Abbe, Cleveland, corona of 1878 176 177

Aberdour, Lord, solar chromosphere, 68

Aberration, discovered by Bradley, 3, 15;
cause of, 31, 231
investigations of, 241 438

Abney, daylight coronal photographs, 179;
infra-red photography, 210 223 438

Absorption, terrestrial atmospheric, 134 211 214-216 225;
solar, 134-136 172 213 221 222 225 277
correlative with emission, 135 136 140

Adams, discovery of Neptune, 79-82;
lunar acceleration, 271
orbit of November meteors, 331

Aerolites, falls of, 339 340

Airy, solar translation, 39;
observations during eclipses, 62, 64, 70
Astronomer-Royal, 79
search for Neptune, 80, 81
corona of 1851 175
solar parallax, 227 236
transit of Venus, 233
Mercurian halo, 235
lunar atmosphere, 264

Aitken, double star discoveries, 419

Albedo, of Mercury, 246;
of Venus, 255
of Mars, 283
of minor planets, 288
of Jupiter, 290
of Saturn, 303
of Uranus, 304

Alexander, spiral nebulÆ, 118;
observation during eclipse, 245

Algol, variability of light, 10, 390;
eclipses, 390
nature of system, 391

Altitude and azimuth instrument, 120 note, 121

Amici, comet of 1843 103

Anderson, discovery of Nova AurigÆ, 396;
of Nova Persei, 400

Andrews, conditions of liquefaction, 151

ÅngstrÖm, C. J., Optical Researches, 138;
spark spectrum, 139
nature of photosphere, 152
solar spectroscopy, 210 212
hydrogen in sun, 211
temperature of stars, 375

ÅngstrÖm, K., infra-red solar spectrum, 210;
solar constant, 225

Arago, eclipse of 1842 62, 64, 65;
prominences, 69
polarization in comets, 103
magnetic relations of aurorÆ, 130
nature of photosphere, 151
meteor-systems, 329

Arai, photographs of corona of 1887 185

Arcturus, spectrum, 373 383;
radial movement, 387

Argelander, Bonn Durchmusterung, 32, 423;
solar motion, 39
centre of Milky Way, 40
comet of 1811 100

Aristotle, description of a comet, 350

Arrhenius, light-pressure theory of comets, 348

Asten, movements of Encke's comet, 94

Asteroids, so designated by Herschel, 75

Astronomical circles, 121 122

Astronomical physics, 7,141 142

Astronomical Society founded, 6;
Herschel its first President, 14

Astronomy, classification, 1;
popularity and progress, 5
in United States, 6
in Germany, 28
practical reform, 32
of the invisible, 42
physical, 141

Atmosphere, solar, 94, 182 192 221 225;
of Venus, 236 239 253 254
of Mercury, 246-248
of the moon, 263 264
of Mars, 276
of minor planets, 288

AurorÆ, periodicity, 129 162;
excited by meteors, 335

Auwers, reduction of Bradley's observations, 39;
system of Procyon, 42
opposition of Victoria, 238
solar parallax, 240
new star in Scorpio, 395

Babinet, nebular hypothesis, 314

Backlund, movements of Encke's comet, 94, 360 [Pg 472]

Baden-Powell, Sir George, eclipse expedition, 188

Bailey, nebulosity round Pleiades, 411;
stellar photometric observations, 421
discovery of variable clusters, 436

Baily, early life and career, 59-61;
observations of eclipses, 61-64
density of the earth, 60, 261

Baily's Beads, 61, 62

Bakhuyzen, rotation of Mars, 275

Ball, Sir Robert, parallaxes of stars, 36 note, 416;
contacts in transits, 239

Balmer's Law, 198 383

Barnard, micrometrical measures of Neptune, 84;
of minor planets, 288
of Saturn's rings, 301
photographs of solar corona, 186 190
transit of Mercury, 245
halo round Venus, 254
surface of Mars, 280
ellipticity of Jupiter's first satellite, 292
of Uranus, 304
discovery of inner Jovian satellite, 293 434
red spot on Jupiter, 296
eclipse of Japetus, 300
attendants on comet of 1882 363
on Brooks's comet, 366 367
Swift's comet, 368
photographic discovery of a comet, 369
observations of Nova AurigÆ, 398 399
Hind's variable nebula, 403
exterior Pleiades nebulosities, 411
galactic stars, 423
photographs of Milky Way, 424 425
cluster variables, 433
horizontal telescope, 438

Bartlett, photograph of a partial eclipse, 166

Basic lines, 206 207

Baxendell, meteors of 1866 331

Becker, drawings of solar spectrum, 211

Beckett, Sir E. (Lord Grimthorpe), value of solar parallax, 232

Beer and MÄdler, surveys of lunar surface, 265 267;
studies of Mars, 275

BÉlopolsky, coronal photographs, 185;
theory of corona, 191
rotation of Venus, 252
of Jupiter, 297
spectroscopic determinations of Saturn's rings, 300
spectrum of ? CassiopeiÆ, 378
system of Castor, 389 391
detection of variable stars as spectroscopic binaries, 391

Berberich, mass of asteroids, 287;
orbit of Holmes's comet, 337

Berkowski, daguerrotype of eclipsed sun, 166

Bessel, biographical sketch, 28-30;
reduction of Bradley's observations, 32
parallax of 61 Cygni, 36
disturbed motion of Sirius and Procyon, 41
trans-Uranian planet, 79
Halley's comet, 102
theory of instrumental errors, 122
personal equation, 123
rotation of Mercury, 246
lunar atmosphere, 263
cometary emanations, 325 345
multiple tails, 347
comet of 1807 352

Betelgeux, remoteness, 37, 417;
spectrum, 373 381 383 384
radial movement, 387

Bianchini, rotation of Venus, 250

Biela, discovery of a comet, 95

Bigelow, magnetic and solar disturbances, 161;
theory of corona, 191

Bigourdan, eclipse of 1893 187;
velocity of comet of 1882 364

Bird's quadrants, 4,112 121

Birmingham, colours of stars, 375 note;
discovery of T CoronÆ, 393

Birt, rotation of a sun-spot, 144;
Selenographical Society, 266

Bischoffsheim, CoudÉ telescope, 436

Black Ligament, 235

Bode, popular writings, 5;
solar constitution, 57
missing planet, 72, 73

Bode's Law, 71, 83, 286

Boeddicker, heat-phases during lunar eclipses, 269 270;
drawings of Jupiter, 296
of the Milky Way, 424

