FOOTNOTES

Previous
John Covel

[1] Queen Elizabeth and Amurath III.

[2] Sequins.

[3] Von Hammer.

[4] Clarke, Travels.

[5] Mr. John Chapman was sent out in September 1621, arriving in Constantinople December 12th, with orders for Eyre to return directly and leave Chapman in charge of the Embassy till the arrival of his successor.

[6] Sir Thomas Phillipps was appointed in October 1625 to succeed Roe, but, for some reason, he did not go.

[7] He arrived in Constantinople 13th October 1638, but did not assume office till the middle of 1639, owing to the Grand Seigneur’s absence.

[8] In 1653 Mr. Richard Lawrance was sent out by Cromwell to replace Bendysh, but, apparently owing to the latter’s influence, the Grand Seigneur refused to receive Lawrance, and Bendysh remained as Ambassador till 1661.

[9] Though appointed in 1672, Finch did not reach Constantinople till 1674.

[10] Carsaye = Kersey, a kind of stuff. The ordinances for upholding the Levant Company merchants, 9th March 1643, speak of the “venting of Kerseys, sayes (silks), perpetuanas (a stuff so called for its durability), and several other articles.”

[11] Points were laces for fastening up clothes; e.g.,

“F. Their points being broken,—
P. Down fell the hose.”
(Shaks., Hen. IV, ii, 4.)

[12] Pantables = pantofles. “Swearing by the pantables of Paris.” (Sidney, Arcadia.)

[13] The hangers were that part of the sword-belt to which the weapon was suspended. “Sir, French rapiers and poniards, with their assigns, as girdle, hangers, and so.” (Hamlet, v, 2.)

[14] Rosa solis = a cordial.

“We abandon all ale
And beer that is stale,
Rosa solis and damnable hum;
But we will rack
In the place of sack
’Gainst Omne quod exit in um.”
(Witts Recreations, 1654.)

[15] Compostie = compost, a mixture. “Compostes and confites.” (Babees Boke, p. 121.)

[16] Algiers.

[17] Asia Minor.

[18] These words are in a later hand.

[19] Virginals were spinetts, so called from being played by young girls. The term “a pair of virginals”, “a pair of organs”, was common, and only denoted one instrument. Cf. the phrases “a pair of stairs”, “a pair of bellows”, still exist.

[20] “The Sleeve” is a literal translation of the French “La Manche”.

“Along the Celtic sea, called oftentimes ‘the Sleeve’.”
(Drayton, Polyolb., xxiii.)

[21] Lanneret = a hawk.

[22] Probably the dangerous “Pommier Rocks” in the Casquets.

[23] The captain.

[24] Dunkirks. The Dunkirkers were at that time the pirates of the Channel, and their privateers did much damage to English trade.

“This was a rail
Bred by a zealous brother in Amsterdam,
Which being sent unto an English lady,
Was ta’en at sea by Dunkirkers.”
(The Bird in a Cage, O. Pl., viii, 267.)

[25] Carvel, caravel, Italian form of ship in the Middle Ages. Word extant in modern Greek ?a???.

[26] Faightes = fightes. Waste-cloths formerly hung about a ship to conceal the men from the enemy. Shaks., Merry Wives of Windsor, Act ii, Scene 2: “Clap on more sails: pursue, up with your fights.” Close fights = close quarters.

[27] Bandeleer = leathern cases or belts containing charges for firelocks, used before modern cartouche-boxes were invented.

[28] Chase peeses = chase-guns, which were placed during an engagement at the chase-ports at the bows.

[29] Written on the opposite blank page of the MS. is: “We gave them 3 chase peeces before they woulde strike.”

[30] Drablings = the drabler, or a piece of canvas laced on the bonnet of a sail to give it more drop.

[31] Spardecke. This is a loose term applied to the quarter-deck, gangways, and forecastle.

[32] The paragraphs inserted between brackets are written, in the original, on the opposite blank page.

[33] Tarifa.

[34] Still known as Ape Hill.

[35] Gibraltar.

[36] Ceuta.

[37] Marbella.

[38] Malaga.

[39] SalobreÑa.

[40] Algiers.

[41] Assinego, a Portuguese word to signify “ass”. “Thou hast no more brain than I have in mine elbow; an assinego may tutor thee.” (Troilus and Cressida, ii, 1.)

[42] Cf. French, renier = renegade.

[43] Bagno.

[44] Dellys.

[45] Bougie.

[46] Zembra el Jamoor, over against Carthage.

[47] Cape Bon.

[48] Tunis.

[49] Sicily.

[50] Grand Master of Knights of Rhodes.

[51] Watchet silk, so called from the colour of the dye of woad, Saxon Wadchet.

“Who like a mighty king doth cast his Watchet robe
Far wider than the land, quite round the globe.”
(Drayton, Bk. xx, p. 1044.)

[52] Chios.

[53] Marseilles.

[54] Saffranee = Sovrano, or Windward, the modern Bay of Argostoli in Cephalonia.

[55] Each of the Ionian Islands was governed by a Proveditore from Venice until the downfall of the Republic in 1797.

[56] Castel Tornese.

[57] Pratique.

[58] The ???a??e???, or woman’s quarter in a Greek church.

