I. REPORT OF THE RUSSIAN-JEWISH RELIEF |
Warsaw | 75,000 people | Radom | 2,000 people | |
Vilna | 12,000 people | Gussiatin | 1,000 people | |
Kielce | 3,000 people | Shakvi (Suvalki) | ||
Konsk | 4,000 people | Lomzha | 5,000 people | |
Minsk | 2,000 people | Khmelnik | ||
Prassnysh | 1,500 people | (Prov. Kielce) | 1,500 people |
And yet these figures only show the number of refugees who have applied for assistance; hundreds of thousands of others are meanwhile living upon their savings and do not come under the registration. But they also will be at the end of their scant resources one of these days and will join the ranks of the destitute.... Thus, for the above-named places and for many other dozens of towns and townlets the number of refugees within their walls may be doubled without fear of exaggeration.
While numerous towns and townlets have, in generous hospitality, opened their gates to the unfortunate refugees and exiles from the war area, the native Jewish population of these places is itself suffering a severe economic crisis, an acute attack of unemployment, which as a matter
We have already stated that the industrial life of Poland and in a large part of the Pale has been laid waste as a consequence of the war. Hundreds of factories have been destroyed, hundreds others have had to stop work for want of capital, raw material, fuel and—first and foremost—for want of a market for their articles of production. Many thousands of workmen who were formerly employed by these factories have remained without bread.
Whole branches of trade have been shattered, burying the welfare of the artisans under their ruins. The tailors, weavers, bootmakers, builders, trades, normally sustaining a large percentage of Jews in Poland and in the Pale, are dead; the artisans are left to starve, unless something can be done to save them.
Commercial life also has been laid waste. The merchants—great and small—are ruined; hundreds of merchant’s clerks are thrown out of work and have to apply to public charity.
There is yet another class of sufferers whose wants and needs have to be attended to. About 300,000 Jews are fighting in the ranks of the Russian army. Their mothers, wives and children are receiving but scanty support (about 2 roubles a head) from the Government. About half of them, however, are not getting any Government aid at all, their marriages, although legally solemnized, not having been entered in the official marriage registers. (It is a well known fact that the uneducated Jews of Poland and in the Pale frequently omit to have
It is a boundless sea of troubles that has to be coped with and the full weight of the task is falling upon Jewish shoulders. The gulf dividing the bulk of Russian society from Jewish life and needs and sorrows has not been bridged over by the horrors of war. Though now and again a voice of sympathy is heard from Russian quarters, here and there a Russian hand is extended to feed a starving Jewish child, both moral and material assistance offered by non-Jews to our stricken people is but infinitesimal as compared with the magnitude of the distress.
Nor do we now wish to dwell specifically on Polish-Jewish relations, it being too well known to what extent they have become pointed during the recent months, bearing in their train infinite, yea, unbearable sufferings for our Jewish brethren.
In order to unite the efforts of Jewish society towards the relief of the Jewish sufferers from the war, at the very outbreak of the European conflagration there was formed at Petrograd a General Jewish Relief Committee, with the sanction of the Russian authorities, to act as a center for the collection and distribution of funds to the destitute and needy Jews. At the very beginning of its activity the General Committee issued an appeal to the Jewish public calling it to its duty to the
Jewish society at large has shown its usual responsiveness and material support has been forthcoming in as large a measure as individual means and circumstances would permit.
Committees, similar to the General Committee, working on the same lines and in close unity with it have since been organized in prominent centers of the stricken area and outside of it—e. g., in Warsaw, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Kharkov, and in addition the existing Jewish organizations, such as the Central Committee of the Jewish Colonization Association, the Society for the Promotion of Education in Russia, the Jewish Health Society, the Society for the Promotion of Trade and Industry among Russian Jews, etc., etc., are taking active part in the relief work. Representatives of the various committees and societies working in the war zone and outside it meet periodically in order to discuss new measures and schemes for the alleviation of the terrible distress.