Boehm, solar observations, 146 148

Boguslawski, centre of sidereal revolutions, 41;
observation of Halley's comet, 102

Bolometer, principle of construction, 222

Bond, G. P., his father's successor, 86;
light of Jupiter, 289
Saturn's rings, 298
Donati's comet, 324 325
Andromeda nebula, 409
double-star photography, 409

Bond, W. C., observation of Neptune's satellite, 84;
discovery of Hyperion, 85
of Saturn's dusky ring, 86
resolution of nebulÆ, 119
celestial photography, 153 409
satellite-transit on Jupiter, 291

Borda, repeating circle, 121

Boss, solar translation, 40;
observations on comets, 352 356

Bossert, proper motions of stars, 415

Bouguer, solar atmospheric absorption, 221

Boulliaud, period of Mira, 10

Bouvard, tables of Uranus, 78;
Encke's comet, 90

Boys, radio-micrometer, 220;
density of the earth, 261

Bradley, discoveries of aberration and nutation, 3;
solar translation, 10
star-distances, 10, 16
observation
[Pg 473] observation
on Castor, 17
instruments, 28, 120
observations reduced by Bessel and Auwers, 32, 39

Brahe, Tycho, star of 1572 24

Brandes, observations of meteors, 327 334;

Braun, prominence photography, 197;
density of the earth, 261

Brayley, meteoric origin of planets, 311

BrÉdikhine, theory of cometary appendages, 100 348;
repulsive forces, 346 347
chemical differences, 347 348
formative types, 351 352 355 363 369
structure of chromosphere, 199
red spot on Jupiter, 294
Andromede meteors, 337
stationary radiants, 341
spectrum of Coggia's comet, 343

Bremiker, star maps, 81

Brenner, rotation of Venus, 252

Brester, ThÉorie du Soleil, 152

Brewster, diffraction theory of corona, 67;
telluric lines in solar spectrum, 134
absorption spectra, 136

Brinkley, ostensible stellar parallaxes, 33

Brisbane, establishment of Paramatta Observatory, 6, 90

Brooks, fragment of 1882 comet, 363;
cometary discoveries, 365 366

BrÜnnow, stellar parallaxes, 113 416

Bruno, Giordano, motion of stars, 9

Buffham, rotation of Uranus, 303

Buffon, internal heat of Jupiter, 289

Bunsen, discovery of spectrum analysis, 132

Burchell, magnitude of ? CarinÆ, 48

Burnham, stellar orbits, 46;
coronal photographs, 186
measures of Nova AurigÆ, 399
of planetary nebulÆ, 404
discoveries of double stars, 418 430 433 435
catalogue, 419
system of 61 Cygni, 419

Burton, canals of Mars, 279;
rotation of Jupiter's satellites, 292

Calandrelli, stellar parallaxes, 33

Callandreau, capture theory of comets, 98

Campani, Saturn's dusky ring, 86

Campbell, Lieutenant, polarisation of corona, 170

Campbell, Professor, stellar radial velocities, 39, 406 434;
flash spectrum, 189
spectroscopic observations of Saturn's rings, 300
Wolf-Rayet stars, 380
spectroscopic binaries, 389
Nova AurigÆ, 398
translation of solar system, 406
stellar diffraction-spectra, 440

Canals of Mars, 278-280

Cannon, Miss A. J., spectrographic researches, 386

Canopus, remoteness, 37, 417;
spectrum, 416

Capella, spectrum, 373 383 384;
a spectroscopic binary, 389

Carbon, material of photosphere, 152;
absorption by, in sun, 212
in stars, 374

Carbonelle, origin of meteorites, 340

CarinÆ, ?, light variation, 48, 49;
spectrum, 379

Carrington, astronomical career, 144 145;
sun-spot observations, 146
solar rotation, 147
spot-distribution, 148
luminous outburst on sun, 159 160
Jovian and sun-spot periods, 163
origin of comets, 370

Cassini, Domenico, discoveries of Saturnian satellites, 84;
of division in ring, 85
solar rotation period, 146
solar parallax, 228
rotation of Venus, 250
of Mars, 274
of Jupiter, 290 295
satellite of Venus, 256
satellite-transit on Jupiter, 291

Cassini, J. J., stellar proper motions, 10;
sun-spots on limb, 54
theory of corona, 66
rotation of Venus, 250
structure of Saturn's rings, 299

Castor, system of, 18, 389

Cavendish experiment, 60, 261

Ceres, discovery, 73, 74;
diameter, 75, 288

Chacornac, observation of sun-spot, 156;
star-maps, 284 413
variable nebula, 403

Challis, search for Neptune, 81, 82;
duplication of Biela's comet, 96

Charlois, discoveries of minor planets, 283

Charroppin, coronal photographs, 186

Chase, photographic discovery of a comet, 338;
stellar parallaxes, 416

Chladni, origin of meteors, 327 332

Christie, Mercurian halo, 245

Chromosphere, early indications, 68;
distinct recognition, 69, 70, 167
depth, 174 175 200
metallic injections, 195
eruptive character, 199
spectrum, 200

Clark, Alvan, large refractors, 114 429 430 436

Clark, Alvan G., discovery of Sirian companion, 42, 430;
40-inch refractor, 433

Clarke, Colonel, figure of the earth, 262

Clarke, F. W., celestial dissociation, 206

Clausen, period of 1843 comet, 105;
cometary systems, 362
[Pg 474]