[59] Vide note 3, p. 17.

[60] Easter eggs.

[61] Eggs for a country festivity.

[62] “Many shiftes and subtle traverses were overwrought by this occasion.” (Proceedings against Garnet, 1606.)

[63] A game with a beam and sack of sand.

[64] Probably the Strophades, the largest of which is still called Convent Island, and has a convent on it of monks only.

[65] Cerigo, anc. Cythera.

[66] Milos and Antimilos.

[67] Cassos and Carpathos.

[68] I.e., the Knights of Rhodes.

[69] Caramania.

[70] Paphos.

[71] Ras el Khanzir.

[72] Dallam’s constant use of the word butt for boat sufficiently explains the following passage in Shakspeare, where butt is supposed to have been a misprint:

“ ... where they prepared
A rotten carkasse of a butt, not rigg’d,
Nor tackle, sayle, nor mast.”
(Tempest, i, 2.)

[73] Scalastead. Cf. roadstead, the wharf or emporium for disembarkation.

[74] Platt = plan. “To draw plattes of Sicily, and describe the situation of Libya and Carthage.” (North’s Plut., 220 B.)

[75] Lizards.

[76] Cf. Introduction for the English trade in Aleppo.

[77] Hostelries.

[78] Tarsus.

[79] “Jonah’s Pillar”, a rock in the sea, at the mouth of Scanderoon harbour.

[80] Sampeare = Samphire, the Crithnum maritimum, pickled as a salad. “Hangs one that gathers samphire: dreadful trade.” (Shaks., Lear, iv, 6.)

[81] Ayash, or more probably Korghos, or Corycos. Ayash, ancient Elaeusa, is at present a mass of ruins, Roman and mediÆval, about 30 miles west of Messina, joining on to the ancient Corycos, now Korghos, with an island and fortress built during the Crusades, which is probably the “fayre and large castle” alluded to by Dallam.

[82] Castellorosso, an island much frequented by Greek mariners.

[83] Kiaya is Turkish for “deputy”.

[84] Stave = stave of a barrel.

[85] Small black and white stones are still used for paving floors, etc., in Rhodes.

[86] Ægean Sea.

[87] Stanco = Kos, contracted form of e?? t?? ??. Cf. Stalimna for Limnos, Stamboul, e?? t?? p????, etc., etc.

[88] Leros.

[89] The Boghaz.

[90] Between Samos and the Island of Nicaria.

[91] Mt. Kerki, at the west end of Samos.

[92] There are twenty-two mastic-growing villages on Chios.

[93] Doubtless one of the mastic villages to the south of the island, most of which have still castles in their midst.

[94] Raspis = raspberry.

[95] Escutcheons.

[96] Caked = calked. “The windows close shut and calked.” (Ben Jonson, Silent Woman, i. 1.)

[97] Tobacco-smoking was just then in its infancy; it was introduced into England by Sir John Hawkins in 1565, and grew rapidly in the next decades. A curious old book of travels in Wales, says, “William Myddleton, elder brother of Sir Hugh Myddleton, projector of the New River, is remarkable for having been one of the first three who smoked tobacco in England, when crowds gathered round to witness the phenomenon.” Shakespeare never once alludes to tobacco.

[98] Cape Janissary is on the Asiatic side of the entrance to the Dardanelles.

[99] Gallipoli.

[100] Chirmagee = a boat rowed by chiurme, or slaves.

[101] Thomas Glover subsequently went out, in 1602, as Ambassador to the Porte, with power to appoint Consuls, and regulate the trade.

[102] Relezea corresponds in position to modern Ereklidia, which is mentioned by Wheeler as Heraclissa.

[103] Sledge = sledge-hammer. “The blacksmith’s sledge, and the scythe of the mower.” (Longfellow, Evangeline, i, 2.)

[104] Fadem, old form of word “fathom”. A.-S. fÆdm = the space reached by the arms extended, a grasp:—

“I fadmede al at ones
Denemark with mine longe bones.”
(Havelock, i, 294.)

[105] Sequins.

[106] Greek village called Chora; modern pronunciation, “Hora”.

[107] A pottle was a quart jug. “Potations pottle deep.” (Othello, ii, 3.)

[108] Ganos.

[109] Heraclia.

[110] Selibria, anc. Selymbria.

[111] Musk melons.

[112] Citrons or pumpkins. Pumpion is old form of word pumpkin, showing its derivation from French pompon, Lat. pepo. “As flat and insipid as pompions.” (Goodman, Winter’s Evening’s Conference, pt. 1.)

[113] Vineyards.

[114] Pera.

[115] The old line of the Kings of Fez was driven out by the Emperor of Morocco in 1548, and the country annexed. Presumably the exiled family took refuge in Constantinople.

[116] Anshante = ancient, a standard; corruption of “ensign”. “Ten times more dishonourably ragged than an old-faced ancient.” (1 Hen. IV, iv, 2.)

[117] Braurie = bravery. “With scarfs and fans and double change of bravery.” (Taming of Shrew, iv, 3.)

[118] Vide p. 7, note 2.

[119] Capougee, lit. gatekeeper.

[120] Bostan Pasha = Chief of the Gardens.