The conditions and extent of distress in towns, townlets and villages of Poland and of the Pale are being ascertained through delegates of the General Relief Committee working actively and energetically towards the organization of various forms of relief in the several districts. In a number of places the local Jewish community has readily joined in the relief work, doing its utmost to meet the demand for food, shelter, clothing; the local philanthropic and communal Jewish institutions thus becoming valuable agencies of the General Relief Committee. On the whole, however—particularly as far as Poland is concerned:—the organization of assistance to the war sufferers is meeting with endless difficulties,
Often our representatives have to seek these people out in their hiding places, to rouse them from their lethargy, to exercise moral pressure on the more prominent members of the community, before anything can be done for the sufferers. This attitude of the people becomes intelligible when we consider the conditions that they live in under ordinary circumstances—their poverty, their lack of education, the contempt they are accustomed to meet with on the part of the non-Jewish population.
Similar conditions prevail in the Galician Provinces within Russian occupation:
“I found them huddling together in damp and dark cellars, half-naked, sick and starving”—these are the words of one of our representatives who visited some of the places that had witnessed all the horrors of the war. “They showed complete apathy, appeared to be in a trance of terror. Only a madman—he had become insane because of superhuman suffering—followed me into the street, shrieking for bread. I handed him a coin, but he threw it down and clamored for bread....”
The ever changing conditions of war, that open up new regions for relief work today, and close other districts tomorrow, that throw ever new crowds of sufferers upon public charity—these, to a large extent baffle all our efforts towards relief, destroying today what was organized yesterday. Add to this the peculiar circumstances of Jewish life in Russia, the unfavorable attitude of the authorities towards the Jewish population
Owing to these and other conditions the General Relief Committee up till now has had to concentrate largely on extending “first aid,” this term being here used to comprise feeding and sheltering of the sufferers. Distribution of food (at low rates or free of charge), of fuel, clothes, foot-wear; organization of feeding centres, amelioration of sheltering and housing conditions, of sanitation and hygiene among the war sufferers—are the chief forms relief has taken so far.
At the present moment there are being equipped by the General Relief Committee two so-called “sanitary and feeding expeditions” whose object it will be to offer medical assistance and provide free food to the sufferers in the war area of Poland, irrespective of religious denomination. (The money for this purpose has been received from London with the express condition that no distinction be made between Jews and non-Jews).
Moreover, insofar as this has been possible, efforts have been made to secure work for the refugees and for those who have lost their employment as a result of the war. Thus in Warsaw there has been opened a workshop where refugees are employed in manufacturing various articles of underclothing for distribution among the war sufferers. In Vilna there has been established a workshop for bootmakers who are filling Government orders for army boots. Similar workshops have been organized at Dvinsk, Fastov, etc. Further, there has been opened at Warsaw a labor-bureau which is obtaining work for a considerable number of artisans.
A large number of small merchants and artisans being in urgent need of credit to enable them to re-establish and
At the present moment the General Relief Committee, working in close cooperation with the committees in Moscow, Kiev and Odessa, is extending relief to over 300 centres of population situated in the following provinces:
Poland— | Approximate Number of Populated Centers | |
Province Warsaw (including city of Warsaw where a large number of refugees are concentrated) | 46 | |
Province Vilna | 18 | |
Province Kovno | 40 | |
Province Suvalki | 20 | |
Province Liublin (only part of it being accessible to relief work) | 25 | |
Province Kielce (only part of it being accessible to relief work) | 12 | |
Province Radom | 15 | |
Province Grodno (now included in sphere of activity of Moscow Committee) | 5 | |
Province Lomzha (now included in sphere of activity of Moscow Committee) | 10 | |
Province Plotsk (now included in sphere of activity of Moscow Committee) | 8 | |
Province Kholm (now within activity of Kiev and Odessa Committee) | 10 | |
Southwestern Province— | ||
Province: Podolia, Bessarabia and Volynia (Border districts) | 10 | |