Clerihew, secondary tail of 1843 comet, 103

Clusters, variable stars in, 436

Coggia, discovery of a comet, 343

Comet, Halley's, return in 1759 4, 88;
orbit computed by Bessel, 29
capture by Neptune, 98, 365
return in 1835 101-103 345
type of tail, 346 352
of 1843 7,103-105
type of tail, 346 352
relationships, 349-351
Newton's, 88, 364
Encke's, 90
changes of volume, 92
of brightness, 95
acceleration, 93, 94
capture by Mercury, 99
Winnecke's, 94, 342
Biela's, 95-97, 333
Brorsen's, 97
Vico's, 97, 367
Faye's, 98
of 1811 99-101 346
of 1807 100 347 352
of 1819 101 103
Lexell's, 106 367
Tewfik, 178 358 362 369
Donati's, 323-325 347 348
of 1861 326 327 346
Perseid, 327 332
Leonid, 327 332 333 343
Klinkerfues's, 335
Holmes's, 337 343 369
Coggia's, 343 346 347
of 1901 343
of 1880 349 351
Aristotle's, 350
Tebbutt's, 352-355
Schaeberle's, 355 356
Wells's, 356 357
of September, 1882 358-361 362-364
Thome's, 361
Pons-Brooks, 365 366
Sawerthal's, 366
Brooks's, of 1889 366 367
Swift's, 368

Cometary tails, repulsive action upon, 100 103 104 346-348;
coruscations in, 105
three types, 346-348 355 363
multiple, 347 348 351 352 355 363 368

Comets, subject to gravitation, 88;
of short period, 92, 93
translucency, 95, 105 106 353
small masses, 96, 106
capture by planets, 98, 306 367
changes of volume, 102 365 369
polarisation of light, 103 354 355
refractive inertness, 106 353
relations to meteor-systems, 327 332-336
disintegration, 333 339 362 363
spectra, 342-344 354 355 362-364
luminous by electricity, 344 355 357
systems, 353 355 357 362 365
origin, 369-371

Common, reflectors for eclipse photography, 187;
Jupiter's inner satellite, 293
detection of great comet near the sun, 358
its five nuclei, 362
photographs of Andromeda nebula, 395
of Orion nebula and Jupiter, 407 408
great reflectors, 412 429
cluster variables, 436

Common, Miss, drawing of eclipsed sun, 187

Comstock, lunar atmosphere, 264

Comte, celestial chemistry, 140;
astronomy, 142

Cooke, 25-inch refractor, 430

Copeland, comets of 1843 and 1880 349;
spectrum of comet of 1882 364
of ? CassiopeiÆ, 378
of Nova AndromedÆ, 395; of Orion nebula, 407
discoveries of gaseous stars, 379
Nova AurigÆ, 396 398

Copernicus, stellar parallax, 16

Cornu, telluric lines in solar spectrum, 202;
velocities in prominences, 205
ultra-violet solar spectrum, 210 215
velocity of light, 232 note, 241
spectrum of hydrogen, 383
of Nova Cygni, 393

Cornu and Bailie, density of the earth, 261

Corona of 1842 62-64, 67;
early records and theories, 65-67
photographs, 166 173 178 181 185-190
spectrum, 170 173 178 188 190 193
varying types, 174-176 193
of 1877 175-177
of 1882 177
of 1869 183
of 1886 185
of 1889 185-187
of 1893 188
of 1898 189
of 1900 189
of 1901 190
daylight photography of, 179-180
glare theory, 182
mechanical theory, 191
electro-magnetic theories, 191 192

Coronium, 171 174 193

Cortie, movements in sun-spots, 157;
their spectral changes, 208

Cotes, corona of 1715 176

Croll, secular changes of climate, 259 260;
derivation of solar energy, 313

Crookes, chemical elements, 210

Crova, solar constant, 225

Cruls, comet of 1882 358 364

Cusa, solar constitution, 57

Cysatus, Orion nebula, 21;
comet of 1618 362

Damoiseau, theory of Halley's comet, 101

D'Arrest, orbits of minor planets, 285;
Andromede meteors, 334
ages of stars, 375
variable nebulÆ, 403
measures of nebulÆ, 404

Darwin, G. H., rigidity of the earth, 258;
Saturn's ring system, 301
origin of the moon, 316-318
development of solar system, 318 319 322
solar tidal friction, 319

DaubrÉe, falls of aerolites, 339

Davidson, satellite-transit on Jupiter, 292

Davis, stellar parallaxes, 417

Dawes, prominences in 1851 70;
Saturn's dusky ring, 86
a star
[Pg 475] behind a comet, 106
solar observations, 143 164
observations and drawings of Mars, 276 278 280
satellite-transits on Jupiter, 291 292

De Ball, markings on Mercury, 248

Delambre, Greenwich observations, 3;
solar rotation, 146
light-equation, 231

De la Roche, Newton's law of cooling, 217

De la Rue, celestial photography, 152 153 268;
solar investigations, 154
expedition to Spain, 166 167

De la Tour, experiments on liquefaction, 151

Delaunay, tidal friction, 271 272;
CoudÉ telescope, 436

Delisle, diffraction theory of corona, 67;
transits of Venus, 233 239

Dembowski, double star measurements, 418

Denning, observations of Mercury, 246 247;
mountain on Venus, 253
rotation of Jupiter, 290
red spot, 295
periodicity of markings, 297
rotation of Saturn, 302
meteors of 1885 336
of 1892 338
stationary radiants, 341

Denza, meteors of 1872 334

Derham, theory of sun-spots, 53;
ashen light on Venus, 255

Deslandres, eclipse expedition, 187;
rotation of corona, 188
prominence photography, 198
hydrogen spectrum in prominences, 198 383
photographs of Jupiter, 297
radial movements of Saturn's rings, 300
helium absorption in stars, 376
stellar radial velocities, 406

Diffraction, corona explained by, 67, 70, 181;
spectrum, 139 210 223 439

Dissociation in the sun, 152 206-210;
in space, 312

Doberck, orbits of double stars, 38, 418

Dollond, discovery of achromatic telescope, 4,112

Donati, discovery of comet, 323;
spectra of comets, 342
of stars, 372

Doppler, effect of motion on light, 200

Douglass, observations of Jupiter's satellites, 292

Downing, perturbations of the Leonids, 338

Draper, H., ultra-violet spectrum, 210;
oxygen in sun, 213
photographs of the moon, 268
of Jupiter's spectrum, 291
of Tebbutt's comet, 354
of spectrum of Vega, 382
of Orion nebula 407

