1: The word "Fellow" signifies, in any College, one of the strictly limited corporation to whom its whole property legally belongs. This corporation is kept filled up by co-option; the most distinguished of the junior students being usually chosen. 2: The kingdom of Mercia comprised the Midlands, and was (roughly) bounded on the north by the Humber and Mersey, on the west by Wales, on the south by the Thames, and on the east by the Cam and the Lea. 3: An ordinary "Hundred" contained an area some five miles square, instead of the five square miles which was that of old Cambridge. 4: Till the nineteenth century was well advanced the Mathematical Tripos was the only avenue to the attainment of "Honours" at Cambridge; so that even such a distinguished scholar as Lord Macaulay was debarred from them by his inability to pass that examination, and had to content himself with the lower status of an "Ordinary" or "Poll" Degree (so called from the Greek p???? = many, as being the refuge of the common herd of candidates). Triposes in many other branches of knowledge, classical, scientific, legal, historical, and linguistic, have since been added. 5: These corresponded to the still existing "Scouts" at Oxford. 6: The corresponding Oxford name is "Common Room." 7: The Washington arms are, in heraldic language: Barry of four, gules and argent. On a chief azure three mullets of the second. Crest, a demi-eaglet sable rising from an earl's coronet. 8: This word reminds us that archery practice was, in England, a regular feature of mediÆval College life. 9: This is shown in our first wood-cut. 10: The speediest possible destruction of such buildings was the only way of dealing with fires before effective engines came in, which was not until the nineteenth century. Rings to facilitate the use of fire-hooks are to be found under the eaves of many old houses hereabout. The hooks had 30 foot handles, mounted on a pair of wheels. 11: Bishop Latimer, the Protestant martyr, also belonged to Corpus. 12: The University had licensed printers from the time of Henry the Eighth, but did not set up a Press of its own till the eighteenth century, when influenced by the great scholar and critic Richard Bentley. 13: See page 17. 14: See Chapter VI. 15: Sculptures over the piers represent the bridge itself, a very unusual feature. 16: This rank is one of the privileges due to the Royal Founder. Another was the exemption of King's men from the authority of the Proctors; another their right to a Degree without passing the usual examinations. This was given up in the middle of last century, and now every King's student is required by the College to take Honours in some Tripos. 17: A current story tells how a millionaire, who boasted that his money should make him a lawn as perfect, was discomfited by being told that to attain such perfection "you must mow and roll it regularly for 400 years. That is what has been done here." 18: His statue surmounts it, flanked by two figures representing Science (gazing at the Chapel) and Religion (with her eyes devoutly fixed upon the Hall). To leap across from the lawn to the pedestal of this group is a feat seldom accomplished. 19: These figures are somewhat larger than life-size. 20: The Portcullis was adopted by Henry the Seventh as the Tudor badge, to signify that his claim to the throne was double (through his mother, Lady Margaret, as well as his wife), even as a portcullis doubled the defensibility of a castle gate. 21: The former is from Huddleston in Yorkshire, the latter from Weldon in Northamptonshire. 22: This gift called forth a satirical epigram from Oxford; where the prevalent Toryism was made the pretext for quartering a regiment of cavalry in the city to suppress Jacobite demonstrations:

"King George, observing with judicious eyes
The state of both his Universities,
To Oxford sent a troop of horse;—and why?
That Learned Body wanted Loyalty.
To Cambridge books he sent; as well discerning
How much that Loyal Body wanted Learning."

A retort (in which the humour is a trifle less spontaneous) was speedily penned by Sir William Browne, who specialised on epigrams and left prizes for their encouragement which are still annually awarded:

"The King to Oxford sent a troop of horse,
For Tories own no argument but Force.
