FRACTURE OF THE ILEUM, "Hipped."—Fracture of the angle and neck of the ileum may be classed among the common fractures in horses and cattle. Fractures involving other parts of the pelvic bones are less common. Such fractures are due to accidental causes, as striking the point of the haunch on the door frame when hurrying through a narrow doorway and falling on frozen ground.

Fractures of the external angle of the ileum or point of haunch are usually followed by displacement of the fractured portion. The same is true of fractures of the neck of the ileum. The result is a deformity of the quarter.

In making an examination of these parts the examiner should see that the horse is standing squarely on its feet, and then compare the conformation of the two quarters. Fractures of either the external angle or the neck of the ileum cause the quarter to appear narrow and low. A close examination may enable the examiner to differentiate between the two fractures. Fractures of the neck of the ileum can be recognized by manipulating the part through the walls of the rectum or vagina.

The degree of lameness may vary. In some cases there may be no lameness when the animal walks, but a slight degree of lameness may be noticed when it trots. For several weeks after the injury the horse may be unable to use the limb, but it may eventually make nearly a complete recovery.

Atrophy of the muscles of the hip or quarter (Fig. 44) should not be mistaken for fractures of the ileum. This condition involves the heavy gluteal muscles and may occur as a complication of azoturia, or a lameness of the hind limb that is usually due to a spavin.

It is very seldom necessary to give fractures of the ileum any special care. If the animal is very lame, it should be given a narrow stall, and placed in a sling until it can support its weight on the limb. The same treatment is indicated in cattle. It is not advisable to breed a mare that has had the ileum fractured. The bony enlargement that results from the union of the broken ends of the bone may interfere with the passage of the foetus through the pelvic cavity and cause difficult parturition.

[Illustration: FIG. 44.—Atrophy of the muscles of the quarter.]

LUXATION OF THE PATELLA, "Stifle Out."—This is a common accident in horses and mules. Young, immature animals are more prone to displacement of the patella than when mature. The displacement is usually upward or outward. Outward displacement is comparatively rare.

The causes of "stifle out" may be described as follows: The patella or knee-cap rests on a pulley-like articular surface belonging to the inferior extremity of the thigh-bone. The external lip of this articular surface is smaller than the internal lip. The patella is held in place from above by the heavy muscles of the anterior region of the thigh, and from below, by straight ligaments that attach it to the leg-bone. If the retaining structures mentioned become relaxed, the patella may, when the limb is extended, become so displaced as to rest on the superior portion of the external lip. Laxness of the muscles and ligaments in young animals is a predisposing factor. Hard work that tires the muscles and causes them to become relaxed, strains, unusual movements, as kicking in the stable and slipping, may cause this accident. Congenital displacement results from imperfect development of the external lip of the trochlea. Such a deformity subjects the animal to frequent luxations.

The symptoms may vary. The displacement may be first noticed when the horse is backed out of the stall or turned quickly. A slight "hitch" in the movement of the limb is noted, that is followed by more noticeable flexion of the hock than normal. In case the luxation is more permanent, the horse stands quietly with the affected leg held stiffly and extended backward. When made to move forward, it hops on the well leg and carries the affected one, or drags it on the toe. If both limbs are affected, the animal is unable to move. The inability to move the limb is due to the patella resting on the external lip of the pulley surface, and a locking of the stifle- and hock-joint.

This accident is annoying, and in case the horse is subject to it should be considered an unsoundness.

The following treatment may be recommended: The luxation may be reduced in the large majority of cases by backing or turning the animal. If this does not reduce the displacement, a collar should be placed on the animal, and a hobble strap fastened to the pastern of the involved limb. One end of a long rope is tied to the collar, passed backward between the front limbs, through a ring in the hobble and back over the outside of the shoulder and under the collar. While an attendant pulls the limb a little forward with the rope, the operator takes hold of the foot and attempts to flex the limb, at the same time pushing inward on the patella. After reducing the luxation it is advisable to tie the rope to the collar, so that the limb is carried forward. This prevents the animal from throwing weight on the foot. It may be advisable to tie the animal so that it can not lie down, if the foot is to be left hobbled for a few days. A fly blister should be applied to the front and outside of the stifle and the application repeated in two or three weeks.