Draper, J. W., lunar photographs, 152;
distribution of energy in spectrum, 223 note

Draper Memorial, 384-386

Dreyer, Catalogue of NebulÆ, 50

Dulong and Petit, law of radiation, 217 219

DunÉr, spectra of sun-spots, 156;
spectroscopic measurement of solar rotation, 203
spectroscopic star catalogue, 381

Dunkin, solar translation, 39

Duponchel, sun-spot period, 163

Durchmusterung, Bonn, 33, 412;
Cape photographic, 412
parallax, 418
photometric, 421

Dyson, coronal photographs, 190

Earth, mean density, 60, 261;
knowledge regarding, 257
rigidity, 257 259
variation of latitude, 258 259
figure, 261 262
effects of tidal friction, 271-273
bodily tides, 316
primitive disruption, 317

Easton, structure of Milky Way, 423 424

Ebert, coronoidal discharges, 192

Eclipse, solar, of 1836 61;
of 1842 62-65, 67, 69
of 1851 69, 70, 166
of 1860 166 167
of 1868 167-170
of 1869 170
of 1870 171
of 1871 173
of 1878 174-177
of 1882 177 178
of 1883 180 181
of 1885 183
of 1886 184
of 1887 185
of 1889 185-187
of 1893 187 188
of 1896 188
of 1898 189
of 1900 189 190
of 1901 190

Eclipses, lunar, heat-phases during, 269 270

Eclipses, solar, importance, 59;
ancient, 60, 273
classification, 61
results, 192 193

Eddie, comet of 1880 349;
of 1882 363

Edison, tasimeter, 177

Egoroff, telluric lines in solar spectrum, 211 214

Elements, chemical, dissociation in sun, 206 209 210

Elkin, star parallaxes, 37, 416 417;
photography of meteors, 338
transit of great comet, 358 360
secondary tail, 363
triangulation of the Pleiades, 410

Elliot, opinions regarding the sun, 57

Elvins, red spot on Jupiter, 296

Encke, star maps, 78;
calculation of short-period comet, 90
resisting medium, 93
distance of the sun, 230 232
period of Pons's comet, 365
[Pg 476]

Engelmann, rotation of Jupiter's satellites, 292

Ericsson, solar temperature, 218

Erman, meteoric rings, 330

Eros, measures of, for solar parallax, 238;
discovery, 284
variability, 285

Ertborn, mountain in Venus, 253

Espin, spectra of variable stars, 379;
stars with banded spectra, 381
Nova AurigÆ, 397 398

Euler, resisting medium, 93

Evershed, eclipse photographs, 189 200

Evolution, of solar system, 308 309 313-316 322;
of earth-moon system, 316-318
of stellar systems, 420

Fabricius, David, discovery of Mira Ceti, 10

Fabricius, John, detection of sun-spots, 52

FaculÆ, relation to spots, 53, 155 158;
solar rotation from, 155
photographed, 197 198 377

Faye, nature of prominences, 70, 166;
discovery of a comet, 98
cyclonic theory of sun-spots, 144 157
solar constitution, 150-152
maximum of 1883 163
velocities in prominences, 205
distance of the sun, 240
planetary evolution, 314 315 321

Feilitsch, solar appendages, 70

FÉnyi, solar observations, 184 204

Ferrel, tidal friction, 272

Ferrer, nature of corona, 67;
prominences, 69

Fessenden, electrical theory of comets, 348

Finlay, transit of great comet, 358 360

Fizeau, daguerrotype of the sun, 153;
Doppler's principle, 201
velocity of light, 232

Flammarion, canals of Mars, 280;
trans-Neptunian planet, 306

Flamsteed, solar constitution, 57;
distance, 228

Flaugergues, detection of 1811 comet, 99;
transit of Mercury, 244

Fleming, Mrs., spectrum of LyrÆ, 379;
preparation of Draper Catalogue, 386
discoveries of new stars, 399

Flint, star-parallaxes, 417

Fontana, mountains of Venus, 252;
satellite, 256
spots on Mars, 274

Forbes, George, trans-Neptunian planets, 306 307

Forbes, James D., spectrum of annularly eclipsed sun, 134;
solar constant, 225

Foucault, spectrum of voltaic arc, 137;
photograph of the sun, 153
velocity of light, 232 240
silvered glass reflectors, 429

Fraunhofer, early accident, 33;
improvement of refractors, 34
clockwork motion, 121
spectra of flames, 131
of sun and stars, 133 134 372
objective prism, 385
diffraction gratings, 439

Fraunhofer lines, mapped, 133 136;
origin, 135-137 171 172
reflected in coronal spectrum, 170 173 181
in cometary spectra, 354 357
shifted by radial motion, 201

Freycinet, distribution of minor planets, 287

Fritz, auroral periodicity, 162

Frost, solar heat radiation, 222

Galileo, descriptive astronomy, 2;
double-star method of parallaxes, 16
discovery of sun-spots, 52
solar rotation, 146
planets and sun-spots, 163
darkening at sun's edge, 221

Galle, discovery of Neptune, 81, 82;
Saturn's dusky ring, 86
distance of the sun, 237
path of Andromede meteors, 334

Galloway, solar translation, 39

Gambart, discovery of comet, 95

Gauss, orbits of minor planets, 74;
Theoria Motus, 77
magnetic observations, 126 127
cometary orbits, 370

Gautier, sun-spot and magnetic periods, 126 128;
sun-spots and weather, 129

German Astronomical Society, 6,414

Gill, star-parallaxes, 37, 42, 416 417;
expedition to Ascension, 237
distance of the sun, 237 238 240
constant of aberration, 241
arc measurements, 261 262
comet of 1882 359 412
oxygen-absorption in stars, 384
photograph of Argo nebula, 404
Cape Durchmusterung, 412
photographic celestial survey, 413
actinic intensity of galactic stars, 425
CoudÉ telescope, 438