With equal skill to Cambridge books he sent;
For Whigs admit no force but Argument." 23: Atkinson and Clark, Cambridge Described. 24: Foster and Atkinson, Old Cambridge Plate. 25: Michaelhouse (like Peterhouse) derived its name from the neighbouring church which was used for worship by the Scholars till they got a chapel of their own. 26: The T.B.C. boat was one of the two first boats to appear on the river. The other was the "Lady Margaret" or St. John's boat, whose colours were (and are) bright red. These two boats used to row along, challenging each other, by sound of bugle, to extempore bursts of racing. This was in the Twenties. The first regular College races began in the year 1827; but only five Colleges rowed (Trinity, St. John's, Caius, Jesus and Emmanuel). Not till 1859 were all represented. 27: Hallam's rooms were on the southern side of the New Court, in the central staircase (letter G), and were the western set on the first floor. Tennyson himself never "kept" in College, but had lodgings, first in Rose Crescent, and afterwards opposite the Bull Hotel. 28: Its line was determined by the distant spire of Coton Church which for two centuries closed the vista. (It is now hidden by these trees.) A current witticism was that the view symbolised a Trinity Fellowship—a long, straight-forward prospect, closed by a village church. Till the year 1878 every Fellow had to become a Priest of the Established Church within seven years, on pain of forfeiting his Fellowship. After this he was a Fellow for life, unless he married. And each Fellow in turn had a right to any College living that fell vacant. All this is altered now. Fellows are elected unconditionally for a limited period (which may be renewed), and College livings are assigned to the best men to be had, whether of Trinity or not. 29: A cycloid is the curve described by any single point on the rim of a rolling wheel. 30: Nocturnal exploration of the College roofs has been so favourite an amusement amongst undergraduates that not long ago a book was actually published entitled The Roof-Climber's Guide to Trinity College. Every eminence in the College has been scaled, save only the Great Gate Tower. The Hon. C. S. Rolls, who was afterwards the first man to fly from England to France and back, and who fell a martyr to his zeal for aviation, was, in his day, the most daring and systematic of all Trinity roof-climbers. 31: Byron himself was morbidly sensitive on this point. Mr. Clark (Guide to Cambridge, p. 140) tells how he abused a friend who fell behind out of courtesy: "Ah! I see you wish to spy out my deformity." He was in residence 1805-8. 32: This instrument bound its subscribers to zealous endeavour, far from any "detestable indifference and neutrality," for the "extirpation of Popery, Prelacy, ... Archbishops, Bishops, Deans, Chapters, Archdeacons, and all that Hierarchy." Every adult in the kingdom had to sign this very thoroughgoing test, on pain of imprisonment. 33: These same rooms (on the south-westernmost staircase) were probably those occupied by Lord Byron. 34: The entrance was from the New Court, which communicates with Nevile's Court by an arcade in the southern cloister of the latter. 35: All the Colleges have thus suffered severely; King's being hit hardest of all. Trinity was less seriously affected, owing to the fact that much of its land lies in the North of England. 36: Cambridge Described, p. 444. 37: A "Grace-cup" is a large silver tankard which at College feasts is solemnly passed down the High Table, each guest in turn standing up to drink it. Three, indeed, must always be so standing, the drinker, the last man, and the next man; whence the cup has sometimes three handles. At each potation the three concerned formally bow to each other. 38: For the first year of his residence the student is called a Freshman, in the next he is a "Junior Soph," and in the third a "Senior Soph." The origin of the word "Soph" is doubtful. It is presumably short for Sophist; but all Americans will recognise it as the origin of their "Sophomore." And American University nomenclature is largely derived from Cambridge. The word, however, has of late gone out of general use, and practically survives scarcely anywhere but in Trinity. 39: At the battle of Minden, 1759. 40: Besides the University Examinations needed to obtain a Degree, every College keeps its students up to the mark by extra examinations of its own, held usually twice a year. There are also competitive examinations for the College Scholarships, and (at Trinity) for the Fellowships. About seventy per cent. of Trinity students are "Honour men"; reading, not for the ordinary (or "Poll") Degree, but for one or other of the various Triposes. And of these "Honour" candidates of Trinity, over thirty per cent. attain a First Class; which is thus gained by nearly twenty-five per cent. of Trinity students, the highest College average in the University. 41: The water is from an ancient conduit made originally to supply the Franciscan Convent, and comes from a spring some two miles to the west. Till recently this was the only supply for Trinity, and (by a charitable tap outside the Great Gate) for many neighbours also. Now it is supplemented by an artesian well behind the chapel, bored to a depth of 120 feet into the Greensand. 42: These same craftsmen probably made the beautiful ceilings in the Combination Room at St. John's College (which is copied from that in one of the rooms in this Court), and in the University Library. 43: See Cambridge Described, p. 443. 44: Both clock and bells are due to Dr. Bentley, the famous Master who bullied the College into so many happy and undesired expenses during his tenure of office (1700-1742). The repeating is solely for convenience; one often fails to note the first stroke or two of an hour. 45: This was given to the College in 1755 by the then Master, Dr. Robert Smith. 46: Wordsworth in "The Prelude" tells us how he loved

"The antechapel, where the statue stood
Of Newton, with his prism and silent face,
The marble index of a mind for ever
Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone." 47: Barrow's great wish was that the University should build a theatre (like the Sheldonian at Oxford), instead of having its dramas performed, as they then were, in the University Church. When the Senate boggled at the expense, he declared that Trinity should shame them by erecting unaided a yet finer building than he proposed, and "that very afternoon" himself staked out the foundations of the Library. (Clark's Guide, p. 123.) 48: Of the astonishingly wide sweep of Whewell's knowledge many tales are yet told. There was no subject on which he could not talk with authority. It is related how an impertinent Fellow once hoped to puzzle him by getting up an article on Chinese music in a back number of the Edinburgh Review, and introducing the subject in Hall. "Ah," replied Whewell, "it is a long time since I thought of that. But you will find an article of mine about it in the Edinburgh, some ten or fifteen years ago." 49: On Sundays and Festivals all wear surplices, and the throng then presents a very striking appearance. It suggested Tennyson's vision of "Six hundred maidens clad in purest white," in "The Princess." 50: This is now the College Council, consisting of the Master, the Tutors, and other Members elected for a certain period. 51: It was made early in the eighteenth century by the celebrated Father Smith, an organ-builder of world-wide fame. 52: By his arrogance Bentley incurred the undying hatred of Pope, who denounces him in the "Dunciad" as boasting himself (in addressing Dullness)

"Thy mighty Scholiast, whose unwearied pains
Made Horace dull, and humbled Milton's strains;
Turn what they will to verse, their toil is vain;
Critics like me shall make it prose again." 53: To every College is attached some high-placed personage as Visitor, with a vague, but by no means unreal, power of interference when appealed to. Bentley was only saved from deposition by the sudden death of the Visitor. 54: The Senate is the general assembly of Masters of Arts, which is the supreme University authority. 55: Guide to Cambridge, p. 129. The meaning of the curious word "Harry-Soph" is apparently equivalent to a student unequal to a Degree. Bentley was deprived of all his Degrees. 56: Readers of Esmond will remember that Thackeray quarters that hero on this same staircase, "close by the gate, and near to the famous Mr. Newton's lodgings." Thackeray was in residence 1829-31, Macaulay 1818-24, Newton 1662-1717. 57: Whewell was Master of Trinity from 1841 to 1866. 58: This Bowling Green lies to the west of Trinity Chapel, and is one of the choicest gems of Cambridge, a gracious, walled oblong of turf, with a wooded terrace overlooking the river at its western end, and at the east, the lately discovered fourteenth century front of the College Bursary, once forming part of King's Hall. The privilege of entering this Paradise can only be attained under the escort of a Fellow. 59: The above quotation, as well as that which follows, is from the sermon preached by Fisher in Westminster Abbey at her burial. (I have modernised the spelling.) 60: Amongst these we must count Erasmus; who composed the epitaph on her tomb. 61: Michaelhouse was one of the constituent Colleges of Trinity. 62: We need not, however, take too literally the statement in the Instrument of Suppression, that but two ill-conducted Brethren remained. For, as Mr. Clark has shown, that Instrument was copied verbatim from the earlier one used for the turning of St. Radegund's Priory into Jesus College. 63: There was no attempt at music, no organ even, anywhere save at King's, Trinity, and St. John's, and these three Colleges kept between them a choir of six "lay clerks" (elderly for the most part), who used to hurry from service to service, as did also the single organist employed! And this went on till 1842! 64: At St. John's, the title of President is given to the Vice-master of the College. 65: In one of these windows should be noted a portrait of Henrietta Maria, the Queen of Charles the First, who was once entertained in this apartment. 66: It need scarcely be pointed out that this breach was not made from any Protestant zeal, but only to enable the King to put away the wife he was tired of, and marry Anne Boleyn, which the Pope would not authorise. 67: The gratings are to prevent any nocturnal escape from College. Only one man is ever known to have "squeezed himself betwixt the bars." 68: This word, now used of all flannel sporting jackets, was, for several decades—till nearly 1880, in fact—confined to the fiery coats of the St. John's (or, officially, "Lady Margaret") Boat Club. When, about that date, the question of having a "universal blazer" was debated by the undergraduates, an elderly clergyman protested, in all shocked seriousness, against the "incendiary tendencies" of such a notion. 69: The two infant cherubs which (without any heraldic authority) act as supporters to the College Shield over the gate of the new buildings (those to the east of the street) are popularly supposed to be meant for the innocent souls of the two Founders. The shield itself (duly granted by the Heralds' College, 1575), comprises both their Coats with a blue and silver bordure. That of Dr. Caius is curious; two green serpents standing on their tails upon a green stone amid flowers of amaranth. This is declared (in the grant) to signify "Wisdom stayed upon Virtue and adorned with Immortality"—a characteristic Elizabethan "conceit." 70: It was not till after Gonville's death that it began to be called by his name. 71: The present gateway is not, however, the original one, but erected in mid-Victorian days at the same time as the large pinnacled gate at the south-east corner of the College, but the humble character of the original is fairly reproduced. 72: Each side of the hexagon was originally a sun-dial. 73: "Passage" is the local name applied to the many paved footways which intersect Cambridge. They are forbidden ground to vehicles, including bicycles, a prohibition which constantly brings undergraduates before the Police Court. 74: At this date King's was a highly conservative College, and its discipline strict with a strictness long discarded by the University at large. 75: "To the Universities," Froude (our most ardent Protestant historian) tells us, in his History of England, "the Reformation brought with it desolation.... They were called Stables of Asses—Schools of the Devil.... The Government cancelled the exhibitions which had been granted for the support of poor Scholars. They suppressed the Professorships and Lectureships—Degrees were held anti-Christian. Learning was no necessary adjunct to a creed which 'lay in a nutshell.' ... College Libraries were plundered and burnt. The Divinity Schools at Oxford were planted with cabbages, and the laundresses dried clothes in the School of Arts."