[121] The Golden Horn.

[122] Jemeglans = adjemoglans = sons of strangers (adjemi). The adjemoglans were either captives in war, or sons of Christian parents taken when young, and designed for the more servile offices of the seraglio which a Turk would not do. The Bostangee-basha, or head-gardener, rose from their ranks and often obtained great power.

[123] Oda: Turkish for a compartment.

[124] Mohamed III put nineteen of his brothers to death on his accession; he was the last of the heirs allowed liberty. Henceforward, they were kept in the Kaweh, or cage, in the seraglio, from which they came out to rule or die. Presumably it is the Kaweh which Dallam describes.

[125] The Sultana Valide, mother of Mohamed III, was the celebrated Sultana Safiye, favourite wife of Amurath III. She was of Venetian origin, being captured when young. She ruled Turkey during the lifetime of both her husband and son; hence the expediency of sending her so handsome a present. Mr. Paul Pinder, afterwards Ambassador, amassed great riches in the East, and built a most beautiful house in Bishopsgate Street.

[126] The Feast of Bairam.

[127] Sir Henry Lello was Ambassador to the Porte at that time. For an account of him, and his correspondence with Lord Salisbury, vide Introduction.

[128] Mr. Paul Pinder was subsequently appointed Ambassador at Constantinople.

[129] Afterwards Sir Thomas Glover, Ambassador to the Porte.

[130] Grosgrain, from French grosgrain, i.e., thick, coarse.

[131] Spanish tantarara, the redoubled beating of a drum.

[132] Gatekeeper.

[133] Tissue = interwoven or variegated. “The chariot was covered with cloth of gold tissued upon blue.” (Bacon.)

[134] Made of Spanish leather. “I will send you the Cordovan pockets and gloves.” (Howell, Familiar Letters, 1650.)

[135] Sir Paul Ricaut, in his book on Turkish policy, thus describes the dumb:—“They are called Bizebani or mutes, which are taught mute language made up of several signs, in which, by custom, they can discourse and fully express themselves. Eight or nine are called favourite mutes, who serve for buffoons to sport with, whom he sometimes kicks, sometimes throws in the cisterns of water, sometimes makes fight together ... the mute language is much in vogue at Court, amongst others, as it is rude even to whisper in the Grand Signior’s presence ... the dwarfs are called Giuge, and especially valued if they are also eunuchs and deaf.”

[136] Sequins.

[137] The Baily of Venice at Constantinople at that time was one of the Capello family, celebrated for their admirals and statesmen. He retained the office from 1596 to 1604.

[138] Mandilion = a soldier’s cloak. “A mandilion that did with button meet.” (Chapman: Hom., Il., x.)

[139] Scamatie, deriv. Italian scamatare, to beat off the dust of wool.

[140] Muslin or lawn.

[141] The high shoe is still worn by Turkish women. (Vide note, p. 2.)

[142] The vizier. Ibrahim was Grand Vizier just then, a creature of Mohamed III and the ValidÈ Sultan’s. He was the third Grand Vizier appointed in the year 1598, and was himself appointed for the third time. He had pillaged Egypt, assassinated the Druses, and during his period of office as Grand Vizier, which continued till his death in 1601, he perpetrated every horror possible. He married a daughter of the Sultan’s, and kept in the favour of the Sultan’s mother by giving her magnificent presents. (Von Hammer.)

[143] The French Ambassador at that time was FranÇois Savary de BrÈves; he was appointed in 1589, and remained till 1606.

[144] Carmesale, probably from Karamosel, a seaport on the Gulf of Ismidt.

[145] Zeitoun or Lamia, on the Gulf of Lamia.

[146] Gulf of Corinth, or Lepanto; modern town called Epakto, ancient Naupactus.

[147] The house of a Greek, “Romaic” as they call modern Greek.

[148] The game of football is much older in England than cricket; the first mention of it is in the reign of Edward III, and it became so rough a game in the time of James I, that, in his Basilikon Doron he describes it “as meeter for laming, than making able the users thereof.”

[149] Probably cranes.

[150] Castel Tornese.

[151] Ugly, Fr. laide.

[152] Supportes, i.e., provisions.

[153] Castel Tornese.

[154] Bay of Argostoli in Cephalonia.

[155] The Edward Bonaventure and the Susan are the two ships which Richard Hakluyt, in his Collection of Voyages, vol. ii, 285, tells us had a fight with 11 gallies and 2 frigates of the king of Spain, within the Straits of Gibraltar, and came off victorious.

In Harleian MS. 1579, f. 150, we find “a note of all the shipps that’s bound for Turkey out of England and the burden of them and the Captaynes names”. The Hector is given in this list as of 300 tons, and under the command of Captain Harris. The Bonaventure was also 300 tons, Captain Childie. Dallam here distinguishes between the merchant ship Bonaventure and the Queen’s ship Edward Bonaventure: this latter ship and the Swallow were both probably those engaged in the destruction of the Spanish Armada, when the Bonaventure was commanded by Captain Regmon and the Swallow by Captain Hawkins. The Bonaventure appears in the list of many of the expeditions of the time under Frobisher and Sir Francis Drake. (ArchÆologia, vol. xxxiv.)