Gladstone, J. H., spectrum analysis, 134 136

Glaisher, occultation by Halley's comet, 106

Glasenapp, coronal photographs, 185;
light equation, 231 241
double star measures, 419

Glass, optical, excise duty on, 112 115;
Guinand's, 113 114
Jena, 431

Gledhill, spot on Jupiter, 294
[Pg 477]

Goldschmidt, nebulÆ in the Pleiades, 411

Goodricke, periodicity of Algol, 390

Gore, catalogue of variable stars, 391;
of computed binaries, 418

Gothard, bright-line stellar spectra, 378 379;
spectrum of Nova AurigÆ, 398
photographs of nebulÆ, 409

Gould, variation of latitude, 258;
photograph of Mars, 281
comets of 1807 and 1881 349 352
luminous instability of stars, 392
photographic measures of the Pleiades, 410
Uranometria Argentina, 415
solar cluster, 423 426

Graham, discovery of Metis, 77

Grant, solar envelope, 70, 167;
transit phenomena, 254

Green, observation of Mars, 280

Greenwich observations, 3, 27, 32

Gregory, David, achromatic lenses, 112 note

Gregory, James, double star method of parallaxes, 16;
reflecting telescopes, 109

Groombridge, star catalogue, 31

Grosch, corona of 1867 176

Grubb, Sir Howard, photographic reflector, 409;
great refractors, 430 433
siderostat, 437

Grubb, Thomas, Melbourne reflector, 110 note, 428

Gruithuisen, snow-caps of Venus, 255;
lunar inhabitants, 265

Gully, detection of Nova AndromedÆ, 394

Guthrie, nebulous glow round Venus, 253

Hadley, Saturn's dusky ring, 86;
reflecting telescope, 109

Haerdtl, Winnecke's comet, 94

Hale, luminous outburst on sun, 161;
daylight coronal photography, 179
spectrum of prominences, 195 198
prominence photography, 197 198
photographs of faculÆ, 198 377
carbon in chromosphere, 200
bright lines in fourth-type stars, 381
reflectors and refractors, 432

Hall, Asaph, parallax of the sun, 241;
discovery of Martian satellites, 282
rotation of Saturn, 302
double star measurements, 419

Hall, Chester More, invention of achromatic telescope, 112

Hall, Maxwell, rotation of Neptune, 305

Halley, stellar proper motions, 9;
composition of nebulÆ, 22
observation of ? CarinÆ, 48
eclipse of 1715 66, 68
predicted return of comet, 88
magnetic theory of aurorÆ, 130
transits of Venus, 233
lunar acceleration, 271
origin of meteors, 327

Halm, magnetic relations of latitude variation, 259

Hansen, solar parallax from lunar theory, 230

Hansky, coronal photographs, 188 189

Harding, discovery of Juno, 75;
celestial atlas, 77

Harkness, spectrum of corona, 170;
corona of 1878 175
shadow of the moon in solar eclipses, 182
light equation, 231
distance of the sun, 237 240 241 242

Harriot, observations on Halley's comet, 29

Hartley, gallium in the sun, 200 213

Hartwig, Nova AndromedÆ, 394

Hasselberg, metallic spectra, 211;
spectra of comets, 342 357
of Nova AndromedÆ, 395

Hastings, composition of photosphere, 152;
observations at Caroline Island, 181
Saturn's dusky ring, 299

Hegel, number of the planets, 73

Heis, radiant of Andromedes, 334

Heliometer, 34, 234 237 238 240

Helium, a constituent of prominences, 194 195 199;
no absorption by, in solar spectrum, 213
absorptive action in first-type stars, 376
bright in gaseous stars, 377 378 380
in Orion nebula, 407

Helmholtz, gravitational theory of sun-heat, 311-313

Hencke, discoveries of minor planets, 76

Henderson, parallax of a Centauri, 36, 416;
observation of chromosphere, 68

Henry, Paul and Prosper, lunar twilight, 264;
markings on Uranus, 303
photograph of Saturn, 408
photographs of nebulÆ in the Pleiades, 410 411
stellar photography, 413
plane mirrors, 438

Herrick and Bradley, duplication of Biela's comet, 96

Herschel, Alexander S., cometary and meteoric orbits, 332

Herschel, Caroline, her brother's assistant, 12;
observation of Encke's comet, 90

Herschel, Colonel, spectrum of prominences, 168;
of reversing layer, 172
of corona, 174 [Pg 478]

Herschel, Sir John, life and work, 45-50;
Magellanic clouds, 47, 422
sun-spots, 58, 59, 144
solar flames, 68
anticipation of Neptune's discovery, 81
status of Hyperion, 85
Biela's comet, 95
Halley's, 102
comet of 1843 103
sixth star in "trapezium," 113
grinding of specula, 116
spectrum analysis, 136
solar photography, 145 154
solar constitution, 151
shadow round eclipsed sun, 182
actinometrical experiments, 216
solar heat, 217
climate and eccentricity, 259
lunar atmosphere, 263
surface of Mars, 276
Andromeda nebula, 396
observations of nebulÆ, 404
double nebulÆ, 412

Herschel, Sir William, discovery of Uranus, 5;
founder of sidereal astronomy, 9
biographical sketch, 11-14
sun's motion in space, 15, 39, 425
revolutions of double stars, 18, 442
structure of Milky Way, 19-21, 423
nature of nebulÆ, 21-26, 401
results of his observations, 25
centre of sidereal system, 40
theory of the sun, 54-56, 70
asteroids, 75
discoveries of Saturnian and Uranian satellites, 84, 87, 110
comet of 1811 99
reflecting telescopes, 109-111
sun-spots and weather, 129
transit of Mercury, 244
refraction in Venus, 252
lunar volcanoes, 266
terrestrial affinity of Mars, 274
Jovian trade-winds, 289
rotation of Jupiter's satellites, 292
ring of Saturn, 298
rotation of Saturn, 302
origin of comets, 369
stellar photometry, 420

Herz, comets' tails, 348

Hevelius, "Mira" Ceti, 10;
contraction of comets, 92
granular structure of comet, 362

