PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION INTRODUCTION THE THREE GENERAL PERIODS OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER I THE EARLY GREEK IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER II THE COSMOLOGICAL PERIOD (625 (480) B. C.): THE PHILOSOPHY OF NATURE CHAPTER IV THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERIOD (490 (399) B. C.): THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN CHAPTER V SOCRATES (469 (399) B. C.). CHAPTER VI THE SYSTEMATIC PERIOD (399 B. C. (322) B. C.) CHAPTER VII PLATO (427 (347) B. C.) CHAPTER VIII ARISTOTLE (384 (322) B. C.) CHAPTER IX THE HELLENIC-ROMAN PERIOD (322 B. C. (476) A. D.) CHAPTER XII SKEPTICISM AND ECLECTICISM CHAPTER XIII THE RELIGIOUS PERIOD (100 B. C. (476) A. D.) CHAPTER XIV PATRISTICS. THE HELLENIZING OF THE GOSPEL CHAPTER XV CHARACTERISTICS AND CONDITIONS OF THE MIDDLE AGES CHAPTER XVI THE EARLY PERIOD OF THE MIDDLE AGES (476 - 1000) CHAPTER XVII THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD (1000 - 1200) CHAPTER XVIII THE PERIOD OF CLASSIC SCHOLASTICISM (1200 - 1453) SOCRATES Transcriber’s Notes The cover image was provided by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain. Punctuation has been standardized. Most abbreviations have been expanded in tool-tips for screen-readers and may be seen by hovering the mouse over the abbreviation. This book was written in a period when many words had not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated with a Transcriber’s Note. Index references have not been checked for accuracy. Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript number and have been accumulated in a table at the end of the text. Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the text or to provide additional information for the modern reader. These notes have been accumulated in a table at the end of the book and are identified in the text by a dotted underline and may be seen in a tool-tip by hovering the mouse over the underline. A BEGINNER’S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BY HERBERT ERNEST CUSHMAN, LL.D., Ph.D. Sometime Professor of Philosophy in Tufts College VOL. I ANCIENT AND MEDIÆVAL PHILOSOPHY Revised Edition (‡ Colophon) HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON · NEW YORK · CHICAGO The Riverside Press Cambridge COPYRIGHT, 1910 AND 1918, BY HERBERT ERNEST CUSHMAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED, INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF IN ANY FORM The Riverside Press CAMBRIDGE · MASSACHUSETTS TO GEORGE HERBERT PALMER, Litt.D., LL.D. ALFORD PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY WHO HAS INTERPRETED LIFE TO MANY YOUNG MEN BY MAKING PHILOSOPHY A LIVING SUBJECT TO THEM |