[156] Perhaps the ship Susan which in 1581 carried our first Ambassador to the Porte, Mr. Harbone, to Constantinople.

[157] Ital. moscato, a name given in those days to several sweet Italian and French wines.

“Quaff’d off the muscadel.”
(Taming of the Shrew, iii, 2.)

[158] Lixure, in Bay of Argostoli in Cephalonia.

[159] Montebello. Cf. the Greek love of euphemism, which gave the name of Kalliste, or the most beautiful, to the volcano of Santorin.

[160] Cape Passaro is southern Cape of Sicily.

[161] Zembra.

[162] Porto Farina, the western point of the Bay of Tunis.

[163] Formentera, one of the Balearic Islands.

[164] Iviza.

[165] Chibbal; Fr. ciboule; Ital. cipolla, a small onion or chive.

“Ye eating rascals,
Do execution upon these, and chibbals.”
(Beaumont and Fletcher, Bonduca.)

[166] Las Calderonas, a small village on the borders of Alicante and Murcia.

[167] Walloon. Teuton name for Celts of Flanders and Isle of Walcheren.

[168] Cape Palos.

[169] Cape de Gata.

[170] Alhama.

[171] Castel de Ferro.

[172] Gibraltar.

[173] Burgo.

[174] Marbella.

[175] Cape Spartel.

[176] Probably Los Guigos, behind Algeciras.

[177] Large ships of burden, Spanish caraca.

“They were made like carracks, only strength and stowage.”
(Beaumont and Fletcher, Coxc., Act ii.)

[178] Vide note 1, p. 8.

[179] These pages, doubtless, relate the battle, which, as the sequel shows, was a victory for the English.

[180] Most of these ships are alluded to in the State Papers, when they came in to be cleaned, when they brought in a prize, etc., etc. Sir Thomas Allen was once in command of the Greenwich.

[181] Those which went into the Mediterranean.

[182] The Round House was an erection abaft the mainmast for the accommodation of the ship’s officers.

[183] “The waist of a ship is a hollow space of about five feet in depth, contained between the elevations of the quarter-deck and the forecastle, and having an upper-deck for its base or platform.” (Falconer, Shipwreck, ii.)

[184] Purl was the name originally given to beer with an infusion of wormwood. A Purlman was one who sold it to sailors in the Thames. (Mayhew, London Labour and London Poor, vol. ii, p. 108.)

[185] Sir Thomas Allen is frequently alluded to by Pepys as a brave soldier and sailor in the wars against the Dutch. He was an admiral of high repute during Charles II’s reign. In 1664 he was appointed to command the Mediterranean squadron, and captured the Dutch “Smyrna fleet”.

[186] Calpe and Abyla, anciently known as the Pillars of Hercules.

[187] There are fifteen side-chapels in Malaga Cathedral.

[188] I.e., brother clergyman.

[189] Dragoman.

[190] Codling = a crab- or hedge-apple. “A codling when ’tis almost an apple.” (Twelfth Night, i, 5.)

[191] Galley-man.

[192] A daughter of Cecil, second Lord Baltimore, who founded the colony of Maryland, which his father, the first Lord Baltimore, had projected.

[193] Mad-apples, or Jews’-apples, are fruit of Solanum Melangena.

[194] “Bottled” here means bulging like a bottle. Cf. blue-bottle.

[195] L. 29, c. 4, animalia foedissima.

[196] Dioscor., l. 2, c. 33, contra febres et Aspidum morsus.

[197] Capo di Pula.

[198] Coppled = with a peak or cop, sugar-loaf form.

[199] L. 9, c. 17.

[200] In QuÆst., l. 3, c. 18.

[201] L. 1, p. 730.

[202] L. 17, p. 512-40.

[203] Epil., c. 51.

[204] Lib. 31, c. 7.

[205] L. 17.

[206] Leo Afri., l. 5, p. m. 562.

[207] Vide note, p. 103.

[208] L. 35, c. 15.

[209] Lucian, In Novigio, p. 933.

[210] L. 8, c. 9, p. m. 860.

[211] Meteor., c. 7, 4.

[212] These lights are known now by the Greeks as te????a and by the Italians as “fire of St. Elmo”.

[213] Tal., c. 1, fig. 4.

[214] Stived = packed away, stuffed.

[215] In Taylor’s works, 1630, we have a description of a satÉe: “A satie, which is a ship much like unto an argosey, of a very great burthen and bignesse.”

[216] Meson, an old form of the word “mizzen”.

[217] Stay-sail = a triangular sail hoisted on a stay.

[218] “Tender” is a word used for a stay or a spar, or any kind of beam.

[219] Cervi is an Italian translation of the Greek form ??af???s??, or stag island, in the Bay of Kolokythia.

[220] Yale = yawl or jolly-boat.

[221] These raw-hide shoes are still worn by Greek peasants, and called tsa?????a.

[222] I.e., buyer.

[223] Æn., 2, l. 79.

[224] Iphigen. in Taur., Act v, p. 1205.

[225] Plash = puddle. “Makes meadows, standing pleashes.” (Browne, Buttamina’s Pastorals, i, 1.)

[226] The Archipelago.

