CONTENTS.

Previous

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

xiii

CLASS MAMMALIA.
ORDER I.—QUADRUMANA.—THE APES AND MONKEYS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—THE MAN-SHAPED APES—THE GORILLA.
The World of Monkeys, and its Division into great Groups—Distinction between the Old World and New World Monkeys—Classification of Monkeys—THE GORILLA, Ancient and Modern Stories about it—Investigations of Savage and Du Chaillu—General Description—The Head, Brain, Teeth, Taste, Smell, and Voice—The Air Sacs, and Ear—The Limbs and Muscles—Method of Climbing—Diet—Hunting the Gorilla—Attempts to Capture Alive—A Tame Gorilla

1

CHAPTER II.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (continued)—THE NSCHIEGO MBOUVÉ—THE KOOLO-KAMBA—THE SOKO—THE CHIMPANZEE.
THE NSCHIEGO MBOUVÉ—Its Nests and Habits—A Specimen Shot—Differences between it and the Gorilla—Structural Peculiarities—THE KOOLO-KAMBA—Meaning of the Name—Discovered by Du Chaillu—Its Outward Appearance and Anatomy—THE SOKO—Discovered by Livingstone—Hunting the Soko—THE CHIMPANZEE—In Captivity—On board Ship—A Young Chimpanzee—The Brain and Nerves—Anatomical Peculiarities—General Remarks upon the Group

39

CHAPTER III.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (continued)—GENUS Simia—THE ORANG-UTAN.
Origin of the Name—Description of the Orang—Rajah Brooke’s First Specimen—Mr. Wallace’s Experiences in Mias Hunting—The Home of the Mias—A Mias at Bay—Their Nests, Habits, Food, and Localities—Different kinds of Orangs—Structural Points—The Intelligence and Habits of the Young—The Brain and its Case—Resemblances and Differences of Old and Young

59

CHAPTER IV.
THE MAN-SHAPED APES (concluded)—THE GIBBONS—THE SIAMANGS—THE TRUE GIBBONS.
General Characteristics of the Species—THE SIAMANG—Its Habits and Anatomy—Distinctness from the Orangs and Gibbons—Special Peculiarities—THE WHITE-HANDED GIBBON—Where Found—Its Cry—Its Habits—Special Anatomical Features—THE HOOLOOK—Where Found—A Young One in Captivity—Shape of the Skull—THE WOOYEN APE—Its Appearance and Habits—THE WOW-WOW—Very little known about it—THE AGILE GIBBON—Reason of the Name—Peculiarities of the Anatomy—General Comparison of the Different Varieties of the Great Apes

73

CHAPTER V.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS—SEMNOPITHECUS—COLOBUS.
General Characteristics of the Monkeys of the Old World—Distinguished from the Apes by Length of the Hinder Limbs and presence of Tails—Divided into those with and those without Cheek-pouches—Use of the Cheek-pouches—The two Genera of Pouchless Monkeys—THE SACRED MONKEYS, or Semnopitheci—Derivation of the Name—First Discovery—Ape Worship in India—General Description—Limited to Asia—THE SIMPAI—Its Locality and Appearance—THE BUDENG—Hunted for their Fur—Its Colour and Appearance—THE LONG-NOSED MONKEY—Reason of the Name—Quaint Appearance of the Young—Anatomical Peculiarities—Their First Appearance in Europe—Description of the Nose—Peculiar Formation of the Stomach—Bezoars—THE HOONUMAN MONKEY—The Sacred Monkey of the Hindoos—Legends about it—THE DOUC MONKEY—Its Appearance and Habitat—THE BLACK-LEGGED DOUC—Anatomical Peculiarities—THE CROWNED MONKEYTHE RED MONKEYTHE SUMATRA MONKEYTHE WHITE-BEARDED MONKEY—Found in Ceylon—Its Intelligence—THE GREAT WANDEROO—Other Ceylonese Monkeys—THE GENUS COLOBUS, or Thumbless Monkeys—Description of the Hand and Wrist—Different Varieties—COLOBUS VERUSCOLOBUS GUEREZA—Their Habitat and Peculiarities—Fossil Semnopitheci

