The Pentateuch, in Its Progressive Revelations of God to Men

Footnotes.

1–	?????????
2–	Lay sermons on spontaneous generation; pp.364–366.
3–	Dr. A. M’Caul in “Aids to Faith,” page241 renders it—“And evening happened and morning happened—one day.” Precisely this is the sense of the Septuagint and of the Syriac. See also Tayler Lewis in Lange’s Genesis, pp.132,133.
4–	See the usage in David (Ps. 55:17), “Evening and morning and at noon will I pray.”
5–	?????
6–	The following synoptical view of the passages in which ????? or ?????? occurs is given in the Bibliotheca Sacra (Oct. 1856, pp. 763,764) by Prof. E.P. Barrows.—“It is used, I. Of the original creation: 1.Of the world generally, or parts of it: Gen. 1:1 and 1:21 and 2:3,4 and Ps. 89:12 and 148:5 and Isa. 40:26 and 40:28 and 42:5 and 45:18 (twice), Amos 4:13. Also Isa. 45:7 (twice); making fourteen times in all.——2.Of rational man: Gen. 1:27 (thrice) and 5:1,2 (twice) and 6:7 and Deut. 4:32 and Isa. 45:12 and Eccl. 12:1 and Mal. 2:10. Here also we may conveniently place Ps. 89:47; twelve times. II. Of a subsequent creation: 1.Of the successive generations of men, Ps. 102:18 and of animal beings, Ps. 104:30.——2.Of nations under the figure of individuals, Ezek. 21:35 (Eng. version v.30) and 28:13,15; three times in Ezekiel only.——3.Of particular men as the instruments of God’s purposes; Isa. 54:16 (twice).——4.Of miraculous events; Ex. 34:10 and Num. 16:30 and Jer. 31:22.——5.Of events foretold in prophecy; Isa. 48:7. III. Of creation in a moral sense: 1.Of a clean heart and holy affections and actions; Ps. 51:10 and Isa. 45:8 and 57:19.——2.Of Israel as God’s covenant people, or of a member of Israel; Isa. 43:1, 7, 15.——3.Of a new and glorious order of things for Israel and in Israel; Isa. 4:5 and 41:20 and 65:17,18 (twice). An examination of these passages (half of which relate to the original creation) will show that in every instance the idea is that of bringing into being by divine power. Whether that which is created is new matter, or something else that is new, must be determined by the context.”
7–	See Bib. Sacra, April, 1855, pp. 325,326.
8–	The word, “generations,” obtains the secondary sense of family history and then the sense of history in general, from the fact that the earliest written historical records were so largely made up of genealogies—the records of human generations.
9–	Darwin’s Origin of Species, p.420.
10–	“The Quadrumana and all the higher mammals are probably derived from an ancient marsupial animal, and this, through a long line of diversified forms, either from some reptile-like or some amphibian-like creature, and this again from some fish-like animal. In the dim obscurity of the past we can see that the early progenitor of all the vertebratÆ must have been an aquatic animal, provided with branchiÆ [gills] with the two sexes united in the same individual, and with the most important organs of the body (such as the brain and the heart) imperfectly developed. This animal seems to have been more like the larvÆ of our existing marine Ascidians than any other known form.” Darwin’s Descent of Man, vol.2,372.
11–	“If my theory be true, it is indisputable that before the lowest Silurian stratum was deposited, long periods must have elapsed, as long as, or probably far longer than, the whole interval from the Silurian age to the present day; and that, during these vast yet quite unknown periods of time, the world swarmed with living creatures.” Darwin’s Origin of Species, p.269.
12–	These are his words—“Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this perhaps is the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory. The explanation lies as I believe in the extreme imperfection of the geological records.”——And again—“He who rejects these views on the nature [i.e. the defects] of the geological record will rightly reject my whole theory. For he may ask in vain: Where are the numberless transitional links which must formerly have connected the closely allied or representative species found in the several stages of the great formations? He may ask, Where are the remains of those numerous organisms which must have existed long before the first bed of the Silurian system was deposited?” Origin of Species, pp. 246,299.