Higgs, photographs of solar spectrum, 211 214

Hind, solar flames, 70;
Iris and Flora discovered by, 77
distortion of Biela's comet, 96
transit of a comet, 101
earth in a comet's tail, 326
comets of 1843 and 1880 349
Schmidt's comet, 363
new star, 392
variable nebula, 403

Hirn, solar temperature, 220;
resistance in space, 348

Hodgson, outburst on the sun, 160

Hoeffler, star-drift in Ursa Major, 426

Hoek, cometary systems, 362

Holden, Uranian satellites, 87;
eclipse expedition, 180
coronal extensions, 186
solar rotation, 203
transit of Mercury, 245
intra-Mercurian planets, 250
drawing of Venus, 252
lunar photographs, 268
canals on Mars, 279
surface of Mars, 281
transits of Jupiter's satellites, 292
markings on Uranus, 304
disintegration of comet, 362
colours of double stars, 374
Nova AurigÆ, 398
Orion and Trifid nebulÆ, 403 404
director of Lick Observatory, 435

Holden and Schaeberle, observations of nebulÆ, 433

Holmes, discovery of a comet, 337

Homann, solar translation, 406

Hooke, solar translation, 10;
stellar parallax, 16
repulsive action on comets, 102 note
automatic movement of telescopes, 120
spots on Mars, 274 275

Hopkins, solidity of the earth, 257

Horrebow, sun-spot periodicity, 125;
satellite of Venus, 256

Hough, G. W., red spot on Jupiter, 295 430;
observations of double stars, 419

Houzeau, solar parallax, 240

Howlett, sun-spot observations, 155

Hubbard, period of comet of 1843 105 351

Huggins, Sir William, spectroscopic observations of prominences, 170 195
hydrogen spectrum in stars, 178 198
daylight coronal photography, 178 179
repulsive action in corona, 191
stellar motions in line of sight, 201 386 387
transit of Mercury, 245
occultation of a star, 263
snowcaps on Mars, 276
spectrum of Mars, 277
of Jupiter, 290
Jovian markings and sun-spots, 297
spectrum of Uranus, 304
of comets, 342 343
photographs, 354 357
stellar spectroscopy, 373
colours of stars, 374
classification of star spectra, 376
photographs, 382 383 438
stellar chemistry, 381 382
spectra of new stars, 393 395
theory of Nova AurigÆ, 397
spectra of nebulÆ, 401 402 407
nebular radial movement, 405

Huggins, Sir William and Lady, photograph of Uranian spectrum, 305;
spectra of Wolf-Rayet stars, 380
ultra-violet spectrum of Sirius, 383
nitrogen in stars, 384
spectrum of Nova AurigÆ, 396-398
of Andromeda nebula, 403
of Orion nebula, 407 [Pg 479]

Humboldt, sun-spot period, 126;
magnetic observations, 127
meteoric shower, 329

Hussey, T. J., search for Neptune, 79

Hussey, W. J., cloud effects on Mars, 281;
cometary appendages, 369
period of d Equulei, 419
discoveries of double stars, 419 433

Huygens, stellar parallax, 16;
Orion nebula, 22
discovery of Titan, 84
Saturn's ring, 85, 301
spot on Mars, 275

Hydrogen, a constituent of prominences, 168 195 199;
spectrum, 178 198 383 384
absorption in stars, 198 373 381-383
in sun, 211
theoretical material of comets' tails, 347
emissions in stars, 377-380 384 393 397
in nebulÆ, 402 407

Innes, Southern double stars, 419

Jacoby, measurement of Rutherfurd's plates, 410;
Pritchard's parallax work, 417

Janssen, photographs of the sun, 165;
spectroscopic observations of prominences, 168 169
escape from Paris in a balloon, 171
coronal spectrum, 173 181
coronal photographs, 181
rarefaction of chromospheric gases, 182
oxygen absorption in solar spectrum, 214
transit of 1874 234
spectrum of Venus, 254
of Saturn, 303
photographs of Tebbutt's comet, 353 354
of Orion nebula, 407

Japetus, eclipse of, 300;
variability in light, 302

Jewell, solar spectroscopy, 200 211

Joule, heat and motion, 309

Jupiter, mass corrected, 77, 92;
conjectured influence on sun-spot development, 163
physical condition, 289 290
spectrum, 290 291
satellite-transits, 291 292
discovery of inner satellite, 293
red spot, 293-296
photographs, 297 408
periodicity of markings, 297

Kaiser, rotation of Mars, 275;
map of Mars, 278

Kammermann, observation of Maia nebula, 410

Kant, status of nebulÆ, 14;
Sirius the central sun, 40
planetary intervals, 71
tidal friction, 272
condition of Jupiter, 289
cosmogony, 308

Kapteyn, solar translation, 40;
Cape Durchmusterung, 412
stellar parallaxes, 417 418
actinic intensity of galactic stars, 425
solar cluster, 426

Kayser and Runge, spectroscopic investigations, 211 213

Keeler, red spot on Jupiter, 296;
spectroscopic determination of movements in Saturn's rings, 300
spectrum of Uranus, 304
of third type stars, 382
of nebulÆ, 402
photographs of nebulÆ, 403 411 412 432
nebular radial movements, 405 434 440
grating spectroscope, 440

Kepler, star of 1604 25;
solar corona, 66
missing planets, 71
cometary decay, 91, 339
comet of 1618 96
physical astronomy, 141

Kiaer, comets' tails, 348

Kirchhoff, foundation of spectrum analysis, 132 135-137 372;
map of solar spectrum, 137
solar constitution, 149 151 172

Kirkwood, distribution of minor planets, 286;
grouped orbits, 287
divisions in Saturn's rings, 301 302
origin of planets, 314
their mode of rotation, 321
comets and meteors, 333 339

Kleiber, Perseid radiants, 341

Klein, Hyginus N., 267 268

Klinkerfues, comet predicted by, 335 339;
apparitions of Southern comet, 350
tidal theory of new stars, 397