STRING-HALT.—This term is applied to a peculiar involuntary movement of one or both hind limbs that is characterized by a sudden, purposeless flexion of the hock-joint (Fig. 45). Horses that are slightly affected may show this movement of the hind limbs when first exercised. Other horses may be "string-halted" when backed, turned, walked, or trotted, and fail to drive out of it. The cause of true "string-halt" is not known.

The treatment recommended is surgical. This consists in cutting the tendon of the peroneus muscle. The seat of the operation is a little below the hock and on the external face of the cannon.

[Illustration: FIG. 45.—String-halt.]

SPAVIN.—A spavin is a chronic inflammation of the articular faces of the hock bones, ligaments and synovial membranes. The inflammation may result in the formation of a bony enlargement on the inner surface of the region, and a union between the small bones forming the lower portion of the hock, and the upper extremities of cannon and lower hock bones (Figs. 46 and 47).

[Illustration: FIG. 46.—A large bone spavin.]

The predisposing causes are of the greatest importance. A spavin is one of the unsoundnesses of horses that may be transmitted to the offspring. Young colts that have heavy bodies and are fed a fattening ration are predisposed to it. Crooked hind limbs, small hocks and quarters that are heavily muscled are predisposing factors. The external causes are strains caused by slipping, turning quickly, rearing, pulling heavy loads and kicks. Horses three or four years of age if given work that favors hock strain, such as excavating cellars, may develop a spavin.

[Illustration: FIG. 47.—Normal cannon bone and cannon bone showing bony enlargement and lower hock bones united to superior extremity; this occurs in bone spavin.]

The symptoms or lameness are more characteristic than in most diseases of the limb. At the very beginning of the inflammation, and sometimes for several months afterward, the lameness is intermittent and disappears with exercise. After a time it is permanent. It is characterized by a stiffness of the hock. The extension of the hock is incomplete, the step is short and quick, the animal "goes on its toe" and the wall or shoe at the toe shows considerable wear. Because of the stiffness in the hock the animal raises the quarter when the limb is carried forward. Turning toward the well side may increase the lameness. The spavin test may be of value in diagnosing lameness. This consists in picking up the foot and holding the hock in a flexed position for a few minutes. The foot is then dropped to the ground and the animal moved off at a brisk trot. If the lameness is more marked, it indicates that the seat is in the region of the hock. This test is of greatest value in young animals. The bony enlargement can usually be seen best if the examiner stands in front and to one side of the animal. The hock should be observed from directly behind as well. The hocks of both limbs should be compared, and the general conformations of the other joints as well. This may prevent the examiner from mistaking rough hocks for spavin enlargements or "a pair" of spavins for rough hocks. A bony enlargement does not always accompany the lameness, and a spavin may be present without the horse going noticeably lame.

[Illustration: FIG. 48.—Bog spavins.]

The prognosis is always uncertain and should be guided somewhat by the conformation of the limb, character of the work required of the animal, position of the bony enlargement and the degree of lameness. The size of the enlargement is changed very little by the treatment. Veterinarians report recoveries in from fifty to sixty per cent of the cases treated.

The object of the treatment is to destroy the inflammation and bring about a union between the bones. The treatment recommended is counterirritation and rest. The most satisfactory method of counterirritation is firing followed by blistering. Following this treatment, the horse should be placed in a stall and given no exercise for a period of five or six weeks. It is sometimes advisable to repeat the counterirritation if the results of the first firing are unsatisfactory.

BOG SPAVIN.—Bog spavin is an extensive distention of the capular ligament of the hock-joint by synovia (Fig. 48). It is generally due to chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane. This blemish or unsoundness is most common in young horses. Thorough pin (Fig. 49) involves the sheath of the large tendon only. (Compare Figs. 48 and 49.)

[Illustration: FIG. 49.—Thorough pin. Note the relation of the enlargement to the tendon, and the freedom of the hocks from bog spavin.]

Certain conformations of the hock favor the development of bog spavin. This is especially true of upright and "fleshy" hocks. Hard work may cause the hocks to "fill" when followed by a brief period of rest. The common cause is a sprain due to slipping and pulling heavy loads.