13–	See Thompson’s “Man in Genesis and in Geology,” pp. 88–90, and Lyell on the Antiquity of Man, pp. 17–29.
14–	Lyell’s Antiquity of Man, pp.43 and204.
15–	See Report upon the Physics and Hydraulics of the Mississippi River by Capt. A.A. Humphreys and Lieut. H.L. Abbott; 1861, pp.435. The following extract will impress the reader as at once definite and reliable.——“If it be assumed that the rate of progress has been uniform to the present day—and there are some considerations connected with the manner in which the river pushes the bar into the gulf each year which tend to establish the correctness of that opinion—the number of years which have elapsed since the river began to advance into the gulf can be computed. The present rate of progress of the mouth may be obtained by a careful comparison of the progress of all the mouths of the river as shown by the maps of Capt. Talbot, United States Engineer, 1838, and of the United States Coast Survey in 1851—the only maps that admit of such comparison. They give two hundred and sixty-two feet for the mean yearly advance of all the passes. This mean advance of all the passes represents correctly the advance of the river.... Adopting this rate of progress (two hundred and sixty-two feet per annum) four thousand four hundred years have elapsed since the river began to advance into the gulf.” Bib. Sacra, April, 1873, p.331.
16–	Hodge’s Systematic Theology, vol.2, p.33.
17–	See Lyell’s Antiquity of Man, pp. 9–11.
18–	See “Antiquity and Unity of the Human Race,” by Rev. Ebenezer Burgess, pp. 25–30.
19–	Josephus states explicitly that Samuel and Saul combined fill out 40 years.
20–	It is a telling fact that according to Julius Africanus, Manetho’s numbers for the entire reigns of all the kings foot up 5404 years, while the aggregate duration of all the dynasties (within the same chronological termini) is 3555 years—i.e. the sum of all the dynasties is less by 1849 years than the sum of all the kings’ reigns which make up those dynasties. See Burgess on the Antiquity of Man, pp. 70,73.
21–	Bunsen is cited not as the best authority, but as one of the most strenuous for an exceedingly, not to say excessively, long duration.
22–	??????
23–	Or this one hundred and twenty years may be the reduced standard duration of human life, the thought being—So long a probation, almost a thousand years, is too much; my Spirit shall not prolong his effort in vain to this extent; I reduce the average life-period to one hundred and twenty years.
24–	See Smith’s Bible Dictionary, “Noah,” for numerous traditions of the flood.
25–	?????
26–	?????
27–	Many an American reader will be reminded of John Brown striking for the redemption of the American slave.
28–	See on the Scripture usage of “the angel of the Lord,” p.130.
29–	??????
30–	Hengstenberg’s Egypt and Moses, pp.115 and116.
31–	??????
32–	That this fear was by no means groundless appears in the panic which smote their hearts when they saw Pharaoh’s host pursuing (Ex. 14: 10–12), and also in the unbelieving fear manifested on hearing the report of ten of the spies returned from their forty days traversing of Canaan (Num. 13:28, 31–33, and 14:1–4).
33–	Connecting the fact given in profane history that Egypt worshiped the ox and the cow as gods, with the fact of sacred history—that all the first-born of their cattle fell in this fearful plague, we shall understand how signally God “executed judgment on Egypt’s gods.”
34–	See Bibliotheca Sacra, Oct., 1863, p.881.
35–	The term “Bekhen” is used for any kind of building—a temple, palace, or even a common house. Descriptions of what they built correspond to the sacred record, “treasure-cities.”
36–	See Burgess on “The Antiquity of Man,” pp. 68–84, on the unreliability of Manetho’s lists and on the relative value of other authorities in Egyptian chronologies.
37–	The passages which treat of it are Ex. 16: 14–36 and Num. 11: 7–9 and Deut. 8:3,16 and Josh. 5:12, Ps. 78:24,25 and Wisdom 16:20,21.
38–	The precise date of the scenes at Kadesh (Num.20) may be inferred from the death of Aaron which followed shortly after (Num. 20: 23–29), and is definitely dated (Num. 33:38), viz. on the first day of the fifth month in the fortieth year from Egypt. The “first month” therefore, spoken of Num. 20:1 must have been that of the fortieth year.