84

CHAPTER VI.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE GUENONS.
THE GUENONS—Where they are Found—Early Notices of them—Resemblance to the Colobi and Macaques—Distinctive Peculiarity of the Group—Often seen in Menageries—Their Terror of Snakes—Peculiar Expression of the Face—Beauty of their Skins—Minor Divisions of the Guenons—THE DIANA MONKEY—Origin of the Name—Anecdotes of their Mischief—THE MONA MONKEYDescription of one at Paris—THE WHITE-NOSED MONKEY—Origin of the Name—THE TALAPOIN—Anatomical Peculiarities—THE GREEN MONKEY—Found in Senegal in abundance—THE RED-BELLIED MONKEYTHE RED MONKEY—Observed by Bruce—THE MANGABEY—Singularity of its Appearance—Special Structural Peculiarities

103

CHAPTER VII.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE MACAQUES.
Their Description and Anatomy, and its reference to that of the Semnopitheci and Guenons—THE COMMON MACAQUE—Its Character—Appropriateness of the Name—Occasionally an Albino—THE ROUND-FACED MACAQUE—Found in China—Ideas of the Chinese about them—THE TOQUE, OR BONNET MONKEYTHE BHUNDER—Described by Cuvier—Their Thieving Propensities—Hindoo Tales of their Sagacity—THE MOOR MONKEYBELANGER’S MONKEYTHE PIG-TAILED MACAQUETHE MAGOT—One of the Commonest Monkeys—Described by Galen—Early Notices of—Predatory Habits—Abundant at Gibraltar—Probably come over from Africa—Similarity to the Baboons—THE WANDEROO—Account of one in the Zoological Society’s Collection—Geographical Range of the Macaques

114

CHAPTER VIII.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (continued)—THE BABOONS.
Early Accounts of the Baboon—Origin of the Name—Held as Sacred by the Egyptians—Used as the Emblem of Thoth—Brought into Europe in the Middle Ages—Their Literature—General Description of the Family—Structural Peculiarities—Brain—Skull—Geographical Distribution—THE SACRED BABOON—Found in Great numbers in Abyssinia—Formidable Antagonists—Size and Colour of the Male and Female—Anecdotes—Propensity for Spirituous Liquors and Thieving—THE GELADA BABOONTHE PIG-TAILED BABOON—Usually called Chacma—Description of it—Its Ferocity in Captivity—Le Vaillant’s Monkey—THE SPHINX BABOON—Its Dexterity of Aim—THE ANUBIS BABOON—Its Locality and Food—Method of Running—THE COMMON BABOON—Often found in Captivity—Anecdotes—Anatomical Peculiarities

129

CHAPTER IX.
THE DOG-SHAPED MONKEYS (concluded)—THE BABOONS.
The Second Division of the Baboons—THE MANDRILL—Easily distinguished from the rest—Peculiar Appearance and Colour of the Face—The Cheek-ridges—Noticed by the Ancients—Brutality of its Disposition—“Jerry” at the Surrey Gardens—Their Wild State—Anatomical Peculiarities—The Back-bone and Liver—THE DRILL—Distinguished from the Mandrill—Probable Antiquity of these Baboons—Theories of their Relationship to other Animals—THE BLACK BABOON—Its Locality and Description—Probably a Forest Ape—General Summary of the Dog-shaped Quadrumana and Classification of the Group