Galicia— | ||
Petrograd Committee (cooperating with Kiev and Odessa Committee) | 75 | |
Outside War Area | 10 | |
— | ||
Total | 304 |
Some idea of the expenditures of the General Relief Committee in Petrograd is given by the following figures:
FOR GENERAL RELIEF
Poland— | Roubles | |
Warsaw | 350,000 | |
Province Warsaw | 10,000 | |
Lodz | 1,500 | |
Province Lomsha | 12,000 | |
Province Suvalki | 7,000 | |
Province Liublin | 75,000 | |
Province Radom | 45,000 | |
Province Cholm | 4,400 | |
Province Kielce | 40,000 | |
——— | 545,000 | |
Southwestern Province— | ||
(Border Places) | 14,000 | |
Radzivilov | 14,000 | |
Chtin | 5,000 | |
Volotchisk | 5,000 | |
Gorokov | 1,000 | |
Novosselitsy | 500 | |
Various small places | 5,000 | |
——— | 31,000 | |
Northwestern Province— | ||
Province Kovno | 55,000 | |
Province Vilna | 30,000 | |
Province Bialystock, Minsk, etc. | 10,000 | |
——— | 95,000 | |
Galicia | 112,000 | |
Assistance to Jews in Palestine and Syria (through representative in Alexandria) | 10,000 | |
Assistance to Russian-Jewish Refugees from Abroad (when passing Petrograd) | 1,500 | |
Assistance to Wounded and Recovered Soldiers returning to the Front | 15,000 | |
Purchase of Matzoth for Soldiers at the Front (subsidy to the Rabbinical Committee) | 15,000 | |
Subsidy to Various Educational Institutions (Yeshiboth, Jewish teachers, etc.) | 16,000 | |
Organization of cheap credit to Jewish artisans, workmen and merchants (through Jewish Cooperative Credit Societies) | ||
Assistance to clerks of Jewish Cooperative Societies (affected by the war) | 1,000 | |
Organization and support of sanitary and feeding expeditions (two expeditions) | 50,000 | |
——— | ||
Total | 914,000 | |
Expenditure of the Moscow, Odessa, Kiev Committees | 350,000 | |
————— | ||
According to approximate estimates within the next months the General Jewish Relief Committee, working conjointly with the Jewish Committees in Moscow, Kiev
Poland and Northwestern Provinces— | Roubles | |||
Warsaw | From | 150,000 | to | 200,000 |
Province Warsaw | From | 15,000 | to | 20,000 |
Province Liublin | From | 20,000 | to | 25,000 |
Province Suvalki | From | 12,000 | to | 15,000 |
Province Radom | From | 20,000 | to | 25,000 |
Province Kielce | From | 20,000 | to | 25,000 |
Province Kovno | From | 25,000 | to | 30,000 |
Province Vilna | From | 10,000 | to | 15,000 |
Province Grodno | From | 8,000 | to | 10,000 |
Province Lomzha | From | 15,000 | to | 20,000 |
Province Plotzk | From | 6,000 | to | 8,000 |
Province Cholm | From | 10,000 | to | 12,000 |
Southwestern Provinces— | ||||
Province Volynia | From | 20,000 | to | 25,000 |
Province Podolia | ... | ... | ||
Province Bessarabia | From | 40,000 | to | 50,000 |
Galicia— | ||||
Outside war area | From | 10,000 | to | 15,000 |
Restoration of trade and industry among war sufferers | From | 100,000 | to | 150,000 |
Extraordinary expenditure | From | 10,000 | to | 15,000 |
——————————— | ||||
Thus | From | 484,000 | to | 650,000 |
[Expressed in United States currency, the sum of $242,000 to $325,000 per month will be required, according to this early estimate, to satisfy the most urgent needs of the sufferers.]
As already pointed out, the sphere and extent of distress are ever increasing with the progress of the war. The Jewish relief organizations in Russia thus stand before the alarming problem: whence to obtain adequate
The attention of the Jewish public will therefore have to be concentrated on a new problem: to help the ruined artisans to rehabilitate themselves, to rebuild their shattered homes and to restore their ruined business by means of cheap credit provided for them. The solution of this problem will, however, require infinitely larger means, which Russian Jewry is unable to raise....
II.
SPEECH OF DEPUTY FRIEDMAN
IN THE DUMA
(August 2, 1915)
(Translated from Petrograd “Retch,” of August 3, 1915, and
published in the New York “Times,” September 23, 1915)
In spite of their oppressed condition, in spite of their status of outlawry, the Jews have risen to the exalted mood of the nation and in the course of the last year have participated in the war in a noteworthy manner. They fell short of the others in no respect. They mobilized their entire enrollment, but, indeed, with this difference, that they have also sent their only sons into the war. The newspapers at the beginning of the war had a remarkable number of Jewish volunteers to record. Gentlemen, those were volunteers who were entitled through their educational qualifications to the rank
The Jewish youth, which, as a result of the restrictions as to admission to the high schools of the country, had been forced to study abroad, returned home when war was declared, or entered the armies of the allied nations. A large number of Jewish students fell at the defense of Liege and also at other points on the western front.