At Cambridge Dr. Caius gives a long list of University Hostels, filled, within his memory, by zealous students, which, when he wrote had become wholly deserted and taken possession of by the townsfolk. 76: The pillage was actually presided over by the Vice-Chancellor of the University, Dr. Whitgift, Master of Trinity, whose Protestant zeal raised him later to the Archbishopric of Canterbury. 77: This officer is the acting Head of the University, and is appointed by the Council from amongst the Heads of the Colleges, usually by rota, year by year. The Chancellor, whom he represents, is always some specially distinguished notability, and is appointed for life. He is only present on state occasions. 78: Members are often able to introduce ladies, when there is likely to be room for them. And undergraduates may listen to proceedings from the Galleries, where, in defiance of rule, they are often heard as well as seen, should the business be exciting. 79: Such discussion as may seem needful has already taken place before a Meeting of the resident Members of the Senate, who have spent at least forty nights in Cambridge during the last Academic year, and whose names are accordingly on the "Electoral Roll." They are summoned, as required, by the Vice-Chancellor, to discuss the various matters which it is proposed to embody in "Graces." 80: The office thus requires no mean scholarly and oratorical powers. When Queen Elizabeth visited Cambridge, the Public Orator had to make her a laudatory address of half an hour in duration, without notes, "with the Queen's horse curvetting under her" (for this was not in the Senate House—yet unbuilt—but in the open air before King's College Chapel), and with constant mock-modest interruptions from her Royal lips. Her only thanks were a commendation of his excellent memory. 81: One apartment was called the Regent House, as being thus used by the Governing Body of the University. 82: As Protestantism lost its first militant fervour, these performances more and more dropped their polemical features. But they still remained most inappropriate for a place of worship. We have seen how the higher minds of the University, such as Dr. Barrow, felt about them before the seventeenth century came to an end. (See p. 104.) 83: On the Sunday after All Saints' Day, when the "Lady Margaret Preacher," appointed by the Vice-Chancellor, officiates, he begins by reading the long roll of benefactors to the University from the earliest times; in itself a specially inspiring predication. 84: It is hard upon Dr. Jowett that his name should have come down to posterity associated, not with this real contribution to the gladness of the world, but with a satirical quatrain on the tiny plot which he reclaimed from the street in the angle of Trinity Hall adjoining Clare:

"A little garden little Jowett made,
And fenced it with a little palisade;
And would you know the mind of little Jowett,
This little garden will a little show it." 85: There was a fountain here, however, long before Hobson's day—at least as early as the fourteenth century—but whence the water came is not known. If, as seems probable, it was a natural spring, its existence was probably the factor which originally determined the site of the Market. 86: This is the name bestowed on the stalwart officials a couple of whom attend each Proctor and exercise such physical coercion of delinquents as he may bid. 87: One specially remembered conflict, when Rose Crescent was held by the Gown against an overwhelming force, till a police charge drove them in headlong rout to take refuge in Trinity, was made the subject of a parody of Macaulay's Horatius, to be found in Clark's Guide to Cambridge. 88: This design included the undoubted feature of a stone altar, the setting up of which gave occasion, after much litigation, for the promulgation of the well-known Judgment, which declares that in the Church of England the Law permits only a movable wooden table. 89: So called because in union with the twin Society at Oxford; members of each having, ipso facto, all the privileges of membership in the other. 90: So called to distinguish it from the smaller town bridges by Newnham Mill and Garret Hostel. 91: We find "Magdalene Bridge" in Wordsworth's "Prelude." 92: Over the entrance gateway may be seen the arms of Lord Braybrooke's family, the Nevilles. These are also the arms of the College. 93: In spite of the enticing similarity of sound, it is fairly established that the word Camboritum is not the parent of the word Cambridge. In mediÆval times we only read of "Granta-bridge." 94: These were Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambs, Hunts, Beds and Herts, which combined to raise a common force (on the Parliamentary side). 95: Newnham is just younger, having been opened 1875. It then consisted of one Hall only. 96: These are large wooden edifices containing sheds for the boats below and dressing-rooms for the crews above. 