole subject in his 'Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. ii. ch. x. In the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' 1859, p. 267, I spoke of the good effects from slight changes in the conditions of life and from cross-breeding, and of the evil effects from great changes in the conditions and from crossing widely distinct forms, as a series of facts "connected together by some common but unknown bond, which is essentially related to the principle of life." [331] 'Essais de Zoologie GÉnÉrale,' 1841, p. 256. [332] Du Rut, 'Annales du MusÉum,' 1807, tom. ix. p. 120. [333] 'SÄugethiere von Paraguay,' 1830, s. 49, 106, 118, 124, 201, 208, 249, 265, 327. [334] 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. i. pp. 99, 193; vol. ii. p. 113. [335] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 534. [336] 'Journal,' vol. i. p. 213. [337] 'SÄugethiere,' s. 327. [338] On the Breeding of the larger FelidÆ, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1861, p. 140. [339] Sleeman's 'Rambles in India,' vol. ii. p. 10. [340] Wiegmann's 'Archif fÜr Naturgesch.,' 1837, s. 162. [341] Rengger, 'SÄugethiere,' &c., s. 276. On the parentage of the guinea-pig, see also Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.' [342] Although the existence of the Leporides, as described by Dr. Broca ('Journal de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 370), is now positively denied, yet Dr. Pigeaux ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1867, p. 75) affirms that the hare and rabbit have produced hybrids. [343] 'Quadrupeds of North America,' by Audubon and Bachman, 1846, p. 268. [344] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 571; Audubon and Bachman's 'Quadrupeds of North America,' p. 221. [345] Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' &c., 1845, p. 88. [346] See 'Annual Reports Zoolog. Soc.,' 1855, 1858, 1863, 1864; 'Times' newspaper, Aug. 10th, 1847; Flourens, 'De l'Instinct,' p. 85. [347] 'SÄugethiere,' &c., s. 34, 49. [348] Art. Brazil, 'Penny Cyclop.,' p. 363. [349] 'The Naturalist on the River Amazon,' vol. i. p. 99. [350] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 691. [351] According to Sir A. Burnes ('Cabool,' &c., p. 51), eight species are used for hawking in Scinde. [352] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vi., 1833, p. 110. [353] F. Cuvier, 'Annal. du MusÉum,' tom. ix. p. 128. [354] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2648. [355] Knox, 'Ornithological Rambles in Sussex,' p. 91. [356] 'The Zoologist,' vol. vii.-viii., 1849-50, p. 2566; vol. ix.-x., 1851-2, p. 3207. [357] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. der StubenvÖgel,' 1840, s. 20. [358] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. v. p. 517. [359] A case is recorded in 'The Zoologist,' vol. i.-ii., 1843-45, p. 453. For the siskin breeding, vol. iii.-iv., 1845-46, p. 1075. Bechstein, 'StubenvÖgel,' s. 139, speaks of bullfinches making nests, but rarely producing young. [360] Yarrell's 'Hist. British Birds,' 1839, vol. i. p. 412. [361] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. History,' vol. ix., 1836, p. 347. [362] 'MÉmoires du MusÉum d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. x. p. 314: five cases of parrots breeding in France are here recorded. See, also, 'Report Brit. Assoc. Zoolog.,' 1843. [363] 'StubenvÖgel,' s. 105, 83. [364] Dr. Hancock remarks ('Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. ii., 1838, p. 492), "it is singular that, amongst the numerous useful birds that are indigenous to Guiana, none are found to propagate among the Indians; yet the common fowl is reared in abundance throughout the country." [365] 'A Week at Port Royal,' 1855, p. 7. [366] Audubon, 'American Ornithology,' vol. v. pp. 552, 557. [367] Moubray on Poultry, 7th edit., p. 133. [368] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn. des Pigeons,' &c., 1813, tom. iii. pp. 288, 382; 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xii., 1843, p. 453. Other species of partridge have occasionally bred; as the red-legged (P. rubra), when kept in a large court in France (see 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxv. p. 294), and in the Zoological Gardens in 1856. [369] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'The Dovecote,' 1851, pp. 243-252. [370] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn. des Pigeons,' &c., tom. ii. pp. 456, 458; tom. iii. pp. 2, 13, 47. [371] Bates, 'The Naturalist on the Amazons,' vol. i. p. 193; vol. ii. p. 112. [372] Temminck, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' &c., tom. iii. p. 125. For Tetrao urogallus, see L. Lloyd, 'Field Sports of North of Europe,' vol. i. pp. 287, 314; and 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 600. For T. Scoticus, Thompson, 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' vol. ii., 1850, p. 49. For T. cupido, 'Boston Journal of Nat. Hist.,' vol. iii. p. 199. [373] Marcel de Serres, 'Annales des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. xiii. p. 175. [374] Dr. Hancock, in 'Charlesworth's Mag. of Nat. Hist.' vol. ii., 1838, p. 491; R. Hill, 'A Week at Port Royal,' p. 8; 'Guide to the Zoological Gardens,' by P.L. Sclater, 1859, pp. 11, 12; 'The Knowsley Menagerie,' by Dr. Gray, 1846, pl. xiv.; E. Blyth, 'Report Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' May, 1855. [375] Prof. Newton, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1860, p. 336. [376] 'The Dovecote and Aviary,' p. 428. [377] 'Ornithological Biography,' vol. iii. p. 9. [378] 'Geograph. Journal,' vol. xiii., 1844, p. 32. [379] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 153. [380] 'Zoologist,' vols. v.-vi., 1847-48, p. 1660. [381] 'Transact. Entomolog. Soc.,' vol. iv., 1845, p. 60. [382] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. vii. p. 40. [383] See an interesting paper by Mr. Newman, in the 'Zoologist,' 1857, p. 5764; and Dr. Wallace, in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' June 4th, 1860, p. 119. [384] Yarrell's 'British Birds,' vol. i. p. 506; Bechstein, 'StubenvÖgel,' s. 185; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1772, p. 271. Bronn ('Geschichte der Natur,' Band ii. s. 96) has collected a number of cases. For the case of the deer, see 'Penny Cyclop.,' vol. viii. p. 350. [385] 'Journal de Physiologie,' tom. ii. p. 347. [386] For additional evidence on this subject, see F. Cuvier, in 'Annales du MusÉum,' tom. xii. p. 119. [387] Numerous instances could be given. Thus Livingstone ('Travels,' p. 217) states that the King of the Barotse, an inland tribe which never had any communication with white men, was extremely fond of taming animals, and every young antelope was brought to him. Mr. Galton informs me that the Damaras are likewise fond of keeping pets. The Indians of South America follow the same habit. Capt. Wilkes states that the Polynesians of the Samoan Islands tamed pigeons; and the New Zealanders, as Mr. Mantell informs me, kept various kinds of birds. [388] For analogous cases with the fowl, see RÉaumur, 'Art de faire Eclorre,' &c., 1749, p. 243; and Col. Sykes, in 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1832, &c. With respect to the fowl not breeding in northern regions, see Latham's 'Hist. of Birds,' vol. viii., 1823, p. 169. [389] 'MÉm. par divers Savans, Acad. des Sciences,' tom. vi., 1835, p. 347. [390] Youatt on Sheep, p. 181. [391] J. Mills, 'Treatise on Cattle,' 1776, p. 72. [392] Bechstein, 'StubenvÖgel,' s. 242. [393] Crawfurd's 'Descriptive Dict. of the Indian Islands,' 1856, p. 145. [394] 'Bull. de la Soc. Acclimat., tom. ix., 1862, pp. 380, 384. [395] For pigeons, see Dr. Chapuis, 'Le Pigeon Voyageur Belge,' 1865, p. 66. [396] 'Swedish Acts,' vol. i., 1739, p. 3. Pallas makes the same remark in his Travels (Eng. translat.), vol. i. p. 292. [397] A. Kerner, 'Die Cultur der Alpenflanzen,' 1864, s. 139; Watson's 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i. p. 131; Mr. D. Cameron, also, has written on the culture of Alpine plants in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, pp. 253, 268, and mentions a few which seed. [398] 'BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss der Befruchtung,' 1844, s. 333. [399] 'Nova Acta Petrop.,' 1793, p. 391. [400] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1856, pp. 44, 109. [401] Dr. Herbert, 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' p. 176. [402] GÄrtner, 'BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 560, 564. [403] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1844, p. 215; 1850, p. 470. [404] 'BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 252, 333. [405] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. 