Fungi: Their Nature and Uses

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THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES.

FUNGI:

THEIR

NATURE AND USES.

BY
M. C. COOKE, M.A., LL.D.

EDITED BY
The Rev. M. J. BERKELEY, M.A., F.L.S.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
549 AND 551 BROADWAY.
1875.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

As my name appears on the title-page of this volume, it is necessary that I should exactly state what part I had in its preparation. I had no doubt originally engaged to undertake the work myself; but finding, from multiplicity of engagements and my uncertain health, that I could not accomplish it satisfactorily, I thought the best course I could take was to recommend Mr. Cooke to the publishers; a gentleman well known, not only in this country, but in the United States. The whole of the work has therefore been prepared by himself, the manuscript and proof sheets being submitted to me from time to time, in which I merely suggested such additions as seemed needful, subjoining occasionally a few notes. As the work is intended for students, the author has had no hesitation in repeating what has been stated in former chapters where it has been thought to prove useful. I have no doubt that the same high character will justly apply to this as to Mr. Cooke’s former publications, and especially to his “Handbook of British Fungi.”

M. J. BERKELEY.

Sibbertoft,

November 23, 1874.

CONTENTS.

		PAGE
I.	Nature of Fungi.	1
II.	Structure.	17
III	Classification	64
IV.	Uses.	82
V.	Notable Phenomena.	105
VI.	The Spore and Its Dissemination.	119
VII.	Germination and Growth.	137
VIII.	Sexual Reproduction.	163
IX.	Polymorphism.	182
X.	Influences and Effects.	209
XI.	Habitats.	233
XII.	Cultivation.	253
XIII.	Geographical Distribution.	266
XIV.	Collection and Preservation.	287
	Index.	295