[227] Argentiere is the Italian name for Kimolos, a great halting-place for ships in those days.

[228] Seriphos and Siphnos.

[229] Psara.

[230] Kara-bournon = Turkish, black point or nose.

[231] Sir P. Ricaut was twelve years Consul at Smyrna, and wrote a work on Turkish Policy.

[232] Dr. Pickering and Dr. Covel are mentioned by Spon and Wheeler as being at Smyrna. “And so in the good company of Doctor Pickering, physician to the factory at Smyrna, Dr. Covel, who was so kind as to bring us some part of the way, and divers merchants, we parted hence.”

[233] Aspers: a coin, worth a halfpenny at that time, according to Sir Paul Ricaut.

[234] The Patriarchate at Constantinople was then in a deplorable state. The price of the dignity was, Von Hammer tells us, then 20,000 crowns. Dionysius and Parthenius were constantly quarrelling for the office. Dionysius was deposed because he quarrelled with Panagiotes, the great dragoman’s wife (vide Introduction), but returned to office on his death. Parthenius did well for the Greek cause in abolishing the temporary unions of Greek women with Turks.

[235] The Logothetes corresponds to the Chancellor in the Greek Church.

[236] Scabellum or scamellum. Gk. ?p?p?d??? = a footstool.

[237] “From one shoulder to the other.”

[238] The vena salvatella, a vein on the back of the hand much used formerly for bleeding.

[239] Arnout = an Albanian garment.

[240] The Centurion was a fourth-rate ship of the line, of 531 tons; temp. Charles II. (ArchÆologia, xi, 183.)

[241] Great Thursday.

[242] “In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost.”

[243] st?????? = mod. Gk. surplice.

[244] ??????? = a stole.

[245] ?p?a?????? = a maniple.

[246] ?p?t?a??????? is also a stole.

[247] ?p?????t??? is a part of a priest’s dress in the form of a diamond, which hangs below the knee.

[248] Slew’d = swung round.

[249] ?a??a??? is the modern Greek for a priest’s cap.

[250] Apron.

[251] Refers to the Greek custom, still in vogue, when they assemble to shoot at a dummy Judas.

[252] Final letters of words, ??s??? and ???st??; Byzantine form of Sigma.

[253] The Prothesis is the altar for shrew-bread in the Greek Church.

[254] Italian, “dirty”.

[255] Grand Vizier Achmet Kiuprili, who won Crete for the Turks in 1669.

[256] Lit. market-place.

[257] Demir-tash.

[258] Oda = sleeping-room.

[259] Santon = holy man.

[260] Tabard was originally a light vest worn over the armour; and generally embroidered with the arms of the wearer.

[261] Kapougi, “gate-keeper”; and Kapa Agasi, “master of the gate”.

[262] Moutessaref, “sub-governor of a province”.

[263] Mufti, “the chief lawyer”.

[264] Judge-advocates.

[265] Penalties.

[266] Treasurer.

[267] Captain.

[268] Pourer out of sherbet.

[269] Coffee-cups.

[270] Dafterdar = President of the Treasury.

[271] Modern Greek, Phanari.

[272] Bostangee = gardener.

[273] NaÏ = a flute made out of a reed.

[274] Vide note, p. 145.

[275] Vakouf = money from the mosque property.

[276] Tekie = Dervish’s monastery.

[277] Baltagee = axe-bearers.

[278] Fipple = a stopper. “In recorders, which go with a gentle breath; the concave of the pipe, were it not for the fipple, that straiteneth the air much more than the simple concave, would yield no sound.” (Bacon, Nat. Hist., § 116.)

[279] Noze = nozzle.

[280] p?a??a???? = Mod. Gr., a transverse flute.

[281] Still in use in the Greek islands.

[282] At Maidan = the horse-market.

[283] Vide Introduction for an account of Sir John Finch and Sir Thomas Baines.

[284] Deriv. Mesh, “a torch”.

[285] Trigae = three-horsed chariots.

[286] A queach is a thick, bushy plot, a quick-set hedge. “The fortresses of thorniest queache.” (Chapman’s Homer, Hymn to Pan.)

[287] Sides or supports.

[288] Marked on Ortelius’ map.

[289] Inns.

[290] Still known by this name.

[291] ValedÉh Sultan = Queen-mother.

[292] Market-place.

[293] Modern maps Bojados.

[294] Spelt on modern maps Tchorlou.

[295] Silivri.

[296] Champion = champaign, a flat, open country. “The Canaanites which dwell in the champaign over against Gilgal.” (Deut. xi, 30.)

[297] Probably Sinekly in modern maps.

[298] Flead = stripped. “He ought to sheere, not to flea his sheepe.” (Ben Jonson, Discoveries.)

[299] On modern maps Karitchtran.

[300] Garlic.

[301] Modern Lule-Bourgas.

[302] Trench.

[303] Mohamed the Bosnian, better known as Sokolli, from the castle of Sokol, where he was born, retained the Grand Vizierate for fifteen years, under three Sultans, and did much for the then rapidly-decaying Ottoman power.

[304] Or, rather, Baba, now called Eski-Baba. Ortelius calls it Sikibaba.

[305] Modern name the same. Ortelius calls it Capsia.