Knobel, cloud effects on Mars, 281

Konkoly, spectrum of ? CassiopeiÆ, 378;
spectroscopic survey, 381 note

Kreil, lunar magnetic action, 130

Kreutz, period of 1843 comet, 105; orbit of 1861 comet, 327
period of great September comet, 361
cause of disintegration, 363
eclipse-comet of 1882 362

KrÜger, segmentation of great comet, 362

KÜstner, variation of latitude, 258

Kunowsky, spots on Mars, 275

Lacaille, southern nebulÆ, 22;
? CarinÆ, 48

Lagrange, theory of solar system, 2;
planetary disruption, 76

Lahire, diffraction theory of corona, 67;
distance of the sun, 228
mountains of Venus, 252

Lalande, popularisation of astronomy, 5;
revolving stars, 18
Histoire CÉleste, 31, 415
nature of sun-spots, 53
observations of Neptune, 83

Lambert, solar motion, 10;
construction
[Pg 480] construction of the universe, 14, 40
missing planets, 71

Lamont, magnetic period, 127 128

Lamp, ashen light on Venus, 256

Langdon, mountains of Venus, 253

Langley, solar granules, 165;
corona of 1878 176
spectroscopic effects of solar rotation, 202
infra-red spectrum, 210 223 224
experiments at Pittsburg, 221
bolometer, 222
distribution of energy in spectrum, 224 225
atmospheric absorption, 224 225 276
solar constant, 225
lunar heat-spectrum, 269
temperature of lunar surface, 270
age of the sun, 312

Laplace, lunar acceleration, 2,271;
SystÈme du Monde, 5
nebular hypothesis, 25, 308 309 313 314 322
stability of Saturn's rings, 85, 298
solar atmosphere, 94, 221
Lexell's comet, 106 367
solar distance by lunar theory, 230
origin of meteors, 328
of comets, 370

Lassell, discovery of Neptune's satellite, 83;
of Hyperion, 85
Saturn's dusky ring, 86
observations at Malta, 87, 434
reflectors, 114
equatoreal mounting, 121

Latitude, variation of, 258 259

Laugier, period of 1843 comet, 105;
solar rotation, 146

Le Chatelier, temperature of the sun, 219

Lescarbault, pseudo-discovery of Vulcan, 248;
halo round Venus, 254

Lespiault, orbits of minor planets, 285

Le Sueur, spectrum of Jupiter, 291

Leverrier, discovery of Neptune, 80-82;
Lexell's comet, 98, 367
distance of the sun, 230 240
revolutions of Mercury, 248
supposed transits of Vulcan, 249
mass of asteroids, 287
orbit of November meteors, 332
Perseids and Leonids, 333

Lexell, comet of 1770 98, 106 367

Liais, supposed transit of Vulcan, 249;
comet of 1861 326
division of a comet, 339

Librations, of Mercury, 247;
of Venus, 251
of the moon, 266

Lick, foundation of observatory, 434

Light, velocity, 38, 232 241;
extinction in space, 45
refrangibility changed by movement, 201

Light-equation, 231 241

LigondÈs, development of solar system, 316

Lindsay, Lord, expedition to Mauritius, 234

Line of sight, movements in, 201 386;
of solar limbs, 202 203
in prominences, 204 208
of stars, 201 386 387
binaries detected by, 387-391

Listing, dimensions of the globe, 262

Littrow, chromosphere, 70;
sun-spot periodicity, 126

Liveing and Dewar, carbon in the sun, 212

Lockyer, solar spectroscopy, 156 212;
theory of sun-spots, 159 163
daylight observations of prominences, 169 194 204 205
eclipse of 1870 171
slitless spectroscope, 173
corona of 1878 175
glare theory of corona, 182
eclipse of 1886 184
chromospheric spectrum, 195
classification of prominences, 196
their radial movements, 204
celestial dissociation, 206-210
chemistry of sun-spots, 207
spots on Mars, 275
meteoritic hypothesis, 376 402
equatoreal CoudÉ, 438

Loewy, constant of aberration, 241 438;
lunar photographs, 268
director of Paris Observatory, 414
equatoreal CoudÉ, 436 437

Lohrmann, lunar chart, 265;
LinnÉ, 267

Lohse, J. G., spectrum of great comet, 364

Lohse, O., daylight coronal photography, 178 note;
spectral investigations, 211
twilight on Venus, 256
red spot on Jupiter, 294
periodicity of Jupiter's markings, 297
motion of Sirius, 386
spectrum of Nova Cygni, 393

Louville, nature of corona, 67;
chromosphere, 68

Lowell, rotation of Mercury, 248;
of Venus, 252
markings on Venus, 255
observations of Mars, 280 281
satellites, 283

Lyman, atmosphere of Venus, 254

McClean, photographs of solar spectrum, 211 215;
helium stars, 377
oxygen stars, 384
equipment of Cape Observatory, 433

Macdonnell, luminous ring round Venus, 254

Maclaurin, eclipse of 1737 65

Maclear, Admiral, observations during eclipses, 172 182

Maclear, Sir Thomas, maximum of ? CarinÆ, 49;
observation of Halley's comet, 102

MÄdler, central sun, 41;
observations
[Pg 481] observations
of Venus, 253
lunar rills, 263
aspect of LinnÉ, 267
common proper motions, 426

Magellanic clouds, 47, 422;
spiral character, 425

Magnetism, terrestrial, international observations, 126;
periodicity, 127 128
solar relations, 128 160 161 163 205
lunar influence, 130

Mann, last observation of Donati's comet, 325

Maraldi, solar corona, 67;
rotation of Mars, 274
satellite-transits on Jupiter, 291
spot on Jupiter, 295

Marius, Andromeda nebula, 21;
sun-spots, 52

Mars, oppositions, 228;
solar parallax from, 228 237 240
polar spots, 274 276 277 280 281
permanent markings, 274-276
rotation, 274 275
atmosphere, 276 277
climate, 277 278
canals, 278-281
photographs, 281
satellites, 282 283 314 320 321

Marth, revolutions of Neptune's satellite, 305

Maskelyne, components of Castor, 18;
Astronomer-Royal, 27
experiment at Schehallien, 261
comets and meteors, 332

