[1] Lord Dufferin, Toronto Club, 1874.

[2] Bulwer Lytton.

[3] Sumner.

[4] The colours carried by the Royal French regiments are described by Capt. Knox to have been: "A white silk flag with three fleur-de-lis within a wreath or circlet in the centre part of gold." ("The Fall of New France"—Hart.)

[5] Thiers: "History of the French Revolution," Vol. I., p. 74.

[6] Decree of Feb. 15, 1794.

[7] Defence of Quebec, 1775.

[8] Benjamin Suite: "Le Drapeau Tri-colore en Canada."

[9] Preble: "History of the Flag of the United States," p. 85.

[10] The Annual Register, 1843, Vol. 85.

[11] Bird: "Six Months among the Sandwich Islands," 1875.

[12] Harleian MSS.

[13] Fabyan, 1415.

[14] Machyn's Diary.

[15] Bloomfleld: "The National Flag."

[16] Harleian MSS.

[17] Gordon: "Saint George, Champion of Christendom."

[18] Spenser: "Faerie Queene."

[19] Ludovicus Patricius: "Book of Travels."

[20] Jameson: "Sacred and Legendary Art."

[21] Butler: "Lives of the Fathers and Martyrs."

[22] Bloomfield: "The National Flag."

[23] Spenser: "Faerie Queene."

[24] Orton: "Saint George."

[25] A special permission has been granted to the yachts of the "Royal Yacht Squadron," of England, to use the white ensign. A penalty of £500 may by law be imposed for hoisting on any ship or boat belonging to any of His Majesty's subjects any flag not permitted in accordance with the Admiralty's Regulations. (See Art. 86, "Admiralty Instructions.")

[26] Campbell.

[27] Campbell.

[28] "Sax. Chron."

[29] "Canciam," IV.

[30] Southey: "British Admirals."

[31] Sir Harris Nicholas.

[32] Rymer.

[33] Aubrey: "Gold Noble, Ed. III."

[34] Preble: "Flag of the United States."

[35] Monson.

[36] Tennyson: "The Revenge."

[37] Sir Harris Nicholas: "History of the Order of the Thistle."

[38] Perry: "Rank and Badges."

[39] In 1707, when, at the time of the completed union under Queen Anne, the whole navy of the Scots was transferred to the navy of Great Britain, it consisted of only "three small ships."

[40] Pinkerton: "History of Scotland."

[41] Sir William Monson.

[42] Hulme: "Flags of the World."

[43] Phineas Pett: "Journal," 1696.

[44] Hallam.

[45] W. Laird Clowes: "History of the English Navy."

[46] Langton: "Heraldry of the Sea."

[47] The United States national ensign has at the different dates been composed as follows:

1776—The Union Jack of Queen Anne and thirteen stripes.

1777—Thirteen stars and thirteen stripes.

1794—Fifteen stars and fifteen stripes.

1818—Fifteen stars and thirteen stripes. Thereafter an additional star was added as each new State was created out of the western territories, the stripes for the original thirteen colonies remaining the same.

1896—Forty-five stars and thirteen stripes.

1909—Forty-six stars and thirteen stripes.

[48] Monson's "Naval Tracts."

[49] Richelieu.

[50] Monson.

[51] Bloomfield: "The National Flag."

[52] Hannay: "Short History of the Royal Navy."

[53] These masthead pennants, with the St. George cross at the head, are worn on all His Majesty's ships in commission. They vary in length from 9 to 60 feet, and in width 2½ inches to 4 inches, and are worn as a sign of command both night and day.

[54] Regulations and instructions relating to His Majesty's Service at sea, 1790.

[55] Treaty of Breda, 1667.

[56] Mahan.

[57] Treaty of Westminster, Charles II. and Holland, 1674.

[58] R. L. Stevenson: "Letters from Samoa."

[59] Minute of Council, 17 March, 1707.

[60] Minute of the Privy Council, 17 April, 1707.