[306] Vide Introduction.

[307] Mosque of Sultan Selim II.

[308] I.e., bugs.

[309] The term “mumpus” is derived from “mump”, Dutch mompen, “to cheat”. “I am resolved to mump your proud players.” (Duke of Buckingham, The Rehearsal, p. 23.)

[310] Probably, as Covel was a Cambridge man, he alludes to the same lady as Mr. Pepys speaks of as Mr. Sanchy’s mistress: “And there found Mr. Sanchy and Mrs. Mary Archer, sister to the fair Betty whom I did admire at Cambridge.”

[311] The terrible earthquake at Ragusa is stated by Von Hammer as occurring in 1668. Five thousand persons perished in it; the harbour was destroyed; “water, fire, air, and earth were mingled in a terrible combat, the result of which was the ruin of Ragusa” (Von Hammer). The Turks took advantage of the position, increased the taxes, and utterly crushed the place. In 1678, one Ragusan Ambassador was put to death, another put in prison, and 200,000 crowns demanded from the inhabitants.

[312] Amurath III died 1595.

[313] Arab. suffah is deriv. of our word “sofa”.

[314] The Grand Vizier, Achmet Kiuprili, died towards the close of the year 1676.

[315] Sophister, a Cambridge term. Second year’s men are called junior sophs.; third year’s men, senior sophs.

[316] Weales. A weal is a mark or stripe. “Thy sacred body was stripped of thy garments and wealed with bloody stripes.” (Bp. Hall, Contempl., bk. iv.)

[317] Count Kindsberg was Ambassador at this time from Germany to the Porte. He had a very difficult diplomatic game to play: firstly, to remonstrate with the Sultan for the tyrannies of the Pashas at the towns of Wardein, Erlau, and Debreczin; and, secondly, to counteract the influence of the French Ambassador, M. de Nointel, as France and Germany were at war at this time. Count Kindsberg died in the following year of the plague, or, as some said, of poison administered to him by one of the officers of the Janissaries.

[318] Walter de Leslie, Lord of Pettau and Neustadt, and Field Marshal of the German Empire, was Ambassador to the Porte in 1665. His embassy was noted for the pomp displayed and for the magnificence of his presents to the Sultan.

[319] Prince Mustapha came to the throne in 1695, after his two uncles, Solyman II and Achmet II. His reign was singularly unfortunate, and he was deposed and imprisoned in 1703.

[320] The Mouteferrika was the quartermaster.

[321] French doliman, derived from this Turkish cloak, a light overcoat with straight sleeves, buckled by a girdle.

[322] Kadi.

[323]

“Bring me the bells, the rattle bring,
And bring the hobby I bestrode.”
(Shentone, Ode to Memory.)

[324] The origin of the diminutive Sir Tom Thumb is, like that of the Teutonic myth, Jack the Giant-killer, to be found in the earliest annals of our race. An old ballad, written in 1630, commences thus:—

“In Arthur’s court Tom Thumb did live,
A man of mickle might,
The best of all the table round,
And eke a doughty knight.
“His stature but an inch in height,
Or quarter of a span,
Then thinke you not this little knight
Was proved a valiant man.”

Probably the Tom Thumb alluded to by Dr. Covel is the one who, in 1588, fought a duel on Salisbury Plain with a noted giant.

[325] Sir Bevis, who conquered the giant Ascapart, and kept him as his slave, was the hero of one of the most favourite old legends.

“Of Hampton all the baronage
Came and did Sir Bevis homage.”

Mr. Pepys alludes to the figure of him over the gate: “At Southampton ... Bevis’s picture is on one of the gates.”

[326] Cop = lump.

[327] I.e., watermen.

[328] Rebi is Turkish for spring. Rebi-u-l-evvel = the first (evvel) of spring, i.e., the 3rd month. Rebi-u-l-akhir = the last (akhir) of spring, i.e., the 4th month.

[329] Hunched = pushed. “Then Jack’s friends began to hunch and push one another.” (Arbuthnot, Hist. of John Bull, ch. xiii.)

[330] Achmet Kiuprili was the real ruler of Turkey from 1661 to his death in 1676. He defeated Sobieski on several occasions, besides winning Crete for the Turks.

[331] Beetled = projecting.

[332] Vide Knolles’ Hist. of Ottoman Turks.

[333] Spon and Wheeler say, vol. i, p. 242:—“Sultan Mahomet IV, who now reigns, has so keen a passion for the chase, that for long he has made it his occupation. It is for this reason that for seven or eight years he has made his residence at Adrianople, for the environs are most suitable to give him the pleasure that he loves.” Mohamed IV was also of a decidedly literary turn of mind.

[334] Defterdar, High Treasurer.

[335] Muezin, the call to prayer from the minaret.

[336] Shawn or hautboy.

[337] I.e., metal-plated.

[338] Pollux (iv, 60) describes the Pandoura as used by the Assyrians, consisting only of three chords.

[339] Hornified = hardened.

[340] Steales = stales, handles or sticks of a rake, etc.

[341] Quintal.

[342] Menage, here, means manage, control.

“He the rightful owner of that steede,
He well could menage and subdue his pride.”
(Spenser, F. Q., II, iv, 2.)