154

CHAPTER X.
THE MONKEYS OF THE NEW WORLD.
THE CEBIDÆ—THE HOWLERS—THE WOOLLY MONKEYS—THE SPIDER MONKEYS—THE SAJOUS.
The Monkeys of the New World—How Distinguished from those of the Old—Their Division into Families—The First Family, THE CEBIDÆ, with Prehensile Tails—THE HOWLERS—Appropriateness of their Name—Where Found—General Description—THE YELLOW-TAILED HOWLER—Anatomical Peculiarities and Appearance of the Face—Other Members of the Family—THE BLACK HOWLER—Its Locality—THE WOOLLY MONKEYSTHE CAPARRO AND BARRIGUDO—First noticed by Humboldt—Peculiarities of the Skeleton—THE SPIDER MONKEYS—Seen by Humboldt in the Brazilian Forests—Remarkable Power of the Tail—Flexibility of the Limbs—Conformation of the Brain—Other Species—THE COAITA—Curious Stories of them in Captivity—THE CHAMECKTHE BLACK SPIDER MONKEY—Its Geographical Range—Its Position in Sleep—THE VARIEGATED SPIDER MONKEYTHE SAJOUSTHE CAIARÁRA—Observed by Bates on the Amazon—Other Varieties—THE BROWN SAJOUTHE CAPUCHIN SAJOU—Described by Brehm—Their Remarkable Dexterity and Cleverness—Diseases of Monkeys

164

CHAPTER XI.
THE CEBIDÆ (concluded)—THE SQUIRREL MONKEYS—DOUROUCOULIS—SAKIS.
General Description of the Second Division of CebidÆ—Without Prehensile Tails—THE SQUIRREL MONKEYS—Described by Buffon and Humboldt—Peculiarities of the Species—Anecdotes by Le Vaillant—A Tragic End—THE WIDOW MONKEY—Origin of the Name—THE ONAPPO—Its Nocturnal Habits and Peculiar Cry—THE DOUROUCOULIS, OR OWL MONKEYS—General Description of the Family—Peculiar Formation of the Arm-bone—THE THREE-STRIPED OWL MONKEY—Described by Humboldt and Bates—THE RED-FOOTED DOUROUCOULITHE SAKIS—Remarkable Resemblance in the Face to Man—Structural Peculiarities—THE COUXIOTHE PARAUACÚTHE MONK—Description of the Brain—Other Varieties of the Sakis—Anecdotes of them—THE BLACK-HEADED SAKIS—General Description

185

CHAPTER XII.
THE MARMOSETS AND TAMARINS—HAPALE—MIDAS.
The Dentition of the Genus Hapale, or the Marmosets, or Ouistitis—The Face—The Paw-like Hands and Feet—Their Claws—The Skull and Brain, and the Nature of the Diet—THE COMMON MARMOSET—Its Habits—THE CLOAKED MARMOSETTHE GENUS MIDASTHE TAMARINS—Their Dentition—THE NEGRO TAMARIN—Its Habits—MIDAS ARGENTATUMDEVILLE’S MIDASTHE SILKY TAMARIN—Notes on the Arctopithecini in General

197

CHAPTER XIII.
GENERAL REMARKS ON THE MONKEYS.
The Classification of the Monkeys of the New World—The Geographical Distribution of the Genera—The Fossil Monkeys of the New and Old World and their Alliances—The Former Old Fauna of Europe, Asia, and Africa—The Resemblance of Monkeys to other Animals and Man

203

CHAPTER XIV.
THE LEMUROIDA.
THE GENERA INDRIS AND LEPILEMUR HAPALEMUR.
The Name of the Genus Lemur popularly given to the Group—Lemuroida the Correct Name—Their Distinctive Characters—Their Hands and Feet—Ankle-bones—Tail—Rete Mirabile—Nostrils—Colour of the Eye—Ears—Teeth—Brain—Resemblance to Monkeys—Their Locality—Lemur at Liberty—Its Playfulness—Division of the Lemurs—Beauties of Madagascar—GENUS INDRIS—Described by Grandidier—Their Locality—Colour—Fingers—Teeth—THE DIADEM INDRIS—Specimens at the British Museum—Little known about it—THE WOOLLY LEMUR—Described by Sonnerat—THE SHORT-TAILED INDRIS—Distinguished by its Tail—Its Skull—GENUS LEPILEMUR—Their Teeth—Tail—THE WEASEL LEMURTHE GREY LEMUR—Specimens obtained by Pollen—Their Cry