97: See Chapter XIII. 98: There are also races in the Lent Term for the less exalted boats. But only the first division in the May races has any general interest. Each division contains sixteen boats, and the last boat of each division is also the first of the division below, being thus known as a "sandwich boat." 99: The races end at Chesterton, about a mile below the boathouses. 100: This church, as has been already said, formerly stood at the other end of its Parish, in the old Jewry, hard by Trinity and St. John's. 101: This restoration had the advantage of being carried out under the auspices of a man of real architectural taste (though better known by his geological distinction), the Rev. Osmund Fisher, then Dean of the College. The discovery of the Chapter House entrance in the cloisters was also due to him. 102: Some words put by Virgil into the mouth of the Sibyl (or prophetess) of Cumae were supposed by the early Christians of Rome (to whom the idea of Sibylline books being prophetic was familiar from Roman History) to foretell the Incarnation. Hence she, and her sister Sibyls of other fictions as well, came to be considered inspired, and before long a whole literature of imaginary Sibylline predictions was in circulation. 103: The Jesuits, of course, did not come into being for years after Cranmer's academic day. 104: Her husband had been over the Royal Excise, and the College shield bears the familiar Broad Arrow of that department. 105: The church is architecturally naught, outside; but the tower arches, within, form the loveliest gem in Cambridge. 106: The rod retained its use in this connection till the eighteenth century. In the seventeenth, during the period of Puritan ascendancy, it was made a University enactment that if any undergraduate should "by day or night enter any river, ditch, lake, pond, mere, or any other water within the County of Cambridge, whether for the sake of swimming or of washing," he should be flogged in his College hall. It must be remembered that students then entered at least five years earlier than now. 107: This crest is absent from the Johnian gate-tower, but is found above the iron gate leading into the Backs. 108: This front belongs to an isolated block known as the "Fellows' Buildings," erected shortly after Milton's time. 109: "L'Allegro." 110: "Il Penseroso." 111: A small back door, however, leads from the kitchen into "Christ's Lane" (on the south). On one famous occasion, when, at a time of popular excitement, the students were confined to the College, sympathisers from without burst this in (using the bar which closes the lane to vehicles as a battering-ram) and set them free. 112: Paley's Evidences is still one of the set subjects in the "Littlego" (or "Previous Examination") which every student must pass before being allowed to proceed further. 113: Unlovely as this church is, it is a monument of the piety and generosity of one of the most pious and generous men Cambridge has ever known, Dr. Perry, first Bishop of Australia, who, while a Fellow of Trinity, devoted his private fortune to the ecclesiastical needs of the town, and thus enabled no fewer than three large churches to be built. Unhappily it was at a period of execrable taste (the earliest Victorian), and the three are far from beautiful or correct examples of ecclesiastical architecture. But when the then newly formed Camden Society (for the revival of a purer style of building) ventured to hint as much, a storm of Protestant indignation arouse throughout Cambridge, and a public protest against such Romish criticism was actually signed by every resident Fellow of Trinity! 114: This was on the site of the Dominican Refectory. Sir Thomas Mildmay boasts that, in contempt of their religion, he has turned their Refectory into a Chapel, and their Church into a Refectory. The Hall and Combination Room still occupy the site of the Church. 115: This occupied all but the whole space bounded by Downing Street, Tennis Court Road, Lensfield Road, and Regent Street. 116: The ethnological series of skulls here ranks (with those at Berlin, St. Petersburg, and Washington) as the most complete in the world. 117: On the wall here is engraved Pasteur's inspired saying: "Dans les champs de l'observation le hasard ne favorise que les esprits prÉparÉs." 118: This is called the Cavendish Laboratory, being the gift of the late Duke of Devonshire, Chancellor of the University. The word laboratory we may note is, in student speech, invariably "Lab," which is even used as a verb. 119: See p. 5. 120: Here was held, in 1430, under the representatives of Pope Martin the Fifth, the famous "Assize of Barnwell," which decided, by Papal authority, that in the University alone was vested all spiritual jurisdiction over its students, to the exclusion of the ordinary Diocesan and Parochial claims. 121: So called to distinguish it from "Great St. Andrew's," opposite Christ's College. 122: This School still flourishes, and is still staffed by undergraduates. It is known as "Jesus Lane Sunday School," its first quarters having been in that street. 