  | 1– | Read Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 303–321; Windelband, History of Philosophy, pp. 348–351; Dewing, Introduction to Modern Philosophy, pp. 52–54. | | 2– | Read Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 321–331; Windelband, Hist. of Phil., pp. 352–354. | | 3– | Read Falckenberg, Hist. of Modern Phil., pp. 27–28; Browning, Paracelsus; Goethe, Faust, lines 1–165. | | 4– | These two phrases will be found again in the philosophy of Spinoza. Nature is conceived as having two aspects: one is natura naturans, or God as the animating principle of nature; the other is natura naturata, or the world as materialized forms or effects. | | 5– | Read Windelband, Hist. of Phil., pp. 378–379. | | 6– | Induction and deduction are methods of reasoning. Induction is the method of beginning with particular cases and inferring from them a general conclusion. Deduction is the opposite method of reasoning. | | 7– | Read HÖffding, Hist. of Phil., vol. i, p.175; Ball, Hist. of Math., pp. 249 ff.; Falckenberg, Hist. of Mod. Phil., pp. 59 ff. | | 8– | An example used by Galileo is the law of the velocity of falling bodies in empty space. | | 9– | The name, “concomitant variations,” was later given by John Stuart Mill. | | 10– | Read Ball, Hist. of Math., pp. 253 ff.; HÖffding, Hist. of Mod. Phil., vol. i, pp. 184–186; Macaulay, Essay on Bacon; Bacon, Essays,—Studies, Truth, Friendship, Simulation, and Dissimulation; Abbott, Francis Bacon; Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 336–344; Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, pp. 24–56. | | 11– | Bacon wrote his New Atlantis in 1623. The same year Campanella wrote his State of the Sun, and the preceding year Thomas More wrote his Utopia. | | 12– | Utilitarianism regards adaptation to general happiness as the ideal of society. Positivism, broadly used, is that philosophy which limits the scope of thought to the observation of facts, although the observations are inferior to the facts. The data and methods of positivism are the same as those of natural science, and opposed to the a priori methods of metaphysics. | | 13– | In this connection read Herbert Spencer, Education. | | 14– | Bacon chooses the word Idols, because it is the same as the Greek word for false forms (eidola, ??????). | | 15– | Bacon is here alluding to Plato’s myth of the cave. Read Plato, Republic (Jowett’s trans.), Bk. VII, 514A–520E. | | 16– | Bacon is satirical here and is likening philosophical systems to stage-plays. | | 17– | But see the contradiction in the theory of Hobbes. | | 18– | Read Robertson, Hobbes (Blackwood’s Phil. Classics), pp. 204–206; Falckenberg, Hist. Mod. Phil., pp. 71–72; EncyclopÆdia Britannica, article, “Hobbes”; Leslie Stephen, Hobbes; Watson, Hedonistic Theories, pp. 73–94; Turner, Hist. Phil., pp. 443–446; Windelband, Hist. Phil., p.389; Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 359–360; Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, pp. 57–69, 80–84. | | 19– | See also the ideal States of Campan
host@g@html@files@62663@62663-h@62663-h-11.htm.html#p334_69" class="pginternal">69– | A discussion of these contradictions can be found in any text-book in metaphysics. | | 70– | The “principle of contradiction” in logic is the prohibition to commit contradiction. | | 71– | Read Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 510–518; Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, pp. 629–671. | | 72– | Read RubÁiyÁt of Omar KhayyÁm, FitzGerald’s translation, 4th ed., quatrainsxlvii–lxxiii; Goethe, Sorrows of Werther, as an example of pessimism due mainly to environment. | | 73– | Read Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, pp. 703–708; Weber, Hist. of Phil., §§69,70; Eucken, Problem of Human Life, pp. 518–523, 524–553, 559–573; Nietzsche, Also Sprach Zarathustra; James, Pragmatism, Lectures I, IV, VII; Royce, Spirit of Mod. Phil., LectureIX. | | 74– | Royce, The World and the Individual, vol. i, pp. 60 f. | | 75– | Read Rand, Modern Classical Philosophers, pp. 672–689. | |
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