a as in father

a preceding sound, prolonged

a as in what

Ä as in hat

Ä next preceding sound, prolonged

 as in all

ai as in aisle

au as ou in out

c as sh in shall

Ç as th in wealth

d pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth, as in enunciating English th in with; the only sound of d employed in writing native words

e as in they

e as in met

f as in waif

g as in gig

h as in hot

i as in pique

i next preceding sound, prolonged

i as in pit

k as in kick

n as in run

Ñ as ng in ring

o as in note

q as ch in German ich

r slightly trilled; this is its only sound

s as in sop

t pronounced with the tip of the tongue touching the upper teeth, as in enunciating the English th in with; this is its only sound

u as in rule

u as in rut

w as in wit

y as in ye [74]

dj as j in judge

hw as wh in what

tc as ch in church

n marks nasalized vowels, thus en, on, ain, en, Än, Ân

? indicates an aspiration or soft emission of breath

' marks the glottal stop, Ä', en'

t?h In this combination t and h are separately uttered, as th in the English words hothouse, foothold. [75]