123: The parish has now been divided into half a dozen districts. And its earliest houses, immediately round the Abbey Church, remain (as they have been from the first) outlying fragments of two small Town parishes, St. Benet's and St. Edward's. 124: There were other minor Dykes (such as the Warstead Street, from Cherry Hinton to Horseheath), but these play no part in history. 125: These forms show that the C was sounded hard. On the coins of the clan the name is written ECEN. These coins are of gold and bear the figure of a horse, being rude copies of the Macedonian staters which the tin trade brought to Britain. The earliest known are of the third century B.C., the latest (those inscribed with the name) of the first half century A.D. 126: Tin was precious as a component of bronze, which, till iron came in, was the material for weapons and tools. See my Roman Britain (S.P.C.K.), p. 33. 127: In the Register of Fordham Church (a few miles north of Newmarket) is an entry to the effect that, on 27 February 1624, "The Most High and Mighty Prince, King James the First of England and Sixth of Scotland condescended to hunt six hares in Fordham Field!" 128: Her abbey was for generations the favourite boarding-school in France for young ladies from England. 129: These borders are now marked only in the Ordnance maps. The line runs right across the county from west to east, following the West River (the ancient course of the Ouse), to its junction with the Cam, and then almost straight eastward to the boundary of Suffolk, along a water-course known as the "Bishop's Delph" (i.e., ditch, from the verb delve). 130: This title implied a vague Primacy amongst the various Anglo-Saxon monarchs, conferred, by as vague a recognition on their part, upon him who was for the time the most powerful amongst them. But though vague it was far from unreal. We find Ethelbert's protection enabling St. Augustine to preach all over England. Indeed the name (which etymologically signifies merely Broad Wielder) very early got to be regarded as meaning Wielder of Britain. 131: Augustine, true to his mission from St. Gregory, strove to rekindle all over the land such embers of the Faith as still smouldered on amongst the British refugees. For those in the fenland, the Girvii, he had set up a small religious house at Cratendune near Ely, which was afterwards absorbed by Etheldreda's larger Abbey. 132: William the Conqueror had already run a military causeway across Willingham Fen to the south-west side of the island at Aldreth. 133: The word "stunt" in the dialect of Cambridgeshire signifies steep. The shores of Stuntney rise from the fen with most unusual abruptness. 134: Macaulay. 135: After the suppression of the alien Priories this property went to the Crown, and was granted by Henry the Sixth to Pembroke College, Cambridge, in whose hands it still remains. 136: He fought at Agincourt, and was one of the knights told off to kill the French prisoners. 137: The Peytons held Isleham till the eighteenth century. 138: Township and Borough, p. 96. 139: The original Corporation (not yet so called) consisted of the local residents who held (or were rated at) a "hide" of land (120 acres). This was at the end of the ninth century, when the landowners were Danes and heathen. 140: A constant tradition declares that she was imprisoned (or hidden) here during part of her sister's reign, but it cannot be verified. 141: The frequent occurrence of "West" in their names—Westley, Weston, West Wratting, West Wickham—reminds us that their geographical and historical connection is with Suffolk, to the east of them, rather than with Cambridgeshire. 142: i.e., An observer of holy times and seasons. 143: These martyrs were son and mother, and suffered in the Diocletian persecution, the former being of very tender years. Julitta cheered him on to his glorious death, and was then herself executed. 144: This family came into England amongst the Huguenot refugees from France early in the eighteenth century. 145: Reach is commonly spoken of as a "hamlet," but there is still enough historical pride amongst the inhabitants to make them resent this phrase. 146: The oaks are always found lying prostrate, but the fir stems are frequently still upright for several feet of their length. 147: It is now the residence of H. Gray Esq. In the stable yard a monument records the celebrated "Godolphin," one of the first Arabs (or, more probably Barbs) to be imported, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, for the improvement of our thoroughbred stock. 148: This branch of the Granta is more properly called the Bourne. 149: From the ninth century onwards the Pope could claim, by Royal grant, a penny a year from every house in England. This tribute was known as "Peter Pence." The phrase is now used amongst Roman Catholics for voluntary contributions to the Papal Exchequer. 150: The fourteenth century historian, Matthew Paris, is said to have belonged to this family. 