The Zionist youths, when they were confronted with the dilemma of accepting Turkish sovereignty or being compelled to emigrate from Palestine, preferred to go to Alexandria and there to join the English army.
The Jews built hospitals, contributed money, and participated in the war in every respect just as did the other citizens. Many Jews received marks of distinction for their conduct at the front.
Before me lies the letter of a Jew who returned from the United States of America:
“I risked my life,” he writes, “and if, nevertheless, I came as far as Archangel, it was only because I loved my fatherland more than my life or that American freedom which I was permitted to enjoy. I became a soldier, and lost my left arm almost to the shoulder. I was brought into the governmental district of Courland. Scarcely had I reached Riga when I met at the station my mother and my relatives, who had just arrived there, and who on that same day were compelled to leave their hearth and home at the order of the military authorities. Tell the gentlemen who sit on the benches of the Right that I do not mourn my lost arm, but that I do mourn deeply the self-respect that was not denied to me in alien lands but is now lost to me.”
Such was the sentiment of the Jews that found expression in numerous appeals and manifestations in the
Instead of that, however, we see that from the beginning of the war the measures of reprisals against the Jewish populace were not only not weakened but, on the contrary, made much stronger. Banished were Jewish men and women whose husbands, children, and brothers, were shedding their blood for the fatherland. A wounded soldier named Alexander Roskhov, who had been shot in the eye, came to Charkof for further treatment. On his passport were the words, “To be sent to a settlement.” The private soldier Godlewski, one of whose legs had been amputated, and who found himself at Rostof on the Don for recuperation, they tried to send to his native village in the Government of Kalisch, already under German occupation; and it was only due to the activities of the Rural League that he was permitted to stay. An apothecary’s helper, who likewise had been wounded on the battlefield, was not allowed to remain in Petrograd for his cure, and it was only by virtue of special intercession that he was later allowed to sojourn two months more at Petrograd, with the notice, however, that at the expiration of this period no further extension of his sojourn would be granted.
In a long war lucky events alternate with unlucky ones, and in any case it is naturally useful to have scapegoats in reserve. For this purpose there exists the old firm; the Jew. Scarcely has the enemy reached our
Scarcely had the enemy pressed further, than there appeared again beyond dispute the eternal Jew “on the white horse,” perhaps the same one who once rode on the white horse through the city in order to provoke a pogrom. The Jews have set up telephones, have destroyed the telegraph lines. The legend grew, and with the eager support of the powers of Government and the agitation in official circles, assumed ever greater proportions. A series of unprecedented, unheard of, cruel measures was adopted against the Jews. These measures, which were carried out before the eyes of the entire population, suggested to the people and to the army the recognition of the fact that the Jews were treated as enemies by the Government, and that the Jewish population was outside the law.
In the first place these measures consisted of the complete transplanting of the Jewish population from many districts, to the very last man. These compulsory migrations took place in the Kingdom of Poland and in many other territories. All told, about a half million persons have been doomed to a state of beggary and vagabondage. Anyone who has seen with his own eyes how these expulsions take place, will never forget them as long as he lives. The exiling took place within twenty-four hours, sometimes within two days. Women, old men, and children, and sometimes invalids, were banished. Even the feebleminded were taken from the lunatic asylums and the Jews were forced to take these with them. In Mohilnitse, 5,000 persons were expelled within twenty-four hours. Their way led to Warsaw through Kalwayra. Meantime they were forced to
On the way an accident occurred; a six-year-old child was killed by a fall. The parents were not permitted to bury the child.
I saw also the refugees of the Government of Kovno. Persons who only yesterday were still accounted wealthy were beggars the next day. Among the refugees I met Jewish women and girls, who had worked together with Russian women, had sewed garments with them and collected contributions with them, and who were now forced to encamp on the railway embankment. I saw families of reservists. I saw among the exiles wounded soldiers wearing the Cross of St. George. It is said that Jewish soldiers in marching through the Polish cities were forced to witness the expulsion of their wives and children. The Jews were loaded in freight cars like cattle. The bills of lading were worded as follows: “Four hundred and fifty Jews, en route to ——.”
