3-h@62663-h-3.htm.html#p069" class="pginternal">69, 70;

the great contribution of, an absolute principle, 70;

induction, provisional doubt, ultimate certainty of consciousness, according to, 70–72;

deduction, implications of consciousness, according to, 70, 72, 73;

his proofs of the existence of God, 73–75;

the reality of matter, according to, 75–77;

his view of the relation of God to the world, 77;

of God to matter, 77, 78;

of God to minds, 78;

of mind and body, 78–80;

influence of, 80, 81;

relation of the Occasionalists and Spinoza to, 81–84;

his influence on Spinoza, 87;

his influence on Locke, 145, 146, 152.

Determinism,

53.

Dewing, A. S.,

Introduction to Modern Philosophy, iv, 8 n., 332 n.

Diderot, Denis,

211.

Differential calculus,

discovered by Leibnitz, 112, 114, 119.

Discoveries.

See Inventions.

Dogmatism,

defined, 187.

Doubt,

provisional, of Descartes, 70–72.

Dualism,

Cartesian, of mind and matter, assumed in the Enlightenment, 135;

of Berkeley, 179;

formed the background of Kant’s thought, 232.

Dualists,

174 n.

Duty,

according to Fichte, 289–295.

Eclecticism,

revived by Renaissance scholars, 11.

Edwards, Jonathan,

171.

Ego, the,

of Kant, 260, 263, 264;

of Fichte, 288–295, 313;

of Schelling, 304, 309;

of Hegel, 313, 314.

Empiricism,

begun by Locke, 61;

defined, 61 n.;

in the Enlightenment, 137;

of Berkeley, 174;

of Hume, 189;

of the nineteenth century, 355–357, 361, 362.

EncyclopÆdists, the,

of the Enlightenment, 142, 211, 212.

England,

in the Natural Science period, 17, 355, 356.

German Idealists,

places connected with (map), 280;

treated, 278–329.

German literature,

a factor in the Enlightenment, 218, 219, 223.

German Philosophy,

the third period of modern philosophy, 3;

treatment of, 230–329;

the three characteristics of, 231, 232;

the two periods of, 232, 233.

Germany,

in the Renaissance, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31;

the Enlightenment in, 140, 216–229;

the introductory period (absolutism), 217–223;

summary of the literary Enlightenment in, 223, 224;

the political Enlightenment in (Frederick the Great), 224–226;

the course of the Enlightenment in, 226–228;

Lessing, 228, 229;

the convergence of philosophical influences in, 230, 231.

Geulincx, Arnold,

63, 83.

Gibbon, Edward,

quoted, 138.

God,

in the philosophy of Cusanus, 25;

in Bruno’s philosophy, 28–30;

Descartes’ proofs of the existence of, 73–75;

relation of, to the world, to matter, and to minds, according to Descartes, 77, 78;

in the philosophy of the Occasionalists, 83;

in Spinoza’s philosophy, 91–106;

in Leibnitz’s philosophy, 126, 127, 130, 131;

in the Enlightenment, 135;

in Berkeley’s philosophy, 181–183;

in Hume’s philosophy, 200;

in Voltaire’s philosophy, 210;

the idea of, according to Kant, 261, 265–268;

the postulate of the existence of, according to Kant, 276, 277;

in Fichte’s philosophy, 292, 293;

in Schelling’s philosophy, 300;

and freedom, Schelling’s philosophy of, 303, 312;

of the Mystic, 319;

in Hegel’s philosophy, 324;

according to Fechner, 359.

Goethe, J. W. von,

Faust, 25, 26 279;

his influence upon Fichte, 285, 286;

why Hegel remains to-day the representative of, 314, 315;

followers of (Herbart and Schopenhauer), 330–332.

Kepler, Johann,

32–34.

KhayyÁm, Omar,

347, 348.

Knowledge,

in Hobbes’s philosophy, 57;

in Descartes’s philosophy, 77;

God the only object of, according to Spinoza, 92;

Locke’s theory of, 155, 156, 158, 160–162;

in Berkeley’s philosophy, 176;

in Hume’s philosophy, 187, 199, 200;

in Reid’s philosophy, 202;

Kant’s theory of, 238, 239;

Kant’s world of, 243–245;

the place of synthesis in, according to Kant, 245–248;

the judgments indispensable to, according to Kant, 248–252;

human, proof of the validity of, according to Kant, 252–262;

transcendent and transcendental, of Kant, 262;

of the soul, 262–264;

of the universe, 264, 265;

of God, 265–268;

summary of Kant’s theory of, contained in the Critique of Pure Reason, 268, 269;

according to Schopenhauer, 345.