151: Local antiquarian research, however, considers that the name is more probably Audley. One of the Audleys of Horseheath (who were in no way connected with the Reformation Audleys, of Audley End and Magdalene College), distinguished himself at the battle of Poictiers. 152: See p. 183. 153: The legend ran that St. Christopher was a giant heathen who heard of Christ and desired to serve Him. Enquiring how he could do this, he was told to devote himself to deeds of charity, which he did by carrying pilgrims over a dangerous ford. Finally, a child whom he thus transported proved to be Christ Himself, whence he gained the name of Christopher (the Christ-bearer). 154: Hughes' Geography of Cambs, p. 139. 155: Ibid. p. 96. 156: See p. 170. 157: See p. 171. 158: Footpaths, however, lead across the fen from its termination to Fulbourn and to Wilbraham. 159: Hughes' Geography of Cambs, p. 77. 160: See p. 172. 161: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 162: SS. Mary, John, Katharine, Paul, Magdalene, John Baptist, Etheldreda, Peter, Margaret, Wilfrid. 163: These are SS. Michael, James, Katharine, Gabriel, Margaret, ? ? John Baptist, Peter, Asaph, Bridgett, John, Andrew, Nicolas, Winifred. 164: See p. 153. After this preliminary domestic castigation he was again flogged on the morrow in the University Schools by the Proctors. A second offence meant expulsion from the University! 165: "Chester," "Caster," "Cester," are various Anglicised forms of the Latin "castra" (= camp), which our conquering forefathers applied to the Romano-British cities which they so ruthlessly destroyed in the first sweep of their invasion. 166: On the western bank, hard by, is a large meadow known as Lingay Fen, which is always (artificially) flooded during the winter, in hopes of a frost. It forms an excellent skating ground, on which even National Championships have been decided. 167: See p. 41. 168: Prof. Hughes' Geography of Cambridgeshire, p. 106. 169: See my Roman Britain, p. 266. 170: This "bush" is actually a group of young elms. 171: See p. 191. 172: See p. 230. 173: See p. 198. 174: The Chantry Priests, of whom there were two in Barrington, often acted as village schoolmasters, the Chantries themselves serving as classrooms. 175: See p. 221. The gravel here is older than that at Grantchester. 176: So called because full of green grains of "glauconite," which appear to be the internal casts of the shells of foraminifera. This bed, however, is not the true Upper Greensand, but "riddlings" from it. 177: See p. 230. 178: This word is derived from the Latin Opus ("work") which in the Manorial account books was usually written j.op. (i.e., one Opus). 179: See p. 236. 180: Chronicle of St. Neots. 181: The discovery of Neptune is by no means the only discovery the honour of which has been lost to Cambridge through that scientific temper of mind which is loth to publish investigations at an early stage of their verification. Months before Marconi introduced wireless telegraphy to the public it had been practised here by Professors Rutherford and Sir J. J. Thomson; the first serious messages being exchanged, over a distance of two miles, between the Cavendish Laboratory and the Observatory. At the same Laboratory the RÖntgen rays were being investigated ere yet RÖntgen became a household word. And long years before Bunsen and Kirchoff (in 1859) published the true explanation of Fraunhofer's dark lines in the solar spectrum, that explanation had been given to his pupils by yet another Cambridge Professor, Sir George Gabriel Stokes. Such indifference to mere fame reminds us of the old saying that an Oxford man looks as if all the world belonged to him, a Cambridge man as if he did not care whom it belonged to. 182: I.e. genuflecting. 183: See p. 182. 184: Childerley was then the seat of the Cutts family. 185: Quoted in East Anglia and the Civil War by Mr. Kingston. 186: I.e. Irish. The name of the Scots lingered on in their original home for many centuries after it became more famous in North Britain, whither they began to migrate in the fifth century. 187: See Miss Arnold Forster's Studies in Church Dedications, chap. xxxi. 188: The Chronicle of St. Neots. 189: To this Chronicle we owe some of the best known legends in English History, the story of Alfred and the cakes, for instance. It was probably written in the tenth century. (See my "Alfred in the Chroniclers.") 190: See Chap. XIV. 191: See Chap. VIII. 192: See Chap. XIV. 193: See p. 144. 194: Cambs. Monthly Repository X. 195: When praised for loveliness by the Public Orator she showed, to the loud admiration of her auditors, that she both understood and spoke Latin by exclaiming coyly "Non est verum." 196: This roof is traditionally said to have been that of the great church of Barnwell Abbey (see p. 160). It obviously was made for a larger nave than that of Willingham, and has been cut down to fit its present purpose. 197: See p. 283. 198: See Chap. XVII. 199: See p. 231. 200: See p. 252. 201: See p. 146. 202: See p. 170. 203: This word is invariably abbreviated to "Cox," which is also used as a verb. 204: See p. 282. 