[61] Minute of the Privy Council, 17 April, 1707.

[62] Proclamation, p. 75.

[63] Proclamation, p. 123.

[64] Instructions, p. 119.

[65] The artist would appear to have altered the flag shown on the flagstaff in a sketch which he had made the previous year. The sketch was made in 1758, and the Fort taken in 1759. A "colonial escutcheon" will be noted in the centre Union.

[66] Kirby: "Spina Christi."

[67] The nuns of the convents of Quebec sewed together blankets to make trousers for the 78th Fraser Highlanders, who otherwise would have had no protection against the snows during the first winter of their occupation of the citadel of Quebec. The soldiers of this regiment were given grants of land, and settled on the north shore of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, where they intermarried with the French Canadians. It is a striking instance of the amalgamating influence of the habitant that the descendants of the Frasers are now Frasiers, and speak French as their native tongue.

[68] The Treaty of Paris was concluded at Paris, 10th February, 1763, by George III. of Great Britain, Louis XV. of France, Charles III. of Spain, and Joseph of Portugal. France ceded to Britain all countries east of the Mississippi except the town of New Orleans; and Spain, in consideration of the return to her of Havana and the Island of Cuba—which had been captured during the war by the English—ceded Florida with the Bay of Pensacola and all her territories in North America to the east or south-east of the Mississippi.

[69] Royal Proclamation under Treaty of Paris, 1763.

[70] Quebec Act, 1774, Section 11.

[71] Goldwin Smith: "The United States' Political History."

[72] "United Empire Loyalists," so called because they preferred to remain united with the parent Empire rather than become citizens of another State.

[73] Jakeway: "The Lion and the Lilies."

[74] Kinglake: "Invasion of the Crimea."

[75] Smith: "Religion of Ancient Britain."

[76] "The Book of Public Arms."

[77] Hulme: "Flags of the World."

[78] King: "National Arms."

[79] "Hadyn's Index."

[80] "Ulster Journal of ArchÆology," Vol. I., September, 1894.

[81] Afterwards Governor of Virginia in 1618.

[82] Macdonald: "Charters Illustrative of American History, 1606-1775."

[83] Winthrop's Journal, November 5, 1634, Vol. I., p. 175.

[84] Winthrop's Journal, March, 1635.

[85] Winthrop's Journal, December, 1635.

[86] Winthrop's Journal, March, 1636.

[87] Massachusetts Records, Vol. I. Order of General Court at Boston, May 7, 1651.

[88] Journal of Voyage to the New Netherlands, 1679-80, translated from the original manuscript, Long Island Historical Society, 1867.

[89] Treaty of Whitehall, November, 1686.

[90] British State papers, New England. Vol. 12.

[91] Sewall Papers, Massachusetts Historical Collections, Fifth Series, Vol. V.

[92] Massachusetts, Virginia, Maryland, the two Jerseys, New York, Connecticut, and Plymouth and Rhode Island.

[93] Sir Wm. Phips: "Account of Expedition against Quebec." Colonial Entry Books. London.

[94] Acadie was restored to the French by the Treaty of Ryswick, 25th September, 1697.

[95] It was afterwards placed, with much ceremony, in the Cathedral.

[96] Ernest Myrand: "Phips devant Quebec," p. 341.

[97] P. Schenk, Amsterdam, 1711. See p. 227.

[98] New York Colonial manuscripts, Vol. V., p. 137.

[99] Practically our present Nova Scotia.

[100] Bourinot: "Island of Cape Breton."

[101] Graham's Journal, published by the Society of the Colonial Wars, in New York.

[102] When, in the Spanish-American war of 1899, the forces of the United States placed the American ensign, containing the thirteen stripes of the old colonies, above the flag of Spain, in Cuba, Great Britain stood by the descendants of her men of 1762 and kept the field clear from interference by other nations.

[103] Letter to Lord Barrington, Secretary of War, April 12, 1775.

[104] Address of the General Congress of the Colonies in America to the King, September 1, 1775.