1847, p. 83. [406] 'BeitrÄge zur Kenntniss,' &c., s. 117 et seq.; KÖlreuter, 'Zweite Fortsetzung,' s. 10, 121; 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 57. Herbert, 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' p. 355. Wiegmann, 'Ueber die Bastarderzeugung,' s. 27. [407] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 356. [408] 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 84; 'TraitÉ du Citrus,' 1811, p. 67. [409] Mr. C. W. Crocker, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1092. [410] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 80. [411] Verlot, idem, p. 88. [412] Prof. Allman, Brit. Assoc., quoted in the 'Phytologist,' vol. ii. p. 483. Prof. Harvey, on the authority of Mr. Andrews, who discovered the plant, informed me that this monstrosity could be propagated by seed. With respect to the poppy, see Prof. Goeppert, as quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 1st, 1863, p. 171. [413] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 19th, 1864, p. 1039. [414] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 681. [415] 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333. [416] Mr. Fairweather, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iii. p. 406; Bosse, quoted by Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 77. On the effects of the removal of the anthers, see Mr. Leitner, in Silliman's 'North American Journ. of Science,' vol. xxiii. p. 47; and Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 84. [417] Lindley's 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 333. [418] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1865, p. 626; 1866, pp. 290, 730; and Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' p. 75. [419] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 628. In this article I suggested the following theory on the doubleness of flowers. [420] Quoted by GÄrtner, 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 567. [421] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 901. [422] Lindley, 'Theory of Horticulture,' p. 175-179; Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. i. p. 106: Pickering, 'Races of Man;' Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 101-110. Meyen ('Reise um Erde,' Th. ii. s. 214) states that at Manilla one variety of the banana is full of seeds; and Chamisso (Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 310) describes a variety of the bread-fruit in the Mariana Islands with small fruit, containing seeds which are frequently perfect. Burnes, in his 'Travels in Bokhara,' remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan, as a remarkable peculiarity. [423] Ingledew, in 'Transact. of Agricult. and Hort. Soc. of India,' vol. ii. [424] 'De la FÉcondation,' 1862, p. 308. [425] Hooker's 'Bot. Misc.,' vol. i. p. 99; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' p. 110. [426] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xvii. p. 563. [427] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 106; Herbert on Crocus, in 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i., 1846, p. 254.—Dr. Wight, from what he has seen in India, believes in this view; 'Madras Journal of Lit. and Science,' vol. iv., 1836, p. 61. [428] Wahlenberg specifies eight species in this state on the Lapland Alps: see Appendix to LinnÆus' 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J.E. Smith, vol. ii. pp. 274-280. [429] 'Travels in North America,' Eng. translat., vol. iii. p. 175. [430] With respect to the ivy and Acorus, see Dr. Bromfield in the 'Phytologist,' vol. iii. p. 376. See also Lindley and Vaucher on the Acorus. [431] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Zool., tom. iv. p. 280. Prof. Decaisne refers also to analogous cases with mosses and lichens near Paris. [432] Mr. Tuckerman, in Silliman's 'American Journal of Science,' vol. xlv. p. 41. [433] Sir J. E. Smith, 'English Flora,' vol. i. p. 339. [434] G. Planchon, 'Flora de Montpellier,' 1864, p. 20. [435] On the non-production of seeds in England see Mr. Crocker, in 'Gardener's Weekly Magazine,' 1852, p. 70; Vaucher, 'Hist. Phys. Plantes d'Europe,' tom. i. p. 33; Lecoq, 'GÉograph. Bot. de l'Europe,' tom. iv. p. 466; Dr. D. Clos, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xvii., 1852, p. 129: this latter author refers to other analogous cases. On the non-production of pollen by this Ranunculus see Chatin, in 'Comptes Rendus,' June 11th, 1866. [436] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 565. KÖlreuter ('Dritte Fortsetzung,' s. 73, 87, 119) also shows that when two species, one single and the other double, are crossed, the hybrids are apt to be extremely double. [437] 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 73. [438] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 573. [439] Ibid., s. 527. [440] 'Transactions Phil. Soc.,' 1799, p. 202. For KÖlreuter, see 'MÉm. de l'Acad. de St. PÉtersbourg,' tom. iii., 1809 (published 1811), p. 197. In reading C.K. Sprengel's remarkable work, 'Das entdeckte Geheimniss,' &c., 1793, it is curious to observe how often this wonderfully acute observer failed to understand the full meaning of the structure of the flowers which he has so well described, from not always having before his mind the key to the problem, namely, the good derived from the crossing of distinct individual plants. [441] This abstract was published in the fourth edition (1866) of my 'Origin of Species;' but as this edition will be in the hands of but few persons, and as my original observations on this point have not as yet been published in detail, I have ventured here to reprint the abstract. [442] The term unconscious selection has been objected to as a contradiction: but see some excellent observations on this head by Prof. Huxley ('Nat. Hist. Review,' Oct. 1864, p. 578), who remarks that when the wind heaps up sand-dunes it sifts and unconsciously selects from the gravel on the beach grains of sand of equal size. [443] Sheep, 1838, p. 60. [444] Mr. J. Wright on Shorthorn Cattle, in 'Journal of Royal Agricult. Soc.,' vol. vii. pp. 208, 209. [445] H. D. Richardson on Pigs, 1817, p. 44. [446] 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 24. [447] Sheep, pp. 520, 319. [448] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. viii., 1835, p. 618. [449] 'A Treatise on the Art of Breeding the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 9. [450] 'Recreations in Agriculture,' vol. ii. p. 409. [451] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 191, 227. [452] Ferguson, 'Prize Poultry,' 1854, p. 208. [453] Wilson, in 'Transact. Highland Agricult. Soc.,' quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 29. [454] Simmonds, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 637. And for the second quotation, see Youatt on Sheep, p. 171. [455] Robinet, 'Vers À Soie,' 1848, p. 271. [456] Quatrefages, 'Les Maladies du Ver À Soie,' 1859, p. 101. [457] M. Simon, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. ix., 1862, p. 221. [458] 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. i., 1854, p. 607. [459] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' 1852, p. xiv., and 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 11. [460] 'Journal Royal Agricultural Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 22. [461] 'Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1855, p. 596. [462] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' tom. iii. p. 254. [463] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198. [464] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 152. [465] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 369. [466] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 381. [467] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 285. [468] Rev. W. Bromehead, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 550. [469] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 721. [470] Dr. Anderson, in 'The Bee,' vol. vi. p. 96; Mr. Barnes, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1844, p. 476. [471] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 69; 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 258. [472] On Sheep, p. 18. [473] Volz, 'BeitrÄge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 47. [474] Mitford's 'History of Greece,' vol. i. p. 73. [475] Dr. Dally, translated in 'Anthropological Review,' May 1864, p. 101. [476] Volz, 'BeitrÄge,' &c., 1852, s. 80. [477] 'History of the World,' ch. 45. [478] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1848, p. 323. [479] Reynier, 'De l'Economie des Celtes,' 1818, pp. 487, 503. [480] Le Couteur on Wheat, p. 15. [481] Michel, 'Des Haras,' 1861, p. 84. [482] Sir W. Wilde, an 'Essay on Unmanufactured Animal Remains,' &c., 1860, p. 11. [483] Col. Hamilton Smith, 