[343] Slubber is a variant of slabber, to do a thing carelessly. “Slubber not business for my sake.” (Shakes., Mer. of Ven., ii, 8.)

[344] Fr. for sausage.

[345] Stoups = a vessel or receptacle; cf. Holy-water stoup.

[346] The chief eunuch, who looks after the harem.

[347] Petards = metal boxes, loaded with powder.

[348] Vide note 2, p. 198.

[349] The Chiabeghi is the grand master of the court attached to an ambassador.

[350] Chief of the Chiaus.

[351] Spahis, a division of the Turkish army, consisting of light horsemen, generally chosen from the upper classes.

[352] Vide note 2, p. 166.

[353] Turkish word for shoes; Mod. Greek pap??ts?a.

[354] Old English form of Spanish chapin. “Your ladyship is nearer to heaven than when I saw you last by the altitude of a chioppine.” (Shakespeare.)

[355] Turkish vekil = a deputy.

[356] Chief eunuch.

[357] Flags.

[358] Holy man or dervish.

[359] Bedlam, contracted from Bethlehem, because the hospital of St. Mary Bethlehem was used for lunatics, and anyone escaped or let out of this establishment was known as Tom of Bedlam.

[360] Reis Effendi = Minister of Foreign Affairs.

[361] Vide note, infra.

[362] I.e., henna.

[363] Circular seat behind.

[364] Vide note 2, p. 204.

[365] St. Theodore the Guardian, and St. Theodore the General. In the Greek Church hagiology, St. Theodore, with varied epithets, is always the healer of diseases.

[366] Votive offerings.

[367] The ancient Hebrus.

[368] Pricked = dotted on a plan.

[369] Demirtash, lit. Turkish iron-stone. Demir in Central Asia becomes Timur. Cf. Timur, the great conqueror.

[370] Cheflick is Turkish for a country house or farm.

[371] Afterwards Sir Dudley North, and Ambassador to the Porte. (Vide Introduction.)

[372] Crop-sick = sick with repletion.

[373] The PrÆficÆ were hired mourners who sang the naenia, or death-wails. The custom is still prevalent in Greece, the hired mourners being called moirologistÆ.

[374] The Maritza.

[375] Washing in sacred streams on this day is still frequent in Greece.

[376] The Virgin Mary.

[377] Ak-bonar is ten miles north of Adrianople, in the Tondja.

[378] Two miles S.W. of Adrianople, on the Arda.

[379] Dr. Peter Heylyn, the theologian and historian, who died in 1662, was noted for his captious criticisms. He wrote a life of Archbishop Laud, which Mr. Pepys thus criticises:—“It is a shrewd book, but that which I believe will do the Bishops in general no great good, but hurt, it pleads so much for Popery.”

[380] Ilderim is Turkish for a thunderbolt.

[381] The Tondja.

[382] Michel, the celebrated Waivode of Moldavia, aroused great animosity against the Ottoman rule in the Danubian districts at the close of the sixteenth century. In 1598 he became reconciled to the Porte, and invested also with the Governorship of Wallachia; but he was assassinated in 1601.

[383] Ianboli is now a town of six thousand inhabitants, on the left bank of the Tondja, on the frontier of Roumelia.

[384] Pilau.

[385] I.e., Village of Bosnians, three miles south of Adrianople, on the Maritza.

[386] Capital of Eastern Roumelia.

[387] If this refers to Sofia in Bulgaria, Dr. Covel’s geography is rather astray. No maps give a Sta. Sofia near the source of the Arda.

[388] Dr. Covel here probably refers to the tribulus terrestris, a caltrap, which is supposed to be the tribulus translated “thistle” in Matt. vii, 16, and Heb. vi, 8. It grows in quantities in the East, and is also known as “the Turkey plant”. It is very prickly, and the fruit is used medicinally.

[389] Turkish eshek = a donkey.

[390] Orta-cui, lit. “middle village”, is twenty miles S.W. of Adrianople, on a hill three miles from the Arda.

[391] The oke then equalled half-a-pound. (Ricaut.)

[392] Compasse = compost, in agriculture. The term for a mixture of earthy substances suitable for manure.

[393] Rhodope, now called Despotodagh, lies almost due west of Adrianople.

[394] The Hemus range corresponds to the modern Balkans.

[395] A branch of the Arda rises at Dari-Dere in the Rhodope range, about that distance from Ortacui.

[396] Clenched = clinched, or clincher-built, lap-jointed work—a mode of building in which the lower edge of each plank overlaps the next one below it.

[397] ??????, mod. Gk., is literally a carpenter’s plane.

[398] These threshing-machines are still used amongst the tribes in Asia Minor: a board of pine-wood set with flint stones at the bottom, fixed along the grain of the wood. Cf. Isaiah xli, 15: “The new sharp threshing instrument having teeth.”

[399] These palmaria, or wooden reaping-gloves, are still common in the highlands of Asia Minor.

[400] Refers to the old form of magic of sticking with pins or knives a figure made to represent an enemy.

[401] Marquis de Nointel. (Vide Introduction.)

[402] Wafer given in return for a coin.

[403] The sea-horse.