Knutzen, Martin, teacher of Kant, 234.

Latin,

before and in the Renaissance, 10–12.

Leibnitz, G. W. von,

31;

as the finisher of the Renaissance and the forerunner of the Enlightenment, 107, 108;

life and writings of, 108–112;

his early classical studies, 112, 113;

the new science and his discoveries, 113, 114;

influenced by political pressure for religious reconciliation, 114, 115;

the method of, 115–118;

the immediate problem for (that of reconciling science and religion), 118, 119;

the result of his examination of the principles of science, a plurality of metaphysical substances, 119–122;

his examination of the scientific conception of motion, 119, 120;

his examination of the scientific conception of the atom, 120, 121;

his theory of monadology, 121;

the double nature of his monads, 122–125;

the two forms of his conception of the unity of the substances, 125;

the intrinsic (phi ost@g@html@files@62663@62663-h@62663-h-4.htm.html#p123" class="pginternal">123, 126;

representation the general function of, 124;

are windowless, and mirror the universe, 125, 127;

the principle of unity among, called a pre-established harmony, 125;

the intrinsic (philosophical) unity of, 125–129;

the superimposed (theological) unity of, 129–131.

Montesquieu, C. de S. de, Baron,

208.

Moral,

awakening, the, according to Fichte, 287, 288;

freedom, of Fichte, 289, 290;

world, of Fichte, 290–292;

reality, a, what it involves, according to Fichte, 293–295.

Moral Philosophers,

of the Enlightenment, 141.

Moralists,

English, the, 166–168.

Morality,

according to Hegel, 326.

Morals,

Kant’s theory of, 269–277.

More, Thomas,

his Utopia, 41 n., 47.

Morley, John,

Diderot, 211 n.

Motion,

in Galileo’s philosophy, 38;

in Hobbes’s philosophy, 53;

Leibnitz’s examination of the scientific conception of, 119, 120.

Music according to Schopenhauer,

350.

Mysticism,

self-destructive, 5;

of Spinoza, 98–102;

and Realism, and Idealism, contrasted, 318–321;

of Schopenhauer, 347;

of twentieth century, 363.

Mystics,

Protestant, the, 23.

Mythology and Revelation,

Schelling’s philosophy of, 303, 311, 312.

Napoleon,

quoted, 231.

Natura naturans and natura naturata,

29, 30, 97.

Natural Religion,

the creed of, 165.

Natural Science period, the,

general facts about, 15–21;

discussion of (Galileo, Bacon, Hobbes), 31–61;

discussion of the Rationalism of, 62–131.

Naturalism,

of the Greeks, recovered in the Renaissance, 14;

in Hobbes, 53;

defined, 53 n.

Nature,

in the Natural Science period, 18;

in the philosophy of Paracelsus, 27;

in Bruno’s philosophy, 29, 30;

its two aspects, natura naturans and natura naturata, 29, 30;

in the philosophy of the Rationalists, 63, 64;

continuity of, according to Leibnitz, 123, 349–351;

life and writings of, 342, 99, 100.

Universe,

Man’s relation to, in the Renaissance, 8–18;

according to the Ptolemaic system, 33;

according to the Copernican system, 34;

the idea of the, according to Kant, 261, 264, 265;

according to Schelling, 304, 311.

See New Man.

Universities,

in the Renaissance, 12;

towns containing (map), 280.

Utilitarianism,

43.

Utopias,

41, 47.

Van der Ende,

his influence on Spinoza, 87, 89.

Vienna,

University of, 12.

Voltaire, F. M. A. de,

208–210, 223.

Wagner, Richard,

342.

Watson, John,

Hedonistic Theories, 47 n.

Weber, E. A.,

History of Philosophy, iv, 70 n., 73 n., 107 n., 332 n., 352 n.

Weimar,

233, 307.

Wernaer, R. M.,

Romanticism and the Romantic School in Germany, 300 n.

Will, the,

Kant’s theory of, 269–277;

the world as, and as idea, according to Schopenhauer, 345–347;

as irrational reality, according to Schopenhauer, 347, 348;

suicide and, according to Schopenhauer, 349;

the denial of, according to Schopenhauer, 349–351.

Windelband, Wilhelm,

History of Philosophy, iv, 8 n., 23 n., 30 n., 47 n., 70 n., 119 n., 132 n., 183 n., 230 n., 236 n., 278 n., 282 n.;

on Kant’s synthetic judgments a priori, 251 n.

Wittenberg,

new religious centre in the Renaissance, 12.

WolfenbÜttel Fragments,

85.

Wolff, Christian,

221, 222, 228.

Wolffians, the,

142.

World,

of grace, 63,

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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