'Nat. Library,' vol. xii., Horses, pp. 135, 140. [484] Michel, 'Des Haras,' p. 90. [485] Mr. Baker, 'History of the Horse,' Veterinary, vol. xiii. p. 423. [486] M. l'AbbÉ Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' vol. xxiv., 1784, p. 181: this memoir contains much information on the ancient selection of sheep; and is my authority for rams not being killed young in England. [487] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 389. [488] Communications to Board of Agriculture, quoted in Dr. Darwin's 'Phytologia,' 1800, p. 451. [489] 'MÉmoire sur les Chinois,' 1786, tom. xi. p. 55; tom. v. p. 507. [490] 'Recherches sur l'Agriculture des Chinois,' par L. D'Hervey-Saint-Denys, 1850, p. 229. With respect to Khang-hi, see Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' p. 311. [491] Anderson, in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xii. p. 253. [492] 'MÉm. de l'Acad.' (divers savans), tom. vi., 1835, p. 333. [493] 'Des QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 333, 371. [494] 'The Great Sahara,' by the Rev. H. B. Tristram, 1860, p. 238. [495] Pallas, 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1777, p. 249; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 'Travels in the Himalayan Provinces,' 1841. [496] Quoted from Raffles, in the 'Indian Field,' 1859, p. 196; for Varro, see Pallas, ut supra. [497] Erman's 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 453. [498] See also 'Journal of R. Geograph. Soc.,' vol. xiii. part i. p. 65. [499] Livingstone's 'First Travels,' pp. 191, 439, 565; see also 'Expedition to the Zambesi,' 1865, p. 465, for an analogous case respecting a good breed of goats. [500] Andersson's 'Travels in South Africa,' pp. 232, 318, 319. [501] Dr. Vavasseur, in 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 136. [502] 'The Natural History of Dee Side,' 1855, p. 476. [503] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii., 1860, p. 457. [504] 'Cattle,' p. 48. [505] Livingstone's Travels, p. 576; Andersson, 'Lake Ngami,' 1856, p. 222. With respect to the sale in Kaffraria, see 'Quarterly Review,' 1860, p. 139. [506] 'MÉmoire sur les Chinois' (by the Jesuits), 1786, tom. xi. p. 57. [507] F. Michel, 'Des Haras,' pp. 47, 50. [508] Col. Hamilton Smith, Dogs, in 'Nat. Lib.,' vol. x. p. 103. [509] Azara, 'QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 324. [510] Sidney's edit. of Youatt, 1860, pp. 24, 25. [511] 'Rural Economy of Yorkshire,' vol. ii. p. 182. [512] Moll et Gayot, 'Du Boeuf,' 1860, p. 547. [513] 'The India Sporting Review,' vol. ii. p. 181; 'The Stud Farm,' by Cecil, p. 58. [514] 'The Horse,' p. 22. [515] 'History of England,' vol. i. p. 316. [516] 'Uber BestÄndigkeit der Arten.' [517] Youatt on Sheep, p. 315. [518] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51. [519] Low, 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 363. [520] 'Quarterly Review,' 1849, p. 392. [521] H. von Nathusius, 'Vorstudien ... SchweineschÆdel,' 1864, s. 140. [522] See also Dr. Christ, in 'RÜtimeyer's Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 226. [523] The passage is given 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' 1858, p. 11. [524] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 394. [525] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 85. [526] See Mr. Wildman's address to the Floricult. Soc., in 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 86. [527] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Oct. 24th, 1865, p. 239. [528] Prescott's 'Hist. of Mexico,' vol. ii. p. 61. [529] Sageret, 'Pomologie Physiologique,' 1830, p. 47; Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione,' 1816, p. 88; Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' 1859, tom. ii. pp. 63, 67, 70. In my tenth and eleventh chapters I have given details on the potato; and I can confirm similar remarks with respect to the onion. I have also shown how far Naudin concurs in regard to the varieties of the melon. [530] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 27. [531] 'The Anthropological Treatises of Blumenbach,' 1865, p. 292. [532] Mr. J. J. Murphy in his opening address to the Belfast Nat. Hist. Soc., as given in the Belfast Northern Whig, Nov. 19, 1866. Mr. Murphy here follows the line of argument against my views previously and more cautiously given by the Rev. C. Pritchard, Pres. Royal Astronomical Soc., in his sermon (Appendix, p. 33) preached before the British Association at Nottingham, 1866. [533] On the Vision of Fishes and Amphibia, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xviii., 1866, p. 469. [534] Fourth edition, 1866, p. 215. [535] Quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 325. See also Youatt on Cattle, pp. 62, 69. [536] MM. Lherbette and De Quatrefages, in 'Bull. Soc. Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 311. [537] 'The Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 123. [538] Youatt on Sheep, p. 312. [539] 'Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' 1851, p. 33. [540] Dr. Heusinger, 'Wochenschrift fÜr die Heilkunde,' Berlin, 1846, s. 279. [541] Youatt on the Dog, p. 232. [542] 'The Fruit-trees of America,' 1845, p. 270: for peaches, p. 466. [543] 'Proc. Royal Soc. of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius,' 1852, p. cxxxv. [544] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1856, p. 379. [545] Quatrefages, 'Maladies Actuelles du Ver À Soie,' 1859, pp. 12, 214. [546] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1851, p. 595. [547] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 476. [548] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1852, pp. 435, 691. [549] Bechstein, 'Naturgesch. Deutschlands,' 1801, B. i. s. 310. [550] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 224. [551] G. Lewis's 'Journal of Residence in West Indies,' 'Home and Col. Library,' p. 100. [552] Sidney's edit. of Youatt on the Pig, p.24. [553] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, pp. 476, 498; 1865, p. 460. With respect to the heartsease, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1863, p. 628. [554] 'Des Jacinthes, de leur Culture,' 1768, p. 53: on wheat, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1846, p. 653. [555] W. B. Tegetmeier, 'The Field,' Feb. 25, 1865. With respect to black fowls, see a quotation in Thompson's 'Nat. Hist. of Ireland,' 1849, vol. i. p. 22. [556] 'Bull. de la Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. vii. 1860, p. 359. [557] 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. 2nd series, 1835, p. 275. For raspberries, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1855, p. 154, and 1863, p. 245. [558] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1843, p. 806. [559] Ibid., 1850, p. 732. [560] Ibid., 1860, p. 956. [561] J. De Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 120. [562] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' pp. 266, 501: in regard to the cherry, p. 198. [563] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 755. [564] 'Journal of Horticulture,' Sept. 26th, 1865, p. 254; see other references given in chap. x. [565] Mr. Selby, in 'Mag. of Zoology and Botany,' Edinburgh, vol. ii., 1838, p. 393. [566] The Reine Claude de Bavay, 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 27, 1864, p. 511. [567] Mr. Pusey, in 'Journal of R. Agricult. Soc., vol. vi. p. 179. For Swedish turnips, see 'Gard. Chron.,' 1847, p. 91. [568] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 98. [569] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 732. [570] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1862, pp. 820, 821. [571] 'On the Varieties of Wheat,' p. 59. [572] Mr. Hewitt and others, in 'Journal of Hort.,' 1862, p. 773. [573] 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 405. [574] Col. Le Couteur, 'Journal Roy. Agricult. Soc.,' vol. iv. p. 43. [575] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1845, p. 273. [576] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1862, p. 157. [577] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, p. 368. [578] 'A Review of Reports,' 1808, p. 406. [579] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 45. [580] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' tom. iii. p. 49. On the Cochineal Insect, p. 46. [581] Capt. Marryat, quoted by Blyth in 'Journ. Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xxviii. p. 229. [582] Mr. Oxley, 'Journal of the Indian Archipelago,' vol. ii., 1848, p. 645. [583] Mr. Abbey, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Dec. 1, 1863, p. 430. [584] 'On Naval Timber,' 1831, p. 107. [585] Mr. Baily, in 'The Poultry Chronicle,' vol. ii., 1854, p. 150. Also vol. i. p. 342; vol. iii. p. 245. [586] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1855, December, p. 171; 1856, January, pp. 248, 323. [587] 'Ueber Shorthorn Rindvieh,' 1857, s. 51. [588] 'The Veterinary,' vol. xiii. p. 720. For the Glamorganshire cattle, see Youatt on Cattle, p. 51. [589] J. M. Eaton, 'A Treatise on Fancy Pigeons,' p. 82; Ferguson, on 'Rare and Prize Poultry,' p. 162; Mr. Brent, in 'Cottage Gardener,' Oct. 1860. p. 13. [590] 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 48. [591] See some good remarks on this head by M. de Quatrefages, 'UnitÉ de l'EspÈce Humaine,' 1861, p. 119. [592] Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 94. [593] Mr. Patrick Sheriff, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1858, p. 771. [594] 'Pomologie Physiolog.,' 1830, p. 106. [595] Youatt on Sheep, p. 521. [596] 'A Treatise on the Almond Tumbler,' p. i. [597] M. J. de Jonghe, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1858, p. 173. [598] Max. MÜller, 'Science of Language,' 1861, p. 223. [599] Youatt on Cattle, pp. 116, 128. [600] 'Domesticated Animals,' p. 188. [601] Volz, 'BeitrÄge zur Kulturgeschichte,' 1852, s. 99 et passim. [602] Blaine, 'Encyclop. of Rural Sports,' p. 213. [603] 'Des Jacinthes,' &c., Amsterdam, 1768, p. 43; Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' &c., p. 86. On the reindeer, see LinnÆus, 'Tour in Lapland,' translated by Sir J.E. Smith, vol. i. p. 314. The statement in regard to German shepherds is given on the authority of Dr. Weinland. [604] MÜller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translation, vol. ii. p. 1662. With respect to the similarity of twins in constitution, Dr. William Ogle has given me the following extract from Professor Trousseau's Lectures ('Clinique MÉdicale,' tom. i. p. 523), in which a curious case is recorded:—"J'ai donnÉ mes soins À deux frÈres jumeaux, tous deux si extraordinairement ressemblants qu'il m'Était impossible de les reconnaÎtre, À moins de les voir l'un À cÔtÉ de l'autre. Cette ressemblance physique s'Étendait plus loin: ils avaient, permettez-moi l'expression, une similitude pathologique plus remarquable encore. Ainsi l'un d'eux que je voyais aux nÉothermes À Paris malade d'une ophthalmie rhumatismale me disait, 'En ce moment mon frÈre doit avoir une ophthalmie comme la mienne;' et comme je m'Étais rÉcriÉ, il me montrait quelques jours aprÈs une lettre qu'il venait de recevoir de ce frÈre alors À Vienne, et qui lui Écrivait en effet—'J'ai mon ophthalmie, tu dois avoir la tienne.' Quelque singulier que ceci puisse paraÎtre, le fait non est pas moins exact: on ne me l'a pas racontÉ, je l'ai vu, et j'en ai vu d'autres analogues dans ma pratique. Ces deux jumeaux Étaient aussi tous deux asthmatiques, et asthmatiques À un effroyable degrÉ. Originaires de Marseille, ils n'ont jamais pu demeurer dans cette ville, oÙ leurs intÉrÊts les appelaient souvent, sans Être pris de leurs accÈs; jamais ils n'en Éprouvaient À Paris. Bien mieux, il leur suffisait de gagner Toulon pour Être guÉris de leurs attaques de Marseilles. Voyageant sans cesse et dans tous pays pour leurs affaires, ils avaient remarquÉ que certaines localitÉs leur Étaient funestes, que dans d'autres ils Étaient exempts de tout phÉnomÈne d'oppression." [605] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 352; Moquin Tandon, 'TÉratologie VÉgÉtale,' 1841, p. 115. [606] Metzger, 'Die Getreidearten,' 1841, s. 39. [607] On the date-palm, see Vogel, 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 1854, p. 460. On Indian varieties, Dr. F. Hamilton, 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xiv. p. 296. On the varieties cultivated in Tahiti, see Dr. Bennett, in Loudon's 'Mag. of N. Hist.,' vol. v., 1832, p. 484. Also Ellis, 'Polynesian Researches,' vol. i. pp. 375, 370. On twenty varieties of the Pandanus and other trees in the Marianne Island, see 'Hooker's Miscellany,' vol. i. p. 308. On the bamboo in China, see Huc's 'Chinese Empire,' vol. ii. p. 307. [608] 'Treatise on the Culture of the Apple,' &c., p. 3. [609] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' p. 125. [610] See Dr. Hooker's Memoir on Arctic Plants in 'Linn. Transact.,' vol. xxiii, part ii. Mr. Woodward, and a higher authority cannot be quoted, speaks of the Arctic mollusca (in his 'Rudimentary Treatise,' 1856, p. 355) as remarkably subject to variation. [611] Bechstein, in his 'Naturgeschichte der StubenvÖgel,' 1840, s. 238, has some good remarks on this subject. He states that his canary-birds varied in colour, though kept on uniform food. [612] 'The Plant,' by Schleiden, translated by Henfrey, 1848, p. 169. See also Alex. Braun, in 'Bot. Memoirs,' Ray. Soc., 1853, p. 313. [613] Messrs. Hardy and Son, of Maldon, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 458. [614] 'QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' 1801, tom. ii. p. 319. [615] McClelland on Indian CyprinidÆ, 'Asiatic Researches,' vol. xix. part ii., 1839, pp. 266, 268, 313. [616] Quoted by Sageret, 'Pom. Phys.,' 1830, p. 43. [617] 'The Fruits of America,' 1845, p. 5. [618] M. Cardan, in 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1848, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 101. [619] M. Alexis Jordan mentions four excellent pears found in woods in France, and alludes to others ('MÉm. Acad. de Lyon,' tom. ii. 1852, p. 159). Poiteau's remark is quoted in 'Gardener's Mag.,' vol. iv., 1828, p. 385. See 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 335, for another case of a new variety of the pear found in a hedge in France. Also for another case, see Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 901. Mr. Rivers has given me similar information. [620] Duval, 'Hist. du Poirier,' 1849, p. 2. [621] I infer that this is the fact from Van Mons' statement ('Arbres Fruitiers,' 1835, tom. i. p. 446) that he finds in the woods seedlings resembling all the chief cultivated races of both the pear and apple. Van Mons, however, looked at these wild varieties as aboriginal species. [622] Downing, 'Fruit-trees of North America,' p. 422; Foley, in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. vi. p. 412. [623] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1847, p. 244. [624] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 383; 1850, p. 700; 1854, p. 650. [625] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 66, 116, 117. [626] Sabine, in 'Hort. Transact.,' vol. iii. p. 225; Bronn, 'Geschichte der Natur,' b. ii. s. 119. [627] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 112; on Zinnia, 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1860, p. 852. [628] 'The Chrysanthemum, its History, &c.,' 1865, p. 3. [629] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1855, p. 54; 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 9, 1865, p. 363. [630] Quoted by Verlot, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' &c., 1865, p. 28. [631] 'Examination of the Characteristics of Genera and Species:' Charleston, 1855, p. 14. [632] Mr Hewitt, 'Journal of Hort.,' 1863, p. 39. [633] Devay, 'Mariages Consanguins,' pp. 97, 125. In conversation I have found two or three naturalists of the same opinion. [634] MÜller has conclusively argued against this belief, 'Elements of Phys.,' Eng. translat., vol. ii., 1842, p. 1405. [635] 'Act. Acad. St. Petersburg,' 1780, part ii. p. 84, &c. [636] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249, 255, 295. [637] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 378; 1795, pp. 307, 313, 316; 1787, p. 407. [638] 'De la FÉcondation,' 1862, p. 311. [639] 'AmaryllidaceÆ,' 1837, p. 362. [640] Abstracted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 1081. [641] This was the opinion of the elder De Candolle, as quoted in 'Dic. Class. d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. viii. p. 405. Puvis, in his work, 'De la DÉgÉnÉration,' 1837, p. 37, has discussed this same point. [642] 'Comptes Rendus,' Novembre 21, 1864, p. 838. [643] 'Nova Acta, St. Petersburg,' 1794, p. 391. [644] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 507, 516, 572. [645] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 24. [646] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 452, 507. [647] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' s. 56. [648] 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 423. [649] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., 1766, s. 85. [650] 'Die Bastardbefruchtung,' &c., 1865, s. 92; see also the Rev. M.J. Berkeley on the same subject, in 'Journal of Royal Hort. Soc.,' 1866, p. 80. [651] Dr. P. Lucas has given a history of opinion on this subject: 'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' 1847, tom. i. p. 175. [652] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 499. [653] Idem., tom. iii. pp. 392, 502. [654] See his interesting work, 'MÉtamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129. [655] 'Dritte Fortsetzung,' &c., s. 123; 'Bastarderzeugung,' s. 249. [656] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1853, p. 183. [657] Mr. Wildman, 'Floricultural Soc.,' Feb. 7, 1843, reported in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1843, p. 86. [658] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 13th, 1866, p. 122. [659] 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 24. [660] Ibid., 1862, p. 83. [661] 'Gard. Chron.,' 1845, p. 660. [662] Ibid., 1863, p. 628. [663] 'Journal of Hort.,' 1861, pp. 64, 309. [664] 'Des VariÉtÉs,' &c., p. 76. [665] Engel, 'Sur les Prop. MÉdicales des Plantes,' 1860, pp. 10, 25. On changes in the odours of plants, see Dalibert's Experiments, quoted by Beckman, 'Inventions,' vol. ii. p. 344; and Nees, in Ferussac, 'Bull. des Sc. Nat.,' 1824, tom. i. p. 60. With respect to the rhubarb, &c., see also 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1849, p. 355; 1862, p. 1123. [666] Hooker, 'Flora Indica,' p. 32. [667] Naudin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 4th series, Bot., tom. xi., 1859, p. 81. 