210

CHAPTER XV.
THE LEMUROIDA (continued).
THE GENERA LEMUR AND CHEIROGALE.
Called by the French Makis—Restricted to Madagascar—Their Activity—Different Species—How to Distinguish them—THE RING-TAILED LEMUR—Reason for the Name—Tail—Colour of Body—Eye—Hand and Foot—Geographical Range—Anatomical Peculiarities—Playfulness in Captivity—THE WHITE-FRONTED LEMUR—Specimen in the Zoological Gardens—THE LEMUR OF MAYOTTE—Where Found—Colour—Manner of Life—THE MONGOOSE LEMUR—Description of one sent to Buffon—THE RUFFED LEMUR—Described by Ellis—Domesticated Specimens—THE BLACK LEMUR—Geographical Range—Hand—Foot—GENUS CHEIROGALE—Bushy Tails—Resemblance to the Hapalemur—Nocturnal Habits—Difficult to Distinguish—THE FORKED-CROWNED CHEIROGALE—Wonderful Powers of Leaping—Cry—Reason for the Name—A Nest-making Variety—Specimens in the Jardin des Plantes—Resemblance to the Galagos

225

CHAPTER XVI.
THE LEMUROIDA (concluded)—THE GALAGOS.
THE GALAGOSDEMIDOFF’S GALAGO AND THE MOUSE GALAGOTHE SENEGAL GALAGOTHE SENNAAR GALAGOTHE MAHOLI GALAGOTHE GRAND, OR THICK-TAILED GALAGOMONTEIRO’S GALAGOTHE AFRICAN SLOW LEMURSVAN BOSMAN’S POTTOGENUS ARCTOCEBUS, OR BEAR MONKEY TRIBETHE ANGWÁNTIBOTHE ASIATIC SLOW LEMUROIDSTHE SLOW LORISTHE SLENDER LORISGENUS TARSIUSTHE SPECTRE TARSIER, OR TARSIUSTHE MALMAGGENUS CHEIROMYSTHE AYE-AYE—The Puzzle of the Naturalists—Opinions regarding it—Specimen Examined by Owen—Feeding—Teeth—Hands—Classification of the Lemuroida—Geographical Distribution

236

CHIROPTERA, OR WING-HANDED ANIMALS.
THE BATS.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION—CLASSIFICATION OF BATS—THE FRUIT-EATING BATS.
One of Æsop’s Fables—Opinions of the Ancients regarding Bats—Scaliger’s Statement of the Puzzle—Opinions of the Middle Ages—The True Position of the Bats—The Wing of the Bat—General Structure: The Breast-bone, Arms, Fingers, “Wing-membrane,” Wings, Skull, Ribs, Pelvis, Legs—In Repose—Walking—The Teats—Organs of the Senses—“Blind as a Bat”—The Eyes—Spallanzani’s Experiments—The Bat’s Power of Directing its Flight in the Darkest Places—Their Food—In Winter-Quarters—A Battue of Bats—FRUGIVOROUS AND INSECTIVOROUS BATS

259

CHAPTER II.
SUB-ORDER I.—MEGACHIROPTERA, OR LARGE BATS.
PTEROPIDÆ, OR FRUIT-EATING BATS.
Characteristics of Fruit-eating Bats—Distribution—Diet—Flying Fox of Ceylon: its Habits, as described by Sir E. Tennent—The Flight of the PteropidÆ—Known to the Ancients—The Fruit Bats in the Zoological Gardens—INDIAN FLYING FOX—Diet—Dissipated Habits—GREAT KALONG—LinnÆus’s Description—In their Dormitories—NICOBAR, MANED, JAPANESE, AND GREY FRUIT BATSGREY-HEADED FRUIT BATGOULD’S FRUIT BATROUSSETTEEGYPTIAN FRUIT BATHOTTENTOT FRUIT BATMARITIME FRUIT BATMARGINED FRUIT BATWHITE’S FRUIT BATHAMMER-HEADED BATHARPY BATGREATER HARPY BATCLOAKED FRUIT BATDWARF LONG-TONGUED FRUIT BATBLACK-CHEEKED FRUIT BATFIJIAN LONG-TONGUED FRUIT BAT

