A

ABC of iron and steel, ix
Absorption of carbon, rate of, 83
Air hardening steels, 183
Analysis of high speed steel, 165
Allotropic modifications, 107
Alloy steel, annealing, 76
properties of, 34
Alloys and their effect, 16, 24
in high speed steel, 166
in steel, value of, 16, 24
upon steel, 24
Alpha iron, 106
Annealing, 113, 115
care in, 154, 155
furnace, 190
high-chromium steel, 36
high speed tools, 174
in bone, 77
methods, 122
proper, 117
rifle components, 78
rust-proof steel, 36
steels, 75
temperature, 119
Arrests, 106
Austentite, 108, 111
Automotive industry, application of Liberty engine materials to, 46
temperature control, 225
Axles, heat treatment of, 61

B

Balls, making steel, 61
Barium chloride process, 178
Baths for tempering, 157
Bessemer converter, 2
Beta iron, 106
Blending compounds, 103
Blister steel, 81
Blue brittleness, 56
Bone, annealing in, 77
Boxes for case hardening or carburizing, 80
Breaking test gears, 126
Brinell hardness, 22
Broach hardening furnace, 188
Brown automatic pyrometer, 224
Burning, 65

C

Calorized tubes, 229
Carbon, 13
content at various temperatures, 84
content of case hardened work, 81
in cast iron, ix
in tool steel, 149-150
introduction of, 96
penetration of, 95
steel, 11
steel forgings, Liberty engine, 48
steel tools, 145
steels, S. A. E., 10, 39
steels, temper colors, 163
strengthens iron, 13
tool steel, forging, 65
Carbonizing, see Carburizing
Carborundum tubes, 229
Carburization, preventing, 93
Carburizing by gas, 88, 93
boxes, 80
compounds, 88, 102
gas consumption by, 101
local, 94
material, 85
nickel steel, 125
or case hardening, 79
pots for, 123
Carburizing, process of, ix, 83, 116
short method, 124
sleeves, 132
with charcoal, 81, 88
See Case hardening
Car door type of furnace, 190
Case, depth of, 86
Case hardening boxes, 80
cast iron, 89
local, 94
or surface carburizing, 79
treatments for various steels, 92
see Carburizing
Cast iron, carbon in, ix
case hardening, 89
Cementite, ix, 14
Center column furnace, 186
Centigrade table, 232-234
Chamotte tubes, 228
Chart of carbon penetration, 97
heat treatment, 151
shape, 151
Chrome steel, 26-27
Chrome-nickel steel, 27-28
steel, forging, 66
Chrome-vanadium steel, 28
Chromium, 26-27
steels, S. A. E., 41
Chromium-cobalt steel, 178
Chromium-vanadium steel, S. A. E., 41
Classification of steel, 10
Clay tubes, 229
Cold end compensator, 213
junction errors, 222
shortness, 15, 166
worked steel, 65
Color in tempering, 157
Colors on carbon steels, 163
Combination tank, 90
Comparison of fuels, 191
Compensating leads, 222
Compensator for cold ends, 214
automatic, 214
Composition of steel, 13
Compound, blending, 103
separating from work, 102
Compounds for carburizing, 102
Connecting rods, Liberty motor, 42, 52
Continuous heating furnace, 71
Converter, Bessemer, 2
Cooling curves, 106, 107
Cooling quenching oil, roof system, 74
rate of, for gear-forgings, 51
Copper, effect of, in medium carbon steel, 35
Copper-plating to prevent carburizing, 93
Corrosion of high-chromium steel, 38
of rust-proof steel, 38
Corundite tubes, 229
Cost of operating furnaces, 200
Cracks in hardening, preventing, 106
Crankshaft, Liberty motor, 54
Critical point, 105
Crucible or tool steel, x, 4
Cutting off high speed steel, 172
Cyanide bath for tool steel, 133

D

Decarbonizing of outer surface, 153
preventing, 154
Depth of case, 86
Detrimental elements in steel, 166
Dies, drop forging, 133
quenching, 147
soft spots in, 147
tempering round, 161
Drawing, 114
ends of gear teeth, 127
Drop forging dies, 133
Ductility, 13, 18

E

Effect of alloys, 24
of different carburizing material, 87
of size of piece, 89, 119
of copper in medium carbon steel, 35
Elastic limit, 18
Electric process of steel making, 5
Electrode, 5
Elements, chemical, 12
Elongation, 18
Endurance limit, 20
Energizer, 81, 88
Enlarging steel, 161
Equipment for heat treating, 121
Eutectoid, 109