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1859, p. 464. [668] Moorcroft's 'Travels,' &c., vol. ii. p. 143. [669] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1861, p. 1113. [670] Royle, 'Productive Resources of India,' p. 59. [671] 'Personal Narrative,' Eng. translat., vol. v. p. 101. This statement has been confirmed by Karsten ('Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Rhynchoprion:' Moscow, 1864. s. 39), and by others. [672] 'Organic Chemistry,' Eng. translat., 1st edit., p. 369. [673] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 155. [674] Darwin, 'Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 434. [675] These statements on disease are taken from Dr. Boudin's 'GÉographie et de Statistique MÉdicales,' 1857, tom. i. p. xliv. and lii.; tom. ii. p. 315. [676] E. Desor, quoted in the 'Anthrop. Rev.,' 1863, p. 180. For much confirmatory evidence, see Quatrefages, 'UnitÉ de l'EspÈce Humaine,' 1861, p. 131. [677] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, vol. i., 1859, p. 89. [678] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 52. [679] 'Journal of Horticultural Soc.,' vol. vii., 1852, p. 117. [680] 'Journal of Hort. Soc.,' vol. i. p. 160. [681] See Lecoq on the Villosity of Plants, 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. iii. pp. 287, 291; GÄrtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 261; Mr. Musters, on the Opuntia, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1846, p. 444. [682] 'Pom. Phys.,' p. 136. [683] 'Ampelographie,' 1849, p. 19. [684] GÄrtner, 'Bastarderz.,' s. 606, has collected nearly all recorded facts. Andrew Knight (in 'Transact. Hort. Soc.,' vol. ii. p. 160) goes so far as to maintain that few varieties are absolutely permanent in character when propagated by buds or grafts. [685] Mr. Blyth, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. xx., 1847, p. 391. [686] 'Natural History Review,' 1862, p. 113. [687] 'Journal of Roy. Geographical Soc.,' vol. ix., 1839, p. 275. [688] 'Travels in Bokhara,' vol. iii. p. 151. [689] See also, on the influence of marshy pastures on the wool, Godron, 'L'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 22. [690] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' tom. iii. p. 438. [691] Azara has made some good remarks on this subject, 'QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 337. See an account of a family of naked mice produced in England, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.,' 1856, p. 38. [692] 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 15. [693] 'SchweinschÆdel,' 1864, s. 99. [694] 'Travels in Siberia,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 228. [695] A. R. Wallace, 'Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro,' p. 294. [696] 'Naturgeschichte der StubenvÖgel,' 1840, s. 262, 308. [697] 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' tom. iii. p. 402. [698] 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 351. [699] See an account of Mr. Gregson's experiments on the Abraxus grossulariata, 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc.,' Jan. 6th, 1862: these experiments have been confirmed by Mr. Greening, in 'Proc. of the Northern Entomolog. Soc.,' July 28th, 1862. For the effects of food on caterpillars, see a curious account by M. Michely, in 'Bull. de la Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii. p. 563. For analogous facts from Dahlbom on Hymenoptera, see Westwood's 'Modern Class. of Insects,' vol. ii. p. 98. See also Dr. L. MÖller, 'Die AbhÄngigkeit der Insecten,' 1867, s. 70. [700] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. 1866. The present chapters were written before I had read Mr. Herbert Spencer's work, so that I have not been able to make so much use of it as I should otherwise probably have done. [701] 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Jan. 28th, 1862. [702] See Mr. B. D. Walsh's excellent papers in 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' Dec. 1866, p. 284. With respect to the willow, see idem, 1864, p. 546. [703] See his admirable Histoire des Galles, in 'Annal. des Sc. Nat. Bot.,' 3rd series, tom. xix., 1853, p. 273. [704] Kirby and Spence's 'Entomology,' 1818, vol. i. p. 450; Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, p. 284. [705] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Philadelphia,' 1864, p. 558. [706] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, p. 633; and Dec. 1866, p. 275. [707] Mr. B. D. Walsh, idem, 1864, p. 545, 411, 495; and Dec. 1866, p. 278. See also Lucaze-Duthiers. [708] Lucaze-Duthiers, idem, pp. 325, 328. [709] 'LinnÆa,' vol. xvii., 1843; quoted by Dr. M. T. Masters, Royal Institution, March 16th, 1860. [710] Hewett C. Watson, 'Cybele Britannica,' vol. i., 1847, p. 11. [711] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1857, p. 629. [712] 'MÉmoire sur la Production Artificielle des MonstrositÉs,' 1862, pp. 8-12; 'Recherches sur les Conditions, &c., chez les Monstres,' 1863, p. 6. An abstract is given of Geoffroy's Experiments by his son, in his 'Vie, Travaux, &c.,' 1847, p. 290. [713] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 483. [714] 'Researches upon the Venom of the Rattle-snake,' Jan. 1861, by Dr. Mitchell, p. 67. [715] Mr. Sedgwick, in 'British and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1863, p. 175. [716] 'An Essay on Generation,' Eng. translat., p. 18; Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 209. [717] 'An Essay on Animal Reproduction,' Eng. translat., 1769, p. 79. [718] Carpenter's 'Principles of Comp. Physiology,' 1854, p. 479. [719] Charlesworth's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1837, p. 145. [720] Paget, 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' vol. i. p. 239. [721] Quoted by Carpenter, 'Comp. Phys.,' p. 479. [722] Paget, 'Lectures,' &c., p. 257. [723] These cases are given by Blumenbach in his 'Essay on Generation,' pp. 52, 54. [724] 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 27, 441. [725] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, p. 357. [726] Paget, idem, p. 150. [727] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii., 1866, chap. 3-5. [728] 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 71. [729] 'Comptes Rendus,' Sept. 26th, 1864, p. 539. [730] 'The Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 243. [731] Idem, vol. ii. p. 269. [732] Idem, vol. ii. p. 273. [733] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' vol. ii. p. 209. [734] MÜller's 'Phys.,' Eng. translat., pp. 54, 791. Prof. Reed has given ('Physiological and Anat. Researches,' p. 10) a curious account of the atrophy of the limbs of rabbits after the destruction of the nerve. [735] Quoted by Lecoq, in 'Geograph. Bot.,' tom. i., 1854, p. 182. [736] 'Das AbÄndern der VÖgel,' 1833, s. 74. [737] Nathusius, 'Die Racen des Schweines,' 1860, s. 53, 57; 'Vorstudien ... SchweineschÆdel,' 1864, s. 103, 130, 133. [738] 'Journal of Agriculture of Highland Soc.,' July, 1860, p. 321. [739] 'Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 263. [740] 'Natural History Review,' vol. iv., Oct. 1864, p. 617. [741] 'Lectures on Surgical Pathology,' 1853, vol. i. p. 27. [742] Andersson, 'Travels in South Africa,' p. 318. For analogous cases in South America, see Aug. St. Hilaire, 'Voyage dans le Province de Goyaz,' tom. i. p. 71. [743] Brickell's 'Nat. Hist. of North Carolina,' 1739, p. 53. [744] Livingstone, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 142. Hodgson, in 'Journal of Asiatic Soc. of Bengal,' vol. xvi., 1847, p. 1006, &c. &c. [745] 'Naturalist Library,' Dogs, vol. ii. 