266

CHAPTER III.
SUB-ORDER II.—MICROCHIROPTERA, OR INSECTIVOROUS BATS.
HORSESHOE BATS AND MEGADERMS.
INSECTIVOROUS BATS—Mr. Dobson’s Objection to the Name—Characteristics—Nasal Appendages—THE VESPERTILIONINE AND EMBALLONURINE ALLIANCES—The Fur in the two Alliances—THE HORSESHOE BATS—General Characteristics—Distribution—Diet—Carnivorous Propensities—GREATER HORSESHOE BAT—General Appearance—“Nose Leaves”—Habitat—THE LESSER HORSESHOE BAT—Habitat—THE MOURNING HORSESHOE BATTHE AUSTRALIAN HORSESHOE BATTHE ORANGE BATPHYLLORHINÆTHE DIADEM BAT—Character of their “Nose Leaves”—Captain Hutton’s Account of their Habits—THE PERSIAN TRIDENT BATTHE MEGADERMSTHE LYRE BAT—Characteristics—Called Vampire by Europeans in India—Mr. Blyth’s Account of a Megaderm’s Blood-thirstiness—THE CORDATE LEAF BATTHE AFRICAN MEGADERMTHE DESERT BAT

279

CHAPTER IV.
VESPERTILIONIDÆ, OR TRUE BATS.
The Genus Vespertilio and the Family VespertilionidÆ—Characteristics: Nostrils—Tail—Ears—Dentition—Diet—Distribution—LONG-EARED BAT—Ears—Distribution—Asleep—In Captivity—BARBASTELLE—Characteristics—Distribution—Habits—Flight—In Captivity—BIG-EARED BATTOWNSEND’S BAT—The Genus Nyctophilus—Its True Place—Characteristics—GEOFFROY’S NYCTOPHILEPIPISTRELLE—Distribution—Diet—NOCTULE—Natural Food—Mr. Daniell’s Observations—SEROTINEPARTI-COLOURED BATHAIRY-ARMED BATNEGRO BATKUHL’S BATNILSSON’S BATCOROMANDEL BATTHICK-FOOTED BATTEMMINCK’S BATWELWITSCH’S BATNEW ZEALAND BATMOUSE-COLOURED BATNATTERER’S BATDAUBENTON’S BATWHISKERED BATBLACK AND ORANGE BATPAINTED BATHARPY BATRED BATSCHREIBER’S BATBROWN PIG BATSTRAW-COLOURED BAT

292

CHAPTER V.
EMBALLONURIDÆ, OR THICK-LEGGED BATS.
Characteristics of the EmballonuridÆ, or THICK-LEGGED BATSCUVIER’S FURY—The Genus SaccopteryxSTRIPED SACK-WINGED BAT—The Pouch or Sac in the Wing-membrane—Dentition—MOUNTAIN BATTOMB BAT—Origin of its Name—Dentition—The Peculiar Sac or Pouch under the Chin—Other Species of the Genus (note)—EGYPTIAN RHINOPOME—Difficulty of Assigning its True Place in the System—Characteristics—GREAT HARE-LIPPED BAT—Seba’s Description—LinnÆus’s Mistake—Dentition—Distribution—The Genus NyctinomusCESTONI’S BATPALE CHESTNUT MASTIFF BAT—Distribution—Habits—SMOKY MASTIFF BAT—Habits—COLLARED BAT—Hideous Ugliness—Characteristics—NEW ZEALAND SHORT-TAILED BAT—Characteristics—Mr. Dobson on the Wing-membrane, Thumb, and Foot