F

Fahrenheit temperature table, 232
Fatigue test, 19
Ferrite, 106
File test, 16, 17
Flame shields, 193
Flange shields for furnaces, 197
Forging furnace, 189
high speed tools, 174
improper, 66
of steel, 64
practice, heavy, 195
rifle barrels, 69
Forgings, carbon steel Liberty engine, 48
Formed tools, high speed, 174
Fractures, examining by, 16, 159
Furnace, continuous heating, 71
crucible, 4
data, 199
electric, 5
Heroult, 6
open hearth, 3
records, 129
Furnaces, 185
annealing, 190
broach hardening, 188
car door type, 190
center column, 186
cost of operating, 200
data on, 199
forging, heavy, 195
fuels for, 199
gas fired, 190
high speed steel, 187
lead pot, 185
manganese steel, 198
muffle, 189
oil fired, 186
operating costs, 200
screens for, 192
tool, 187
Furnaces, water cooled fronts, 197
Fuels, comparison of, 191
for furnaces, 199

G

Gages, changes due to quenching, 162
tempering, 161
Gamma iron, 106
Gas, carburizing by, 93
consumption for carburizing, 101
fired furnace, 190
illuminating, for carburizing, 97
Gear blanks, heat treatment of, 115
forgings, rate of cooling for Liberty engine, 51
hardening machine, 130
steel, transmission, 59
teeth, drawing ends of, 127
Gears, Liberty engine, 50
Gleason tempering machine, 129
Grade of steel, 10
Grain, refining, 91, 110
size, 16
Graphitic carbon, ix
Grinding high speed steel, 176

H

Hair lines in forgings, 56
Hardening, 111
carbon steel for tools, 145
cracks, preventing, 160
dies, 146
gears, 130
high speed steel, 171
high speed tools, 177
of high-chromium steel, 37
of rust-proof steel, 37
room, modern, 146
Hardness tests, 20
Heating, effect of size, 119
for forging, 64
Heat, judging by color, 114
treating departments, 122
equipment, 121
forgings, 44
inspection of, 125
Liberty motor, 44
Heat treating, of axles, 61
of chisels, 151
of gears, 131
of high speed steel, 170
of steel, 105
S. A. E., 134-137
Heat treatment, 105
Heroult furnace, 6
High-chromium steel, 36
annealing of, 36
corrosion of, 38
hardening of, 37
Highly stressed parts of Liberty engine, 49
High speed steel, analysis of, 166
annealing, 75
cutting off, 172
forging, 65
furnace, 187
hardening, 171
heat treatment of, 170
instructions for, 175, 180
manufacture, 166, 169
pack hardening, 172
structure of, 168
Hints for steel users, 159

I

Illuminating gas for carburizing, 97
Impact test, 19
Improper forging, 66
Influence of size on heating, 119
Inspection of heat treatment, 125
Internal stresses, relieving, 154
Introduction of carbon, 96

J

Jewelers' tools, 146
Judging heat of steel by color, 114

L

Latent heat, 105
Lathe and planer tools, 176
tools, high speed, 173
Latrobe temper list, 150
Lead bath, 154
pot furnace, 185
Leeds & Northrup potentiometer 211
optical pyrometer, 220
Liberty engine, highly stressed parts of, 49
Liberty engine materials, application to automotive industry, 46
motor connecting rods, 42, 52
motor, crankshaft, 54
motor piston pin, 57
Local case hardening, 94
Luting mixture, 100

M

Machineability of steel, 72
Machinery steel, annealing, 77
Magnet test, 114
Making steel in electric furnace, 6
Manganese, 16, 33, 107
steel, 29-30
furnace, 198
Manufacture of high speed steel, 169
Marquardt mass tubes, 228
Martensite, 111
Medium carbon steel, effect of copper on, 35
Metallography, 105
Microphotographs, 109 e. s.
Microscopic examination, 158
Milling cutters, high speed, 174
Mixture for luting, 100
Modern hardening room, 146
Molten metal pyrometers, 226
Molybdenum, 32
Muffle furnace, 189

N

Nickel, 24
Nickel-chromium steel, 27-28
steels, S. A. E., 40
Nickel, influence of, on steel, 25
steel, 24-26
affinity for carbon, 125
steels, S. A. E., 39
Non-homogeneous melting, 24
Non-shrinking steels, 35
Normalizing, 114

O

Oil bath for tempering, 157
cooling on roof, 74
fired furnace, 186
hardening steel, forging, 66
steels, 35
temperature of quenching, 124
Open hearth furnace, 3
Operating costs of furnaces, 200
Outer surface decarbonizer, 153
Over-heated steel, restoring, 137
Overheating, 65
dies, 148