1840, p. 104. [746] 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 367. [747] 'Ceylon,' by Sir J. E. Tennent, 1859, vol. ii. p. 531. [748] For the foregoing statements, see Hunter's 'Essays and Observations,' 1861, vol. ii. p. 329; Dr. Edmondston, as quoted in Macgillivray's 'British Birds,' vol. v. p. 550; Menetries, as quoted in Bronn's 'Geschichte der Natur,' B. ii. s. 110. [749] These statements on the intestines are taken from Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' tom. iii. pp. 427, 441. [750] Gilbert White, 'Nat. Hist. Selbourne,' 1825, vol. ii. p. 121. [751] Burdach, 'TraitÉ de Phys.,' tom. ii. p. 267, as quoted by Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 388. [752] This and several other cases are given by Colin, 'Physiologie Comp. des Animaux Dom.,' 1854, tom. i. p. 426. [753] M. Michely de Cayenne, in 'Bull. Soc. d'Acclimat.,' tom. viii., 1861, p. 563. [754] Quatrefages, 'UnitÉ de l'EspÈce Humaine,' 1861, p. 79. [755] 'Flora,' 1835, B. ii. p. 504. [756] Alph. De Candolle, 'GÉograph. Bot.,' tom. ii. p. 1078. [757] Royle, 'Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya,' p. 19. [758] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, pp. 204, 219. [759] Rev. R. Everest, 'Journal As. Soc. of Bengal,' vol. iii. p. 19. [760] Youatt on Sheep, 1838, p. 491. [761] Royle, 'Prod. Resources of India,' p. 153. [762] Tegetmeier, 'Poultry Book,' 1866, p. 102. [763] Dr. R. Paterson, in a paper communicated to Bot. Soc. of Canada, quoted in the 'Reader,' 1863. Nov. 13th. [764] See remarks by Editor in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1848, p. 5. [765] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1860, p. 938. Remarks by Editor and quotation from Decaisne. [766] J. de Jonghe, of Brussels, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1857, p. 612. [767] Ch. Martius, 'Voyage Bot. CÔtes Sept. de la NorvÈge,' p. 26. [768] 'Journal de l'Acad. Hort. de Gand,' quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1859, p. 7. [769] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1851, p. 396. [770] Idem., 1862, p. 235. [771] On the authority of Labat, quoted in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1862, p. 235. [772] MM. Edwards and Colin, 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 2nd series, Bot., tom. v. p. 22. [773] 'GÉograph. Bot.,' p. 337. [774] 'Swedish Acts,' Eng. translat., 1739-40, vol. i. Kalm, in his 'Travels,' vol. ii. p. 166, gives an analogous case with cotton-plants raised in New Jersey from Carolina seed. [775] De Candolle, 'GÉograph. Bot.,' p. 339. [776] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1862, p. 235. [777] Gallesio, 'Teoria della Riproduzione Veg.,' 1816, p. 125; and 'TraitÉ du Citrus,' 1811, p. 359. [778] 'Essai sur l'Hist. des Orangers,' 1813, p. 20, &c. [779] Alph. De Candolle, 'GÉograph. Bot.,' p. 882. [780] 'Ch. Darwin's Lehre von der Entstehung,' &c., 1862, s. 87. [781] Decaisne, quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1865, p. 271. [782] For the magnolia, see Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xiii., 1837, p. 21. For camellias and roses, see 'Gard. Chron.,' 1860, p. 384. For the yew, 'Journal of Hort.,' March 3rd, 1863, p. 174. For sweet potatoes, see Col. von Siebold, in 'Gard. Chron.,' 1855, p. 822. [783] The Editor, 'Gard. Chron.,' 1861, p. 239. [784] Loudon's 'Gard. Mag.,' vol. xii., 1836, p. 378. [785] 'Gardeners Chron.,' 1865, p. 699. [786] 'Arboretum et Fruticetum,' vol. iii. p. 1376. [787] Mr. Robson, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, p. 23. [788] Dr. Bonavia, 'Report of the Agri.-Hort. Soc. of Oudh,' 1866. [789] 'Cottage Gardener,' 1860, April, 24th, p. 57. [790] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 291. [791] Mr. Beaton, in 'Cottage Gardener,' March 20th, 1860, p. 377. Queen Mab will also stand stove heat, see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1845, p. 226. [792] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1841, p. 439. [793] Quoted by Asa Gray, in 'Am. Journ. of Sci.,' 2nd series, Jan. 1865, p. 106. [794] For China, see 'MÉmoire sur les Chinois,' tom, xi., 1786, p. 60. Columella is quoted by Carlier, in 'Journal de Physique,' tom. xxiv. 1784. [795] Messrs. Hardy and Son, in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1856, p. 589. [796] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. Nat. des Anomalies,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 210, 223, 224, 395; 'Philosoph. Transact.,' 1775, p. 313. [797] Pallas, quoted by Youatt on Sheep, p. 25. [798] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 174. [799] 'Encyclop. MÉthod.,' 1820, p. 483: see p. 500, on the Indian zebu casting its horns. Similar cases in European cattle were given in the third chapter. [800] Pallas, 'Travels,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 243. [801] Mr. Beaton, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' May 21, 1861, p. 133. [802] Lecoq, 'De la FÉcondation,' 1862, p. 233. [803] 'Annales du MusÉum,' tom. vi. p. 319. [804] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 392. Prof. Huxley applies the same principle in accounting for the remarkable, though normal, differences in the arrangement of the nervous system in the Mollusca, in his great paper on the Morphology of the Cephalous Mollusca, in 'Phil. Transact.,' 1853, p. 56. [805] 'ElÉments de TÉratologie Veg.,' 1841, p. 113. [806] Prof. J. B. Simonds, on the Age of the Ox, Sheep, &c., quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 588. [807] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 674. [808] Quoted by Isid. Geoffroy, idem, tom. i. p. 635. [809] 'The Poultry Book,' by W. B. Tegetmeier, 1866, p. 250. [810] A. Walker on Intermarriage, 1838, p. 160. [811] 'The Farrier and Naturalist,' vol. i., 1828, p. 456. [812] Godron, 'Sur l'EspÈce,' tom. ii. p. 217. [813] 'QuadrupÈdes du Paraguay,' tom. ii. p. 333. [814] On Sheep, p. 142. [815] 'Ueber Racen, Kreuzungen, &c.,' 1825, s. 24. [816] Quoted from Conolly, in 'The Indian Field,' Feb. 1859, vol. ii. p. 266. [817] 'Domesticated Animals of the British Islands,' pp. 307, 368. [818] 'Proceedings Zoolog. Soc.,' 1833, p. 113. [819] Sedgwick, 'Brit. and Foreign Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 453. [820] 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1849, p. 205. [821] 'Embassy to the Court of Ava,' vol. i. p. 320. [822] 'Narrative of a Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855,' p. 94. [823] Those statements are taken from Mr. Sedgwick, in the 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' July 1861, p. 198; April 1863, pp. 455 and 458. Liebreich is quoted by Professor Devay, in his 'Mariages Consanguins,' 1862, p. 116. [824] Loudon's 'Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' vol. i., 1829, pp. 66, 178. See also Dr. P. Lucas, 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. i. p. 428, on the inheritance of deafness in cats. [825] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1847, tom. viii. p. 239. [826] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1864, p. 1202. [827] Verlot gives several other instances, 'Des VariÉtÉs,' 1865, p. 72. [828] 'Arbres Fruitiers,' 1836, tom. ii. pp. 204, 226. [829] 'Annales du MusÉum,' tom. xx. p. 188. [830] 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1843, p. 877. [831] Ibid., 1845, p. 102. [832] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. p. 402. See also M. Camille Dareste, 'Recherches sur les Conditions,' &c., 1863, pp. 16, 48. [833] Rev. E. S. Dixon, 'Ornamental Poultry,' 1848, p. 111; Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Anomalies,' tom. i. p. 211. [834] 'On the Breeding of Domestic Animals,' 1829, p. 6. [835] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p. 283. [836] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' 1864, vol. i. pp. 452, 468) takes a different view; and in one place remarks: "We have seen reason to think that, as fast as essential faculties multiply, and as fast as the number of organs that co-operate in any given function increases, indirect equilibration through natural selection becomes less and less capable of producing specific adaptations; and remains fully capable only of maintaining the general fitness of constitution to conditions." This view that natural selection can do little in modifying the higher animals surprises me, seeing that man's selection has undoubtedly effected much with our domesticated quadrupeds and birds. [837] Dr. Prosper Lucas apparently disbelieves in any such connexion, 'L'HÉrÉd. Nat.,' tom. ii. pp. 88-94. [838] 'British Medical Journal,' 1862, p. 433. [839] Boudin, 'Geograph. MÉdicale,' tom. i. p. 406. [840] This fact and the following cases, when not stated to the