[105] New England Chronicle, July 6, 1775.

[106] "Washington Letters," Vol. I., p. 84.

[107] Lossing.

[108] General Schuyler Hamilton: "Addresses on the Flag," p. 18.

[109] Preble: "The Flag of the United States."

[110] Benjamin Franklin's only son bitterly resented his father's abandonment of peaceful and constitutional methods, and himself left the country in 1782, and died a U. E. Loyalist in 1813.

[111] Carried in Congress only by the casting vote of the chairman.

[112] Franklin, Adams and Washington.

[113] Preble: "Ross episode."

[114] Also spelled "Wessingtons."

[115] "Magazine of American History," Vol. XIX., p. 151.

[116] Edward VI., Mary, Elizabeth.

[117] George I., George II., George III.

[118] Benjamin Sulte: "The Origin of the French Canadians."

[119] First used at Gisors, in Normandy, in 1198.

[120] The custom is still continued. The consent of Queen Victoria to Acts passed by Parliament was given in Norman French, "La Reyne le veult."

[121] W. H. Drummond: "The Habitant."

[122] Guizot: "Essais sur l'Histoire de France."

[123] Gibbon.

[124] The design of this Bank of Upper Canada penny was made by F. W. Cumberland, the father of the writer.

[125] Memorandum of the Admiralty.

[126] "Genealogical Magazine," 1899.

[127] Proclamation, Charles I., 1634, p. 83.

[128] Proclamation, Charles II., 1663, p. 90.

[129] Gentleman's Magazine, January. 1801.

[130] Naval and Military Magazine, 1827, p. 182.

[131] Naval and Military Magazine, 1827.

[132] Times, September 17, 1903.

[133] Admiralty Memorandum relative to the Union Jack, 1907.

[134] McGeorge: "Flags."

[135] In 1781 England lost Tobago, St. Eustachius, Demerara, Essequibo, St. Christopher, Nevis, and Montserrat.

[136] Kirby: "Canadian Idylls."

[137] Nelson, in order to have the British ships easily recognized by one another in the action, had ordered that instead of wearing (in accordance with regulations) the flags of their respective red, white or blue squadrons, all the ships should wear the same flag (the white ensign) as himself.

[138] "Captain Langtin caused his men of the Beauharnois militia to kneel, went through a short prayer with them, and then, rising, said: 'Now that they had fulfilled their duty to their God, they would fulfil that to their King.'"—Lighthall: "The Battle of Chateauguay."

[139] A Union Jack given him by Her Majesty Queen Alexandra.

[140] Caravelle Francaise tirÉe des "Ouvres Pilote du Havre," MSS. du XVI. Siecle.

[141] Archives Rooms, Massachusetts. Vol. 62, Fol. 449-490. Boston.

[142] New York Colonial Society Manuscripts, New York.

[143] In Emmet Collection, Lennox Library, New York.

[144] In Collection of Chateau de Ramezay, Montreal.

[145] Avery: "History of the United States," Burrows Bros.: Cleveland, Ohio.

[146] Now in the Museum at Alexandria, Virginia, U.S.A.

[147] The British Orders in Council respecting the "right of search," to which the United States made objection, and had been given as their reason for war, had been repealed in England the day before war was declared.

[148] An ancestor of Lord Roberts of Kandahar and Pretoria.

[149] Kernighan ("The Khan"): "The Men of the Northern Zone."

[150] Out of a part of these the Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905.

[151] See Appendix C—"Canadian War Medals."

[152] Henry Ward Beecher.

[153] Extract from Dictionary of Statistics, p. 541, "Abolition of Slavery."

[154] In 1780 there were 1,191,000 slaves in the United States, and as late as 1860 more than 4,000,000.

[155] 25th May, 1787, at Philadelphia.

[156] Emancipation was effected in New Jersey in 1804; New York, 1827.

[157] Article I., Section 2, Constitution of United States, 1787.