39–	Bearing in mind that the Israelites had lived in the valley of the Nile, all unused to mountain scenery, we may readily understand how these scenes around the base of Sinai must have impressed them. It is quite in place here to bring before our mind the physical features of this wonderful pile of rocks and cliffs. A modern writer supplies the following sketch: “The entire Sinaitic group presents the most impressive indications of the terrible convulsions by which its labyrinth of mountain heights has been rent and torn since its first upheaval. From the summit of Mt.Serbal, as from a watchtower in high heaven, one looks down upon a perfect sea of mountain ridges, often precipitous, always intensely steep, and culminating in a sharp edge at the height of two, three, or four thousand feet from their base. The entire line of these mountains is seen to have been rent transversely by clefts from the base to the summit, filled with injections of basaltic rocks, striping the mountain on every side with black bands. The whole assemblage is a perfect ganglion of ridges thrown up in wild confusion with its strata dislocated, disjointed, dipping in all directions and at every angle from horizontal to perpendicular. The mountains of Sinai form no system, no regular ranges, like the Alps, the Appenines, the Pyrenees, or the mountains of America.” (Bib. Sac. April, 1867, p.253). ——Dr. E. Robinson gives his impressions from personal inspection—thus: “Here the interior and loftier peaks of the great circle of Sinai began to open upon us—black, rugged, desolate summits; and as we advanced, the dark and frowning front of Sinai itself (the present Horeb of the monks) began to appear.——The scenery reminded me strongly of the mountains around the Mer de Glace in Switzerland. I had never seen a spot more wild and desolate.——As we advanced the valley still opened wider and wider, shut in on each side by lofty granite ridges with rugged, shattered peaks a thousand feet high, while the face of Horeb rose directly before us. Both my companion and myself involuntarily exclaimed: “Here is room enough for a large encampment”! Reaching the top of the ascent, a fine broad plain lay before us, sloping down gently toward the S.S.E., inclosed by rugged and venerable mountains of dark granite, stern, naked, splintered peaks and ridges, of indescribable grandeur; and terminated at the distance of more than a mile by the bold and awful front of Horeb, rising perpendicularly in frowning majesty from twelve to fifteen hundred feet high. It was a scene of solemn grandeur, and the associations which at the moment rushed upon our minds, were almost overwhelming.” [Robinson’s Researches Vol.I. p.130, 131.]——This plain stretching out from the foot of this precipitous mount, is supposed to have been the identical place where the people were gathered to see the mountain all aflame—to hear the sound of trumpet long and loud, and to listen to the voice of God proclaiming the words of his law.
40–	?????
41–	The word necromancer comes from the Greek; necros—a dead one; and “mantis” divination—gaining superhuman knowledge from the dead.
42–	See a “State trial in ancient Egypt,” fully reported in Bib. Sacra, July, 1869, p.577. This is written in the hieratic text; is known as “The Judicial Papyrus”; is now in the museum of Turin and is presumed to be the official record.
43–	Of Ptolemy Philadelphus Prof. Wines says—“He was delighted with the laws of Moses; pronounced his legislation wonderful; was astonished at the depth of his wisdom, and professed to have learned from him the true science of government.”—Wines’ Commentaries. See also Josephus against Apion, p.308.
44–	Prof. Wines’ Commentaries on the Laws of the Ancient Hebrews, pp. 312–388, a work which elaborates its theme very fully, substantiating its points by copious authorities.
45–	Taylor’s Manual of History, p.335. Moses and the Lord speaking through him (Deut. 1:16,17 and 16: 18–20) had announced this doctrine more than two thousand years before. It is fair to presume that the earlier promulgation had sent its influence down the ages to Justinian’s time.
46–	Jacob might properly be called a “Syrian” as having lived full twenty years with Laban the Syrian in the great Aram of the East. The point of his history where he was “ready to perish” was that of the great famine in Canaan which drove him and his household into Egypt for bread.
47–	Greppo’s Essay, p. 235.
48–	Greppo’s Essay, p. 237.

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