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG.		PAGE
1.	Agaric in Process of Growth.	18
2.	Section of Common Mushroom.	19
3.	Sterile cells, Basidia, Cystidium, from Gomphidius.	21
4.	Polyporus giganteus (reduced).	23
5.	Hydnum repandum.	24
6.	Calocera viscosa.	25
7.	Tremella mesenterica.	25
8.	Basidia and spores of Phallus.	28
9.	Basidia and spores of Lycoperdon.	30
10.	Threads of Trichia.	32
11.	Arcyria incarnata, with portion of threads and spore.	33
12.	DiachÆa elegans.	34
13.	Cyathus vernicosus.	34
14.	Cyathus, Sporangia and spores.	35
15.	Asterosporium Hoffmanni.	36
16.	Barren Cysts and Pseudospores of Lecythea.	37
17.	Coleosporium Tussilaginis.	37
18.	Melampsora salicina, pseudospores of	37
19.	Cystopus candidus, conidia of	38
20.	Xenodochus carbonarius, pseudospore.	39
21.	Phragmidium bulbosum, pseudospores.	39
22.	Pseudospores of Puccinia.	40
23.	Thecaphora hyalina, pseudospores.	41
24.	Æcidium Berberidis, peridia of	41
25.	Helminthosporium molle, threads and spores.	43
26.	Acrothecium simplex.	44
27.	Peronospora ArenariÆ.	44
28.	Polyactis cinerea.	45
29.	Peziza Fuckeliana, with ascus and sporidia.	48
30.	Penicillium chartarum.	50
31.	Mucor mucedo, with sporangia.	51
32.	Small portion of Botrytis Jonesii.	53
33.	Section of cup of Ascobolus.	57
34.	Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus.	59
35.	Perithecium of SphÆria.	61
36.	Uncinula adunca, conceptacle with appendages.	62
37.	Agaricus nudus.	66
38.	Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.	69
39.	Ceuthospora phacidioides.	70
40.	Rhopalomyces candidus.	74
41.	Mucor caninus.	75
42.	SphÆria aquila, cluster of perithecia.	78
43.	Morchella gigaspora, from Kashmir.	99
44.	Cyttaria Gunnii	101
45.	Spores of Agarics	121
46.	Spores of Lactarius	121
46a.	Spores of Gomphidius	122
47.	Spores of Polyporus, Boletus, and Hydnum.	122
48.	Diachea elegans, capellitium of	123
49.	Spore of Hendersonia polycystis.	124
50.	Spores of Dilophospora graminis.	124
51.	Spores of Discosia.	124
52.	Spore of Prosthemium betulinum.	124
53.	Spore of Stegonosporium cellulosum.	125
54.	Stylospores of Coryneum disciforme.	125
55.	Spores of Asterosporium Hoffmanni.	125
56.	Spores of Pestalozzia.	126
57.	Bispora monilioides, concatenate spores	126
58.	Pseudospores of Thecaphora hyalina.	127
59.	Pseudospores of Puccinia.	127
60.	Pseudospores of Triphragmium.	127
61.	Pseudospores of Phragmidium bulbosum.	127
62.	Winter spores of Melampsora salicina.	127
63.	Spores of Helicocoryne.	129
64.	Sporidium of Genea verrucosa.	130
65.	Alveolate sporidium of Tuber.	130
66.	Asci, sporidia, and paraphyses of Ascobolus.	131
67.	Sporidium of Ostreichnion Americanum.	132
68.	Ascus and sporidia of Hypocrea.	133
69.	Sporidium of SphÆria ulnaspora.	133
70.	Sporidia of Valsa profusa.	133
71.	Sporidia of Massaria foedans.	134
72.	Sporidium of Melanconis bicornis.	134
73.	Caudate sporidia of SphÆria fimiseda.	134
74.	Sporidia of Valsa thelebola.	134
75.	Sporidia of Valsa taleola.	135
76.	Sporidium of Sporormia intermedia.	135
77.	Asci and sporidia of SphÆria (Pleospora) herbarum.	135
78.	Sporidium of SphÆria putaminum.	135
79.	Basidia and spores of Exidia spiculosa.	139
80.	Germinating spore and corpuscles of Dacrymyces.	140
81.	Germination of Æcidium Euphorbia.	142
82.	Germinating pseudospores of Coleosporium Sonchi.	144
83.	Germinating pseudospore of Melampsora betulina.	144
84.	Germinating pseudospore of Uromyce appendiculatus.	145
85.	Germinating pseudospore of Puccinia MoliniÆ.	146
86.	Germinating pseudospore of Triphragmium UlmariÆ.	146
87.	Germinating pseudospore of Phragmidium bulbosum.	147
88.	Germinating pseudospores of Podisoma Juniperi.	148
89.	Germinating pseudospore of Tilletia caries.	150
90.	Pseudospore of Ustilago receptaculorum in germination, and secondary spores in conjugation.	151
91.	Conidia and zoospores of Cystopus candidus.	151
92.	Resting spore of Cystopus candidus with zoospores.	152
93.	Zygospores of Mucor phycomyces.	158
94.	Sporidium of Ascobolus germinating.	161
95.	Zygospore of Mucor.	165
96.	Zygospore of Rhizopus in different stages.	167
97.	Conjugation in Achlya racemosa.	169
98.	Conjugation in Peronospora.	171
99.	Antheridia and oogonium of Peronospora.	172
100.	Conjugation in Peziza omphalodes.	175
100a.	Formation of conceptacle in Erysiphe.	176
101.	Tilletia caries with conjugating cells.	178
102.	Aspergillus glaucus and Eurotium.	189
103.	Erysiphe cichoracearum, receptacle and mycelium.	191
104.	Twig with Tubercularia and Nectria.	193
105.	Section of Tubercularia with conidia.	194
106.	D. Nectria with Tubercularia, ascus and paraphyses.	195
107.	Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium berberidis.	201
108.	Cells and pseudospores of Æcidium graveolens.	201
109.	Torrubia militaris on pupa of a moth.	243

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