205: See p. 194. 206: See p. 180. 207: This is the word used by the "Historia Eliensis." Bede, our earliest authority, speaks of "a small waste city, which in the English tongue is called Grantchester." He almost certainly means Cambridge. See p. 221. 208: Doubt has been cast on this story, owing to the incidental mention by the chronicler of a shaped head-space in this coffin. This has been held to point to a twelfth century origin for the Legend, inasmuch as such head-spaces were not used until that date. In the present year(1910), however, an undoubtedly Roman sarcophagus thus shaped has been unearthed in Egypt. It is figured in the Illustrated London News (July 23, 1910). 209: Archdeacon Cunningham doubts this. 210: See p. 178. 211: See my History of Cambridgeshire. 212: A mark of silver was worth 13s. 4d.; a mark of gold was 100 shillings. A labourer's wage was at this date 1d. per day, so that these sums must be multiplied thirty-fold to get their equivalent value at the present day. 213: The county, at this time, comprised only the district south of the Isle. This ecclesiastical connection between it and the Isle was the first towards their later unification. See p. 8. 214: We find the monks complaining that the £300 a year (equivalent to £9,000 now), to which the Abbey income sank in the twelfth century would barely support forty monks. The best working standard by which to ascertain how much money is worth in any given age is the current day-wage of a labourer. In the fourteenth century this was 1d.; it is now 2s. 6d. Therefore money went thirty times as far then as now. 215: This was a cassock lined with wool. The word surplice is derived from it, being an alb roomy enough to wear over a pellice. 216: The boots were of soft leather rising nearly to the knee. 217: This was probably the head-covering which the monks of Ely wore, by special licence from the Pope, "on account of the windy situation of their church." The name may survive in our modern "billy-cock." 218: The blanket was 3-1/2 yards long, as blankets are still. 219: It is given by Bishop Stubbs, in his Historical Memorials of Ely. 220: The beds were stuffed with hay, which the Camerarius was bound to change once a year, at the annual cleaning of the dormitory. 221: The remaining "Short" Offices were probably said, Sext after High Mass, and Nones at mid-day (whence our word Noon). 222: In this earliest type of crucifix Christ was royally crowned and robed (as in the famous Volto Santo at Lucca). See p. 288. 223: See page 274. 224: This is a wholly modern device. MediÆval mazes are common in Continental churches; but none are found in England. 225: This was the average length in the larger abbeys, notably surpassed only by the splendid dimensions of Glastonbury, where the cloisters were a square of 221 feet on each side. 226: See p. 322. 227: See p. 312. 228: See p. 314. 229: See p. 358. 230: Within living memory the tithe paid to the parson or other tithe owner, was actually the tenth sheaf in every row throughout the harvest field. The corn might not be carried till the owner's agent had "docked" these sheaves, (i.e. marked each by crowning it with a dock leaf). He might begin his count with any one of the first ten, for obvious reasons. The docked sheaves were conveyed to the tithe barn either before or after the carrying of the others. 231: See p. 183. 232: Hughes. County Geography of Cambs, p. 98. 233: See p. 196. 234: See p. 168. 235: From my History of Cambridgeshire. 236: See Hughes' Geography of Cambridgeshire. 237: The history of the Houses outside our county we only touch upon where connected with spots inside. 238: This name has probably nothing to do with "anchorite," but is of Celtic derivation. 239: Dominus is thus abbreviated amongst Benedictines. 240: Kineburgh and Kinswith were sisters of Wulfhere, the first Christian King of Mercia. Tibba is usually identified with St. Ebba of Coldingham. 241: The Little Ouse drains the south-western districts of Norfolk. 242: A specimen of one of the "libels" is given by Dugdale:</Ü>

243: The Lernaean swamp was the legendary home of the famous Hydra overcome by Hercules. 244: The head of this company was Lord Popham, one of whose cuts is still called Popham's Eau. The last word reminds us that many of his settlers were exiled French Huguenots. 245: See p. 280. 246: See p. 275. 247: See my Roman Britain, p. 47. 248: Hughes' Geography of Cambs., p. 97, where there is an interesting photograph of this Woad Mill. 249: See p. 398. 250: See p. 146. 251: This work was published in 1583, to justify the execution of the seminary priests in England. Burghley's point is that quiet Papists were not put to death. 252: See Bridgett and Knox, Queen Elizabeth and the Catholic Hierarchy, p. 197 et seq. It may have been these highly specialised discourses which put so fine an edge on Wisbech Protestantism that, in the Civil War, the Parson here was ejected for no more heinous offence than that "he called a Godly Minister (Mr. Allison) Brother Redface." 253: P. 6.