There were cases in which the Governors refused outright to take in the Jews at all. I myself was in Vilna at the very time when a whole trainload of Jews was stalled for four days in Novo-Wilejsk station. Those were Jews who had been sent from the Government of Kovno to the Government of Poltawa, but the Governor there would not receive them and sent them back to Kovno, whence they were again reshipped to Poltawa. Imagine, at a time when every railway car is needed for the transportation of munitions, when from all sides
Another measure which likewise is unprecedented in the entire history of the civilized world, is the introduction of the so-called system of “Hostages,” and, indeed, hostages were taken not from the enemy, but from the country’s own subjects, its own citizens. Hostages were taken in Radom, Kieltse, Lomscha, Kovno, Riga, Lublin, etc. The hostages were held under the most rigorous rÉgime, and at present there are still under arrest in Poltava Jewish hostages from the Governments of Kieltse and Radom.
Some time ago, in commenting upon the procedure against the Jews, the leader of the Opposition, even before the outbreak of the war, used the expression that we were approaching the times of Ferdinand and Isabella. I now assert that we have already surpassed that era. No Jewish blood was shed in defence of Spain, but ours flowed the moment the Jews helped defend the Fatherland.
Yes, we are beyond the pale of the laws, we are oppressed, we have a hard life, but we know the source of that evil; it comes from those benches (pointing to the boxes of the Ministers). We are being oppressed by the Russian Government, not by the Russian people. Why, then, is it surprising if we wish to unite our destinies, not with that of the Russian Government, but with that of the Russian people? When three years ago there was pending here the Cholm law proposal, did the thought ever occur at the time to the sponsors of the bill that in a short time they would have to scrape and bow before free autonomous Poland? We likewise
Before the face of the entire country, before the entire civilized world, I declare that the calumnies against the Jews are the most repulsive lies and chimeras of persons who will have to be responsible for their crimes. [Applause on Left.]
It depends upon you, gentlemen of the Imperial Duma, to speak the word of encouragement, to perform the action that can deliver the Jewish people from the terrible plight in which it is at present, and that can lead them back into the ranks of the Russian citizens who are defending their Fatherland. [Cries of “Right.”]
I do not know if the Imperial Duma will so act, but if it does so act it will be fulfilling an obligation of honor and an act of wise statesmanship that is necessary for the profit and for the greatness of the Fatherland. [Applause on the Left.]
III.
ABSTRACT OF SPEECH OF BARON R. R. ROSEN
IN THE COUNCIL OF THE EMPIRE [59]
August 22 (September 4), 1915
(Translation from “Retch,” No. 231, August 23 (September 5), 1915)
Baron Rosen began with the statement that while the question of supplies for the army and navy was paramount, there was nevertheless another side to it, and that was the question of the domestic policy of the
“It is undoubtedly within our power to do away with one of the factors militating against us in the public opinion of neutral countries. In the struggle that we, together with the most civilized nations of Europe, are waging against the Pan-Germanism, imperialism and absolutism, and for right and justice, for the liberty and independence of the weaker nations, we shall achieve the full sympathy of the civilized world only when we shall have put our inner front—if I may use that expression—on a level with the political ideology of our valiant allies; for instance, in the conduct of our polity with reference to the borderlands, and the so-called alien races composing its population.”
After stating that there were two diametrically opposed political systems, one current among the Allies and the other among the Germans, Baron Rosen continued:
“To the maximum injury of the true interests of Russia, we have adopted and have carried out unswervingly the true German system of politics with reference to our borderlands and the so-called foreign races and foreign faiths, a policy which has been made even more perfect by the admixture of medieval religious intolerance.
“It may be retorted that the fate of a campaign is decided by military power and not by the greater or lesser sympathy of neutral countries for the policy of a given state. The German Government does not think so; for otherwise it would not spend countless millions for pan-German propaganda in all the countries of the world, even the most remote. But we, on the other hand, not only fail to oppose anything to this propaganda, but by the course of our domestic policies we place in the hands of this propaganda powerful arguments for arousing against us public opinion of such countries as the United States, the only great neutral power, and of Sweden, our neighbor.
“It is inconceivable that the framers of our policy should fail to realize that the propaganda directed against us, conducted under official auspices and equipped with the amplest resources, will scarcely cause our own interests and the interests of our Allies one-tenth of the harm which is caused to these interests by our attitude towards the Jewish population of Russia and our systematic violation of the legal conscience of the Finnish population—an attitude which smacks of the dark times of medievalism.