[404] Huff = blow or puff. “The said winde within the earth, able to huffe up the ground.” (P. Holland, Plinie, bk. ii, ch. 85.)

[405] ???????a?e?. A common superstition still all over Greece is that dead men return as ghosts, and suck the blood of the living.

[406] Evil spirits called Karakongilas, or Kalkagari, are still believed, in remote parts of Greece, to haunt the world and play all kinds of pranks between Christmas and Epiphany.

[407] Pishkesh is Turkish for a present.

[408] The Nischardji-baschi is equivalent to the Secretary of State.

[409] Firman.

[410] Vide note p. 272.

[411] Vide note 1, p. 33.

[412] Afterwards Sir Dudley.

[413] Muckender is derived from Spanish mocador, French mouchoir. ‘You knew her little, and when her apron was but a muckender.’ (Dr. Corbett’s Marriage, 1658.)

[414] Finicalness = foppishness. “Gray’s finicalness about expressions was excessive.” (Hall, Mod. Engl., p. 123.)

[415] Mammock = to tear in pieces.

“He did so set his teeth and tear it; O, I warrant
How he mammocked it.”
(Shakes., Coriolanus, i, 3.)

[416] Dolmades is a common Greek dish now.

[417] Gobbet (cf. Old French gober, to devour greedily) here means made into mouthfuls. “Down comes a kite powdering upon them, and gobbets up both together.” (L’Estrange.)

[418] Slip slop = feeble composition.

[419] Ploy, abbreviated form of “employ”. “Twa unlucky red-coats were up for black-fishing or some siccun ploy.” (Scott, Waverley, ch. lxiv.)

[420] Finjan is Turkish for a cup.

[421] In Feb. 1674 the Imperialists carried off the Prince of Furstenberg, a plenipotentiary accredited to the Court at Cologne. This outrage broke off negotiations between France and Germany.

[422] Deriv. Persian martaban, a glazed vessel.

[423] Taback is a Turkish word for “plate”.

[424] Hunch = to shove with the elbow. “Then Jack’s friends began to hunch and push one another.” Arbuthnot’s Hist. of John Bull, ch. xiii.

[425] Usually written HaÏda in conjunction with the word ghit, “go away”.

[426] Cloak.

[427] The Grand Vizier, Kiuprili, died a few months later.

[428] Vani Effendi was a celebrated preacher in the Court of Mahomed IV, and is said even to have brought the Emperor to tears. As in other parts of Europe, fanatical preaching was rife at this time, and in Turkey we find also Sabatai Sevi, who tried to make himself out to be the Messiah, and whose followers exist to this day. Vani attacked him furiously, and tried to convert the Jews to Mahommedanism. He was very instrumental in putting down the use of wine, and before the standard of the Turkish army he prayed with fanatical enthusiasm.

[429] Brusa, in Bithynia.

[430] Van, in Kourdistan.

[431] Araf is the Mohammedan form of Purgatory.

[432] Adam, Turkish for “a man”.

[433] Maurocordato, the dragoman to Ahmed Kiuprili and the Ottoman Government, was a distinguished member of this Greek family in Scio. His mother was the daughter of a rich cattle merchant, Skarlato by name, and by this name he is perhaps better known. He studied medicine at Padua, and was Court physician as well as dragoman. He was employed on many important diplomatic missions, and signed the Peace of Carlowitz between the Porte and Austria.

[434] Turenne. Louis XIV’s campaign in 1676 resulted in the desolation of the Palatinate, and Turenne’s victories continued till the peace of Nimeguen, 1678.

[435] Doubtless the small village of Missinli, about three miles north of Karesteran. (Austrian Staff Map, 1829.)

[436] Form of word showing derivation coronetta, Ital., a little corona.

[437] Sta. Glyceria’s Day is 10th of May. She suffered martyrdom at Trajanopolis, in Thrace, under Sabinus, A.D. 140, for publicly reproving the President at the sacrifices. She converted her gaoler, Laodicus.

[438] Sir Peter Wych was Ambassador to the Porte in 1632. Covel’s date seems wrong.

[439] The Imbat is a wind which blows every day in summer time.

[440] Bithynia.

[441] I.e., NicÆa.

[442] Whifler = a fickle person, a trifler.

[443] Spon and Wheeler, the authors of an excellent work on the Levant.

[444] Basilidians = the followers of Basilides, the founder of one of the semi-Christian sects commonly called Gnostics, which sprang up in the early part of the second century, A.D.

[445] Panagiotes was a Cypriote Greek, a linguist, astronomer, and mathematician, who, in his position as dragoman to the Grand Vizier Kiuprili, did more for the maintenance of Greek freedom than anyone else, and was the founder of the Phanariote league.

[446] For particulars of Sir Edward Barton and his death, see Introduction.

[447] Kara-Mustapha, who succeeded Ahmed Kiuprili as Grand Vizier, was son-in-law of Sultan Mahomed IV. His career was most disastrous. He was defeated before Vienna, and eventually put to death, having done more towards the downfall of the Turkish Empire than anyone in its history.

[448] Lemnos was only regained from the Venetians in 1657, twenty years before Covel’s visit.

[449] The curious headgear of the women of Chios is still worn in the remoter villages.

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           

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