contrary, are taken from a very curious paper by Prof. Heusinger, in 'Wochenschrift fÜr Heilkunde,' May 1846, s. 277. [841] Mr. Mogford, in the 'Veterinarian,' quoted in 'The Field,' Jan. 22, 1861, p. 545. [842] 'Edinburgh Veterinary Journal,' Oct. 1860, p. 347. [843] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' 1832, tom. i. pp. 22, 537-556; tom. iii. p. 462. [844] 'Comptes Rendus,' 1855, pp. 855, 1029. [845] Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 480; see also Camille Dareste, 'Comptes Rendus,' March 20th, 1865, p. 562. [846] 'Elements of Physiology,' Eng. translat, vol. i., 1838, p. 412. With respect to Vrolik, see Todd's 'Cyclop. of Anat. and Phys.,' vol. iv., 1849-52, p. 973. [847] 'TÉratologie VÉg.,' 1841, livre iii. [848] 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. iii. pp. 4, 5, 6. [849] 'TÉratologie VÉg.,' p. 156. See also my paper on climbing plants in 'Journal of Linn. Soc. Bot.,' vol. ix., 1865, p. 114. [850] 'MÉmoires du MusÉum,' &c., tom. viii. p. 178. [851] Loudon's 'Encyclop. of Gardening,' p. 829. [852] Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' 1851, vol. i. p. 324. [853] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 1st series, tom. xix. p. 327. [854] 'Comptes Rendus,' Dec. 1864, p. 1039. [855] Ueber FÖtale Rachites, 'WÜrzburger Medicin. Zeitschrift,' 1860, B. i. s. 265. [856] 'TÉratologie VÉg.,' p. 192. Dr. M. Masters informs me that he doubts the truth of this conclusion; but the facts to be given seem to be sufficient to establish it. [857] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 2nd, 1861, p. 253. [858] It would be worth trial to fertilise with the same pollen the central and lateral flowers of the pelargonium, and of some other highly cultivated plants, protecting them of course from insects: then to sow the seed separately, and observe whether the one or the other lot of seedlings varied the most. [859] Quoted in 'Journal of Horticulture,' Feb. 24, 1863, p. 152. [860] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1866, p. 612. For the PhalÆnopsis, see idem, 1867, p. 211. [861] MÉmoires ... des VÉgÉtaux,' 1837, tom. ii. p. 170. [862] 'Journal of Horticulture,' July 23, 1861, p. 311. [863] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 137. [864] Hugo von Mohl, 'The Vegetable Cell,' Eng. tr., 1852, p. 76. [865] The Rev. H. H. Dombrain, in 'Journal of Horticulture,' 1861, June 4th, p. 174; and June 25th, p. 234; 1862, April 29th, p. 83. [866] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiii., 1861, p. 360. [867] 'Die Getreidearten,' 1843, s. 208, 209. [868] 'Gardener's Chronicle,' 1850, p. 198. [869] Quoted in 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 74. [870] 'Ueber den Begriff der Pflanzenart,' 1834, s. 14. [871] 'Domesticated Animals,' 1845, p. 351. [872] Bechstein, 'Naturgeschichte Deutschlands,' Band iv., 1795, s. 31. [873] 'Proc. Entomolog. Soc. of Philadelphia,' Oct. 1863, p. 213. [874] Quoted by Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 159. [875] Dr. Lachmann, also, observes ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. History,' 2nd series, vol. xix., 1857, p. 231) with respect to infusoria, that "fissation and gemmation pass into each other almost imperceptibly." Again, Mr. W.C. Minor ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xi. p. 328) shows that with Annelids the distinction that has been made between fission and budding is not a fundamental one. See Bonnet, 'Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., 1781, p. 339, for remarks on the budding-out of the amputated limbs of Salamanders. See, also, Professor Clark's work 'Mind in Nature,' New York, 1865, pp. 62, 94. [876] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' 1853, p. 158. [877] Idem, pp. 152, 164. [878] On the Asexual Reproduction of Cecydomyide LarvÆ, translated in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' March 1866, pp. 167, 171. [879] See some excellent remarks on this head by Quatrefages, in 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' Zoolog., 3rd series, 1850, p. 138. [880] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 2nd series, vol. xx., 1857, pp. 153-455. [881] 'Annales des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, 1850, tom. xiii. [882] 'Transact. Phil. Soc.,' 1851, pp. 196, 208, 210; 1853, p. 245, 247. [883] 'Beitrage zur Kenntniss,' &c., 1844, s. 345. [884] 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 27. [885] As quoted by Sir J. Lubbock in 'Nat. Hist. Review,' 1862, p. 345. [886] 'Transact. Linn. Soc.,' vol. xxiv., 1863, p. 62. [887] 'Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 25-26. Prof. Huxley has some excellent remarks ('Medical Times,' 1856, p. 637) on this subject, in reference to the development of star-fishes, and shows how curiously metamorphosis graduates into gemmation or zoid-formation, which is in fact the same as metagenesis. [888] Prof. J. Reay Greene, in GÜnther's 'Record of Zoolog. Lit.,' 1865, p. 625. [889] Fritz MÜller's 'FÜr Darwin,' 1864, s. 65, 71. The highest authority on crustaceans, Prof. Milne Edwards, insists ('Annal. des Sci. Nat.,' 2nd series, Zoolog., tom. iii. p. 322) on their metamorphoses differing even in closely allied genera. [890] Prof. Allman, in 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xiii., 1864, p. 348; Dr. S. Wright, idem, vol. viii., 1861, p. 127. See also p. 358 for analogous statements by Sars. [891] 'Tissus Vivants,' 1866, p. 22. [892] 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 14, 18, 83, 460. [893] Paget, 'Surgical Pathology,' vol. i., 1853, pp. 12-14. [894] Idem, p. 19. [895] Mantegazza, quoted in 'Popular Science Review,' July 1865, p. 522. [896] 'De la Production Artificielle des Os,' p. 8. [897] Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. ii. pp. 549, 560, 562; Virchow, idem, p. 484. [898] For the most recent classification of cells, see Ernst HÄckel's 'Generelle Morpholog.,' Band ii., 1866, s. 275. [899] 'The Structure and Growth of Tissues,' 1865, p. 21, &c. [900] Dr. W. Turner, 'The present Aspect of Cellular Pathology,' 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' April, 1863. [901] This term is used by Dr. E. Montgomery ('On the Formation of so-called Cells in Animal Bodies,' 1867, p. 42), who denies that cells are derived from other cells by a process of growth, but believes that they originate through certain chemical changes. [902] Prof. Huxley has called my attention to the views of Buffon and Bonnet. The former ('Hist. Nat. GÉn.,' edit. of 1749, tom. ii. pp. 54, 62, 329, 333, 420, 425) supposes that organic molecules exist in the food consumed by every living creature; and that these molecules are analogous in nature with the various organs by which they are absorbed. When the organs thus become fully developed, the molecules being no longer required collect and form buds or the sexual elements. If Buffon had assumed that his organic molecules had been formed by each separate unit throughout the body, his view and mine would have been closely similar. Bonnet ('Œuvres d'Hist. Nat.,' tom. v., part i., 1781, 4to edit., p. 334) speaks of the limbs having germs adapted for the reparation of all possible losses; but whether these germs are supposed to be the same with those within the buds and sexual organs is not clear. His famous but now exploded theory of emboÎtement implies that perfect germs are included within germs in endless succession, pre-formed and ready for all succeeding generations. According to my view, the germs or gemmules of each separate part were not originally pre-formed, but are continually produced at all ages during each generation, with some handed down from preceding generations. Prof. Owen remarks ('Parthenogenesis,' 1849, pp. 5-8), "Not all the progeny of the primary impregnated germ-cell are required for the formation of the body in all animals: certain of the derivative germ-cells may remain unchanged and become included in that body which has been composed of their metamorphosed and diversely combined or confluent brethren: so included, any derivative germ-cell, or the nucleus of such, may commence and repeat the same processes of growth by imbibition, and of propagation by spontaneous fission, as those to which itself owed its origin;" &c. By the agency of these germ-cells Prof. Owen accounts for parthenogenesis, for propagation by self-division during successive generations, and for the repairs of injuries. His view agrees with mine in the assumed transmission and multiplication of his germ-cells, but differs fundamentally from mine in the belief that the primary germ-cell was formed within the ovarium of the female and was fertilised by the male. My gemmules are supposed to be formed, quite independently of sexual concourse, by each separate