The following symptoms may be noted: Lameness is not a common symptom of bog spavin. If there is inflammation present or the articulation is injured, lameness occurs. The soft swelling that characterizes the bog spavin is most prominent toward the inside and front of the region. In the upper portion or hollow of the hock, and on the inside and outside, there may be a second enlargement. Smaller enlargements may be present in other regions. All of the swellings feel soft, and pressure on any one of them moves the fluid present in the others.

The treatment is directed at the removal of the lameness. Acute inflammation resulting from spavin may be relieved by cold applications and rest. Chronic lameness should be given the same treatment as recommended for bone spavin. The enlargement can be successfully removed in growing colts by the repeated application of mild blisters. It may be necessary to continue the treatment for several months. The removal of the enlargement in adult horses by an operation is recommended. The greatest caution is required in performing this operation.

CAPPED HOCK.—All swellings on the point of the hock are termed "capped hock." The swellings may be due to an injury to the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, or more important structures may be involved, as the subcutaneous bursa, the tendon, or the synovial bursa or sack.

Capped hock is caused by the animal kicking in the stall or in harness, shipping in freight cars and lack of bedding in the stall. Unless the deeper structures are bruised and inflamed the animal shows no lameness.

The character of the enlargement varies. When the injury is superficial, the swelling feels firm, or pits on pressure. Later it may become more firm and feel like a loose, thickened, fibrous cap for the hock. Soft, fluctuating swellings are due to an inflammation of the bursa. Recent injuries feel hot.

The preventive treatment consists in hobbling the hind limbs of a horse that kicks in the stable. This is usually necessary only at night. It may be advisable to pad certain parts of the stall. Horses that are transported in cars should be protected against injuries during transit by the use of proper care and such arrangement of the animals in the car as may expose them to the least injury. Recent injuries should be treated by the application of cold and rest.

After the inflammation has subsided tincture of iodine or blisters may be applied. The treatment of bursal enlargements is surgical. This consists in opening the bursa, destroying the lining membrane of the cavity and treating the part daily until healed. The operation must be performed carefully, as there is danger of infection with irritating organisms. The animal should be given complete rest until the part is healed. Tincture of iodine may be applied to the enlargement that may remain after healing has occurred. This should be continued daily until the skin becomes noticeably irritated. The treatment may be repeated, if necessary, after an interval of two weeks.

[Illustration: FIG. 50.—Curbs.]

CURB.—This term is applied to all swellings on the posterior border of the hock (Fig. 50). Thickenings or enlargements in this region may involve a variety of structures. Thickening of the skin, tendons and sheath may occur. The large ligament that extends from the posterior border of the bone that forms the summit of the hock to the external splint bone, and acts as a stay for the point of the hock, is the structure usually involved in curb.

Faulty conformation is a predisposing cause. A narrow base weakens the hock at this point, and the extreme length of the bone that forms its summit gives the powerful muscles attached to it greater leverage than in a well-conformed hock. This results in strain to the ligament at the posterior portion of the region.

The exciting causes are strains resulting from jumping, slipping, rearing, heavy pulling and bruising of the part.

In examining the hock for curb it is necessary to stand to the side and note the profile of the posterior border. Excessive development of the head of the external splint bone should not be mistaken for curb. As viewed from the side, the posterior border of the hock should appear straight.

The curb appears as a swelling on this straight line. It varies in size. A recent curb is usually hot and firm, or may feel soft if enlargement is formed by fluid, hard if formed by bone. Lameness seldom occurs, but if present, resembles spavin lameness.

The preventive treatment consists in selecting for breeding, animals that have strong, straight hocks, and using the necessary care in handling and working horses. It is not uncommon for young horses at the time they are broken to harness to develop a curb. This may be prevented to a large degree by careful handling. At the beginning of the inflammation the application of cold and hand rubbing is indicated. After the inflammation has subsided tincture of iodine or blisters should be applied. Rest is a necessary part of the treatment early in the inflammation. If the lameness does not respond to the above treatment, it should be treated the same as for bone spavin.

QUESTIONS

1. Describe the different fractures of the ileum and give treatment.

2. Describe string-halt lameness and give treatment.

3. What is bone spavin? Describe spavin lameness.

4. Give the causes and treatment of bog spavin.

5. Give the causes and treatment of capped hock.

6. Give the causes and treatment of curb.