P

Pack-hardening, 87
high speed steel, 173
Packing work for carburizing, 123
Paste for hardening dies, 146
Pearlite, 109, 112
Penetration of carbon, 95
carbon, chart of, 97
in case hardening, 83
Phosphorus, 15, 33
Pickling Liberty motor forgings, 44
Pig iron, ix
Piston pin, Liberty motor, 57
Placing pyrometers, 210
Planer tools, high speed, 173
"Points" of carbon in steel, 9
Potentiometer, Leeds & Northrup, 211
Pots for carburizing, 123
Press for testing gears, 126
Preventing carburization, 93
cracks in hardening, 160
Properties of alloy steels, 34
of alloy steels, table, 34
of steel, 12
Protective screens for furnaces, 192
Puddled iron, ix
Punches and chisels, steels for, 151
Pyrometers, 202
calibration, 208
copper ball, 202
indicating, 219
inspection, 208
iron ball, 202
molten metal, 226
optical, 206, 220
placing, 210
recording, 216
Siemens, 202
testing, 209
water, 203

Q

Quality and structure of high speed steel, 168
of steel, 149
Quenching,
after carburizing, 86-88
dies in tank, 147
obsolete method, 148
oil, temperature of, 124
tank, 89
tool steel, 156

R

Rate of absorption of carbon, 83
Recording temperatures, 127
Red shortness, 14, 166
Refining the grain, 91, 111
Regenerative open hearth furnace, 3
Restoring overheated steel, 137
Rifle barrels, forging, 69
components, annealing, 78
Roof system of cooling oil, 74
Rust-proof steel, 36
annealing of, 36
corrosion of, 38
hardening of, 37

S

S. A. E. carbon steels, 10, 39
chromium steels, 41
chromium-vanadium, 41
heat treatments, 134-137
nickel-chromium steels, 40
nickel steels, 39
screw stock, 39
silico-manganese steel, 41
standard steels, 39
Salt bath for tempering, 157
Scleroscope test, 21
Scratch hardness, 20
Screens for furnaces, 192
Screw stock, S. A. E., 14, 39
Sensible heat, 105
Sentinels, melting of, 207
Separating work from compound, 102
Shields for furnace doors, 193
Shore Scleroscope, 21
Short method of carburizing, 124
Shrinking steel, 161
Silica tubes, 228
Silico-manganese steels, S. A. E., 41
Silicon, 15, 33, 107
Silversmiths' tools, 146
Size of piece, effect of, 89, 119
Slags, 7
Sleeves, carburizing, 132
hardening and shrinking, 132
shrinking, 132
Solid solution, 106
Sorbite, 112
Specimens, test, 17
Standard S. A. E. steels, 39
Steel,
balls, stock for, 62
bolts, making, 61
composition of, 12
deoxidation, 15
for chisels and punches, 151
forging of, 64
give it a chance, 148
heat treatment of, 105
high speed, 165
making, 1, 6, 15
Bessemer process, 1
crucible process, 4
electric furnace process, 5
open hearth, 1
tools, carbon, in, 149
users' hints, 159
Structure of high speed steel, 168
Sulphur, 14, 33

T

Tables, air, oil and water hardened steel, 38
alloy steels, properties of, 34
carbon content, 84
carbon steels, 39
case hardening, 97
changes due to quenching, 162
chromium steels, 41
chromium-vanadium steels, 41
colors and temperature, 163
composition of steels, 51, 52
cost of furnaces, 200
effect of size, 119
fuels, comparison of, 191
high-chromium steel, 37
nickel-chromium steels, 40
nickel steels, 39
operating cost of furnaces, 200
production cost of furnaces, 201
S. A. E. steels, 49
screw stock, 39
silico-manganese steels, 41
stock for balls, 62
temperature conversion, 232-234
tempering temperatures, 158
weight of steel, 235-237
Tank for quenching, 89
dies, 147
Taylor instruments, 215
Temper, colors of, 157
list, Latrobe, 150
of steel, 10, 149
Temperature recorders, 127
tables, 232-234
Temperatures for tempering, 158
Tempering colors on carbon steels, 163
gages, 161
high speed tools, 177
machine, Gleason, 129
round dies, 161
temperatures, 158
theory of, 114, 156
Tempers of carbon steel, 10, 150
Tensile test, 17
Testing heat treatment, 125
Tests of steel, 16
Test specimens, 17
Theory of tempering, 114, 150
Thermocouple, 204
base metal, 205
cold end, 206
placing, 218
protectors, 227
rare metal, 205
Time for hardening, 148
Tool furnace, small, 187
Tool or crucible steel, annealing, 76
Tool steel, cyanide bath for, 133
quenching, 150
Tools, carbon in different, 149
carbon steel, 145
of high speed steel, 173
sulphur in, 14
tempers of various, 150
transformation points, 106
Transmission gear steel, 59
Treatments for various steels, 92
Troosite, 112
Tubes, calorized, 229
carborundum, 229
Chamotte, 228
clay, 229
Marquardt mass, 228
silica, 228
Tungsten steel, 30

U

Ultimate strength, 17
Users of steel, hints for, 159

V

Vanadium steel, 28

W

Water annealing, 155
cooled furnace fronts, 197
Weight of steel bars, 235-237
Working instructions for high speed steel, 175
Wrought iron, ix

Y

Yield Point, 19