[158] Article IV., Section 2, Constitution of United States, 1787.

[159] James Madison, subsequently twice President of the United States, 1809 and 1813.

[160] Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, January 31st, 1865.

[161] There were a few isolated instances of slaves who continued for a short time in the possession of their previous owners, but after this date any slave who came to the country, and every child born of coloured parents, was free.

[162] Speaking in the Exposition Hall, at the great Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, on August 25th, 1893, Douglas said of his people: "To-day we number 8,000,000 (coloured) people in the United States. To-day a desperate effort is being made to blacken the character of the negro and to brand him as a moral monster. In fourteen States of this Union wild mobs have taken the place of the law. They hang, shoot and burn men of my race without law and without right."

[163] 1896.

[164] In the United States the members of the Senate are elected by the Legislatures of the States, one for each State, and sit for six years. The members of the House of Representatives are elected by popular vote of the electors, the number for each State being determined by its proportional population, and each sits for a fixed term of two years.

[165] No Bill for the expenditure of any money or for a change in taxation can be introduced except by a member of the Cabinet.

[166] The life of a Parliament in Canada is limited to five years, and, unless it has been dissolved in the interval, must return for re-election at the end of that term. An entire new parliament can be re-elected any time in about six weeks.

[167] Rudyard Kipling.

[168] Appendix A.—"The Maple Leaf Emblem."

[169] Legal documents issued under legislation in Canada are issued in the name of the "King," as representing the whole people, as in the United States the expression is in the name of "The people of the United States."

[170] Confederation Act, South Africa, 1909.

[171] Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa.

[172] Order in Council, 7th August, 1869.

[173] Admiral Eardley Wilmot: "Our Flags."

[174] Dibdin, 1755.

[175] Lord Knollys, 4th June, 1902. Appendix B.

[176] Lord Knollys, 29th December, 1907. Appendix B.

[177] Letter Under-Secretary of State, Home Office, Whitehall, June 19, 1908.

[178] Initiated by Mrs. Clementina Fessenden, of Hamilton, Canada, in 1898.

[179] Hakluyt.

[180] Hannay: "Short History of the British Navy."

[181] Extract from Pepys' Diary.

[182] He was at the time a vice-admiral of the white and the senior officer present.

[183] Order in Council, October 18th, 1865.

[184] In the present day, when ironclads have not more than two, and often only one mast, vice-admirals wear the St. George with one red ball in the upper corner, and rear-admirals with two red balls, to indicate their respective rank.

[185] The Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act, 1889.

[186] Massachusetts Archives, Vol. 62, p. 449.

[187] Colonial Defences Act, 28 Victoria, Cap. 14.

[188] Warrant of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty.

[189] Pennants having this blue fly were worn by the English navy almost two hundred years previously, as shown in a picture, painted by Vandervelt, of the action off the coast of Holland on August 11, 1673, between the English, French and Dutch, now the property of His Majesty the King.

[190] Merchant Shipping (Colours) Act, 1889.

[191] The order is British (Home Kingdom), United States, German, French, Canadian.

[192] Admiralty Warrant, February 2, 1892.

[193] The arms of the four provinces which first united are the only ones which, up to 1909, have been officially authorized to be inserted, although the arms of the whole nine provinces, now comprising the Dominion, are often to be seen. A simple maple leaf on a white escutcheon would be infinitely preferable, for which see Appendix A and fig. 69.

[194] Admiralty Order, 11th September, 1902.

[195] Admiralty Warrant, 3rd October, 1908. Colonial Office despatch, 27th October, 1908.

[196] Speech, May 7, 1834.

[197] Appendix D.—The "Diamond Jubilee Anthem" of 1897.

[198] Hon. G. B. Foster, Minister of Finance of Canada, in a speech in the House of Commons, Ottawa.

[199] His Majesty King Edward VII. caused himself to be so proclaimed at his coronation, when he added this recognition of the Britains over the seas to his title, being the first of our kings to so include them.

[200] First edition, 1897.