312

CHAPTER VI.
PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ, OR VAMPIRES.
Distinguishing Marks of the PhyllostomidÆ—Location—Diet—Blood-sucking Propensities—Exaggerations of the Older Writers—Testimony of Azara—Darwin’s Evidence—Bat-bites—The Witness of Bates, Wallace, Fraser, Prince Maximilian—Conclusion of the Whole Matter—The Desmodonts and Javelin Bat—The Tongue in the Genus PhyllostomaBLAINVILLE’S BAT—Extraordinary Development of Face and Head—OWL-FACED BATJAVELIN BAT—Allied Species—VAMPIRE BAT—Mr. Bates’ Testimony to its Inoffensiveness, and Description of its Habits—NEUWIED’S LARGE-LEAFED BATGREAT-EARED LEAF BATSORICINE BATREDMAN’S BATSEZEKORN’S LEAF BATSPECTACLED STENODERMJAMAICAN STENODERMDESMODUS—Classification—Dentition—Blood-sucking Propensities—The Bites—Stomachs of Desmodus, Frugivorous and Insectivorous Bats—Concluding Remarks

324

ORDER INSECTIVORA.
CHAPTER I.
COLUGOS—BANGSRINGS—JUMPING SHREWS—HEDGEHOGS—TANRECS—RIVER SHREWS.
Functions of the Insect-eaters in the Order of Nature—Their Leading Peculiarities—Classification—COLUGOS—Various Opinions regarding their Place—COLUGO, OR FLYING LEMUR—The Patagium—Parachute-like Membrane—Dentition—Offspring—Diet—BANGSRINGSTANAFERRUGINOUS BANGSRINGHORSFIELD’S BANGSRINGLOW’S PTILOCERQUESHORT-TAILED BANGSRINGJUMPING SHREWSELEPHANT SHREWALGERIAN JUMPING SHREWPETRODROMERHYNCHOCYONHEDGEHOG—Characteristics—Distribution—Diet—Attacks Snakes and Vipers—Taste for Eggs and Game—Its “Spiny Skin”—“Rolled up”—Enemies—Female and Young—LONG-EARED HEDGEHOGCOLLARED HEDGEHOGBULAUTANRECSTANRECTENDRACTELFAIR’S TENDRACRICE TENDRACEARED EARTH SHREWAGOUTAALMIQUIWEST AFRICAN RIVER SHREW

342

CHAPTER II.
GOLDEN MOLES—MOLES—DESMANS—SHREWS.
General Description of the Golden Mole Family—Their Points of Difference from the True Mole—THE CAPE GOLDEN MOLE—Its Varieties—The Family of True Moles—THE COMMON MOLE—Described—Distribution—Teeth—Fore-limbs—Breast-bone—Not a Miserable Creature—Extreme Voracity—Diet—His Blindness a Popular Error—A Thirsty Soul—His Fortress—The Roads leading to it—Speed of a Frightened Mole—“Mole-hills”—A-wooing—His Strong Family Affections—His Persecution a Doubtful Benefit—THE BLIND MOLE—Several Allied Species—THE STAR-NOSED MOLE—Its Snout—THE COMMON SHREW MOLE—Other Species in the United States—The Family of Desmans—THE DESMAN—Its Otter-like Habits—Its Trunk—THE PYRENEAN DESMANTHE HAIRY-TAILED MOLE-SHREW—The Family of Shrews—THE COMMON SHREWOr Shrew-Mouse—Superstitions about it—DEKAY’S SHREWTHE GARDEN SHREWTHE TUSCAN SHREWTHE RAT-TAILED SHREWTHE WATER SHREW—Essentially Aquatic—Its Prey—Allied Species—THE TIBETAN WATER SHREWTHE TAILLESS SHREW—Concluding Remarks—Classification—Distribution—Affinities

365

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

Clyx.com


Top of Page
Top of Page