cell or unit throughout the body, and to be merely aggregated within the reproductive organs. Lastly, Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. i., 1863-4, chaps. iv. and viii.) has discussed at considerable length what he designates as physiological units. These agree with my gemmules in being supposed to multiply and to be transmitted from parent to child; the sexual elements are supposed to serve merely as their vehicles; they are the efficient agents in all the forms of reproduction and in the repairs of injuries; they account for inheritance, but they are not brought to bear on reversion or atavism, and this is unintelligible to me; they are supposed to possess polarity, or, as I call it, affinity; and apparently they are believed to be derived from each separate part of the whole body. But gemmules differ from Mr. Spencer's physiological units, inasmuch as a certain number, or mass of them, are, as we shall see, requisite for the development of each cell or part. Nevertheless I should have concluded that Mr. Spencer's views were fundamentally the same with mine, had it not been for several passages which, as far as I understand them, indicate something quite different. I will quote some of these passages from pp. 254-256. "In the fertilised germ we have two groups of physiological units, slightly different in their structures."... "It is not obvious that change in the form of the part, caused by changed action, involves such change in the physiological units throughout the organism, that these, when groups of them are thrown off in the shape of reproductive centres, will unfold into organisms that have this part similarly changed in form. Indeed, when treating of Adaptation, we saw that an organ modified by increase or decrease of function can but slowly so react on the system at large as to bring about those correlative changes required to produce a new equilibrium; and yet only when such new equilibrium has been established, can we expect it to be fully expressed in the modified physiological units of which the organism is built—only then can we count on a complete transfer of the modification to descendants."... "That the change in the offspring must, other things equal, be in the same direction as the change in the parent, we may dimly see is implied by the fact, that the change propagated throughout the parental system is a change towards a new state of equilibrium—a change tending to bring the actions of all organs, reproductive included, into harmony with these new actions." [903] M. Philipeaux ('Comptes Rendus,' Oct. 1, 1866, p. 576, and June, 1867) has lately shown that when the entire fore-limb, including the scapula, is extirpated, the power of regrowth is lost. From this he concludes that it is necessary for regrowth that a small portion of the limb should be left. But as in the lower animals the whole body may be bisected and both halves be reproduced, this belief does not seem probable. May not the early closing of a deep wound, as in the case of the extirpation of the scapula, prevent the formation or protrusion of the nascent limb? [904] 'Annal. des Sc. Nat.,' 3rd series, Bot., tom. xiv., 1850, p. 244. [905] See some very interesting papers on this subject by Prof. Lionel Beale, in 'Medical Times and Gazette,' Sept. 9th, 1865, pp. 273, 330. [906] Third Report of the R. Comm. on the Cattle Plague, as quoted in 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1866, p. 446. [907] In a cod-fish, weighing 20 lb., Mr. F. Buckland ('Land and Water,' 1867, p. 57) calculated the above number of eggs. In another instance, Harmer ('Phil. Transact.,' 1767, p. 280) found 3,681,760 eggs. For the Ascaris, see Carpenter's 'Comp. Phys.,' 1854, p. 590. Mr. J. Scott, of the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh, calculated, in the same manner as I have done for some British orchids ('Fertilisation of Orchids,' p. 344), the number of seeds in a capsule of an Acropera, and found the number to be 371,250. Now this plant produces several flowers on a raceme and many racemes during a season. In an allied genus, Gongora, Mr. Scott has seen twenty capsules produced on a single raceme: ten such racemes on the Acropera would yield above seventy-four millions of seed. I may add that Fritz MÜller informs me that he found in a capsule of a Maxillaria, in South Brazil, that the seed weighed 42½ grains: he then arranged half a grain of seed in a narrow line, and by counting a measured length found the number in the half-grain to be 20,667, so that in the capsule there must have been 1,756,440 seeds! The same plant sometimes produces half-a-dozen capsules. [908] 'Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. viii., 1861, p. 490. [909] Paget, 'Lectures on Pathology,' p. 27; Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' translat. by Dr. Chance, pp. 123, 126, 294; Claude Bernard, 'Des Tissus Vivants,' pp. 177, 210, 337; MÜller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., p. 290. [910] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' trans. by Dr. Chance, 1860, pp. 60, 162, 245, 441, 454. [911] Idem, pp. 412-426. [912] See Rev. J. M. Berkeley, in 'Gard. Chron.,' April 28th, 1866, on a bud developed on the petal of the Clarkia. See also H. Schacht, 'Lehrbuch der Anat.,' &c., 1859, Theile ii. s. 12, on adventitious buds. [913] Mr. Herbert Spencer ('Principles of Biology,' vol. ii. p. 430) has fully discussed the antagonism between growth and reproduction. [914] The male salmon is known to breed at a very early age. The Triton and Siredon, whilst retaining their larval branchiÆ, according to Filippi and DumÉril ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, 1866, p. 157), are capable of reproduction. Ernst HÄckel has recently ('Monatsbericht Akad. Wiss. Berlin,' Feb. 2nd, 1865) observed the surprising case of a medusa, with its reproductive organs active, which produces by budding a widely different form of medusa; and this latter also has the power of sexual reproduction. Krohn has shown ('Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.,' 3rd series, vol. xix., 1862, p. 6) that certain other medusÆ, whilst sexually mature, propagate by gemmÆ. [915] See his excellent discussion on this subject in 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 151. [916] Various physiologists have insisted on this distinction between growth and development. Prof. Marshall ('Phil. Transact.,' 1864, p. 544) gives a good instance in microcephalous idiots, in which the brain continues to grow after having been arrested in its development. [917] 'Compte Rendu,' Nov. 14, 1864, p. 800. [918] As previously remarked by Quatrefages, in his 'Metamorphoses de l'Homme,' &c., 1862, p. 129. [919] GÜnther's 'Zoological Record,' 1864, p. 279. [920] Sedgwick, in 'Medico-Chirurg. Review,' April 1863, p. 454. [921] Isid. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 'Hist. des Anomalies,' tom. i., 1832, pp. 435, 657; and tom. ii. p. 560. [922] Virchow, 'Cellular Pathology,' 1860, p. 66. [923] Moquin-Tandon, 'TÉratologie Veg.,' 1841, pp. 218, 220, 353. For the case of the pea, see 'Gardener's Chron.,' 1866, p. 897. [924] MÜller's 'Physiology,' Eng. translat., vol. i. p. 407. [925] See some remarks to this effect by Sir H. Holland in his 'Medical Notes,' 1839, p. 32. [926] This is the view taken by Prof. HÄckel, in his 'Generelle Morphologie' (B. ii. s. 171), who says: "Lediglich die partielle IdentitÄt der specifischconstituirten Materie im elterlichen und im kindlichen Organismus, die Theilung dieser Materie bei der Fortpflanzung, ist die Ursache der Erblichkeit." [927] In these remarks I, in fact, follow Naudin, who speaks of the elements or essences of the two species which are crossed. See his excellent memoir in the 'Nouvelles Archives du MusÉum,' tom. i. p. 151. [928] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' 1859, tom. ii. p. 44, &c. [929] Journal Proc. Linn. Soc., 1858, vol. iii. p. 60. [930] 'The Quarterly Journal of Science,' Oct. 1867, p. 486. [931] M. Rufz de Lavison, in 'Bull. Soc. Imp. d'Acclimat.,' Dec. 1862, p. 1009. [932] 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 315. [933] 'Travels in Peru,' Eng. translat., p. 177. [934] Youatt on Cattle, 1834, p 200: on Pigs; see 'Gard. Chronicle,' 1854, p. 410. [935] 'Die Pflanzen der Pfahlbauten,' 1865. [936] Morlot, 'Soc. Vaud. des Scien. Nat,' Mars 1860, p. 298. [937] RÜtimeyer, 'Die Fauna der Pfahlbauten,' 1861, s. 30. [938] Godron, 'De l'EspÈce,' tom. i., 1859, p. 368. [939] 'GÉographie Botan.,' 1855, p. 989. [940] Pickering, 'Races of Man,' 1850, p. 318. [941] 'Journal of a Horticultural Tour,' by a Deputation of the Caledonian Hist. Soc., 1823, p. 293. This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. |
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