“The question now is, why did not the Government find it possible to put an end to this problem decisively
“Accordingly the Duma and the Council are in duty bound to come to the aid of the Government in this regard and take upon themselves the initiative of introducing a bill for the abolition of all laws restricting the rights of the Jews and for the abrogation of the law of July 17 (30) concerning Finland. The passage of these measures would undoubtedly lighten the heavy task now confronting the Government in the sphere of international relations and it would be met by our valiant allies with the liveliest satisfaction.
“We must remember that this great European war is not only a struggle of interests, but is also a struggle of ideas and principles. In the battle against German militarism, Russia has placed herself on the side of right and freedom, and for the triumph of the idea for which we are now fighting, it is necessary that in Russia, too, there should be no longer any people without rights or any people oppressed.”
FOOTNOTES
For saving a wounded Russian officer, presumably under fire, private B. M. O., of the village of Strumin, of Mohilef Government, was rewarded with the cross of St. George, fourth class.
Private S. Y. R. awarded cross of St. George, fourth class.
Private A. Kh. L., inhabitant of the village of Saxagan, of the Government of Ekaterinoslav, was awarded third and fourth grade crosses of St. George, and promoted to be sub-officer.
For delivering despatches from the Staff to his battalion under the enemy’s strong fire, private B. S. G. was awarded a medal of St. George and made a corporal.
Severely wounded and now in a hospital at Moscow, Abr. B. was awarded a silver medal which was handed to him by Orloff, Adjutant to his Imperial Majesty.
A long list of similar items is published in every issue of this paper.
Obvious punctuation errors in the transcribed text have been corrrected.
Other errors have been corrected as follows:
Page 3 – “Pittsburg” changed to “Pittsburgh”
Page 31 – “is it” changed to “it is” (rather it is like a rag thrown to the victim)
Page 43 – 3rd and 4th footnotes swapped to correspond with anchor ordering in text.
Page 57 – “Miliukov” changed to “Milyukov” (in the Duma by Professor Milyukov)
Page 59 – “Japenese” changed to “Japanese” (during the Japanese war)
Page 62 – “Evreiskaya Nedelya” changed to “Evreyskaya Nedelya” in footnote 37
Page 72 – “Miliukov” changed to “Milyukov” (Professor Milyukov, the leader of the Constitutional Democrats)
Page 98 – “lossses” changed to “losses” (terrible losses sustained)
Source material used in this book has been translated from a number of languages including Polish, Russian and Yiddish. Hence there are variations in the spelling of words and this is particularly apparent in the rendering of place names. The following variations in the spelling of words and place names have been left unchanged:
“Bialystock”, “Bialostock”
“Cholm”, “Kholm”
“Kehillas”, “Kehillah”
“Kielce”, “Kieltse”
“Liublin”, “Lublin”
“Lomza”, “Lomzha”, “Lomsha”, “Lomscha”
“Plotsk”, “Plotzk”
“Poltava”, “Poltawa”
“Rostov”, “Rostof”
“Volhynia”, “Volynia”
Archaic usage, unusual/inconsistent hyphenation, other variations that have been left unchanged:
“amid”, “amidst”, “among”, “amongst”, “anomolous”
“corn growing”, “corn-growing”
“court martial”, “court-martial”
“despatches”, “esthetic”, “feebleminded”
“ever growing”, “ever-growing”
“half naked”, “half-naked”
“inhabitated”, “inhabitating”
“manifestoes” (as the plural of “manifesto”)
“RUSSIAN-JEWISH RELIEF COMMITTEE”, “Russian Jewish Relief Committee”, “Russian Jewish Committee”, “Russian-Jewish Refugees”, “Russian Jewish soldiers”, “Russian Jewish Weekly”
“scare-crow”
“today”, “To-day”, “toward”, “towards”
A redundant column header in a table starting on page 107 and continuing on to page 108 has been removed. The two pages over which the table was spread no longer have a physical page break in this transcribed text. Thus there is no need to repeat the column header, which was at the top of the second (physical) page.
Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together at the end of the book.
The cover image is a restored version using elements from the original cover and is placed in the public domain.
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