Maunder, photographs of corona of 1886 185;
comparative massiveness of stars, 375
constitution of nebulÆ, 403

Maunder, Mrs., coronal photographs, 189 190

Maury, director of Naval Observatory, 7;
duplication of Biela's comet, 96

Maury, Miss A. C., spectrographic investigations, 386;
discoveries of spectroscopic binaries, 387 388

Maxwell, J. Clerk, structure of Saturn's rings, 298 300

Mayer, C., star satellites, 17

Mayer, Julius R., tidal friction, 272;
meteoric sustentation of sun's heat, 310

Mayer, Tobias, stellar motions, 10;
solar translation, 15
repeating circle, 122
solar distance, 230
satellite of Venus, 256
lunar surface, 263

Mazapil meteorite, 340

Meldrum, sun-spots and cyclones, 164

Melloni, lunar heat, 269

Melvill, spectra of flames, 131

Mercury, mass, 92;
luminous phenomena during transits, 244 245
spectrum, 245
mountainous conformation, 246 247
rotation, 247 248
theory of movements, 248 250

Mersenne, reflecting telescope, 108

Messier, catalogue of nebulÆ, 22

Meteoric hypothesis of solar sustentation, 310;
of planetary formation, 311

Meteoritic hypothesis of cosmical constitution, 376 402

Meteors, origin, 327 328;
relations to comets, 327 332-334 340
Leonids, 328-334 338
Perseids, 329 332 333 341
Andromedes, 334-338
stationary radiants, 341

Meunier, canals of Mars, 280

Meyer, divisions of Saturn's rings, 302;
comet of 1880 351
cometary refraction, 353
comet Tewfik, 362

Michell, double stars, 17;
torsion balance, 261
star systems, 426

Michelson, velocity of light, 241

Milky Way, grindstone theory, 14;
clustering power, 20, 26
structure, 20, 41, 45, 47, 423-425
centre of gravity, 40, 41
frequented by Wolf-Rayet, temporary, and helium stars, 380 399 425
by gaseous nebulÆ, 402
drawings and photographs, 424 425

Miller, W. A., spectrum analysis, 132 136 137;
stellar chemistry, 373

Mira, light changes, 10;
spectrum, 374 379

Mitchel, lectures at Cincinnati, 6

Mitchell, photograph of reversing layer, 190

MÖller, theory of Faye's comet, 98

Mohn, origin of comets, 370

Moll, transit of Mercury, 245

Monck, Perseid meteors, 341;
new stars, 395

Moon, acceleration, 2,271 272;
magnetic influence, 130
photographs, 152 153 268
solar parallax from disturbed motion, 230 240
study of surface, 263
atmosphere, 263-265
charts, 265-267
librations, 266
superficial changes, 267 268
thermal radiations, 269 270
rotation, 272
tables, 272 273
origin, 316-318

Morinus, celestial chemistry, 140

Morstadt, Andromede meteors, 332

Mouchez, photographic survey of the heavens, 413;
death, 414

MÜller, phases of Mercury, 246;
of minor planets, 288
albedo of Mars, 283
of Jupiter, 290
of Saturn, 303
variability of Neptune, 305
of Pons's comet, 366
stellar photometry, 421

Munich, Optical Institute, 28, 34

Myer, solar eclipse, 183
[Pg 482] Myer, solar eclipse, 183

Nasmyth, Lassell's reflector, 83;
solar willow-leaves, 164
comparative lustre of Mercury and Venus, 255
condition of Jupiter, 289

Nasmyth and Carpenter, The Moon, 265

Nebula, Andromeda, early observations, 21;
new star in, 394 395
photographs, 395 409
structure, 396
spectrum, 402 403
visibility at Arequipa, 435

Nebula, Orion, observed by Herschel, 12;
mentioned by Cysatus, 21
apparent resolvability, 119
suspected variability, 403
radial movement, 405
spectrum, 407
photographs, 407 408 436

NebulÆ, first discoveries, 22;
catalogues, 22, 46, 50, 412
distribution, 23, 48, 422
composition, 24, 47, 401 402
resolution, 47, 117 119
double, 48, 412
spiral, 118 410 412
new stars in, 394-396 399 401
spectra, 401-403 407
variability, 403 404
radial movements, 405
photographs, 407-409 425

Nebular hypothesis, Herschel's, 24, 25;
Laplace's, 25, 308 309 322
objections, 313-315

Neison, atmosphere of Venus, 254;
rills on the moon, 263
The Moon, 265

Neptune, discovery, 78-83;
satellite, 83, 305
density, 84
comets captured by, 98, 306 365
mode of rotation, 305 313 315 322

Newall, F., duplicity of Capella, 389;
stellar radial motions, 430

Newall, R. S., 25-inch refractor, 430

Newcomb, runaway stars, 39;
solar translation, 40
origin of minor planets, 76
telescopic powers, 119
corona of 1878 176
of 1869 183
distance of the sun, 231-233
velocity of light, 241
variation of latitude, 259
lunar atmosphere, 263
lunar theory, 272 273
disturbance of Neptune's satellite, 305
formation of planets, 314
star catalogue, 415
structure of Milky Way, 423

Newton, H. A., capture of comets by planets, 98;
falls of aerolites, 311
November meteors, 330 331
meteors of 1885 336 337
orbits of aerolites, 340

Newton, Sir Isaac, founder of theoretical astronomy, 1,141;
comets subject to gravitation, 88
first speculum, 109
solar radiations, 216
law of cooling, 217-219
telescopes and atmosphere, 434

Niesten, volume of asteroids, 287;
red spot on Jupiter, 293

Nobert, diffraction gratings, 439

Noble, observations of Mercury, 246;
secondary tail of comet, 355

Nolan, origin of the moon, 317;
period of Phobos, 320

Norton, expulsion theory of solar appendages, 193 note;
comets' tails, 345 347

Nova AndromedÆ, 394 395

Nova AurigÆ, 396-399

Nova Cygni, 393 394 398

Nova Persei, 400 401

Nutation, discovered by Bradley, 3, 15;
a uranographical correction, 31

NyrÉn, constant of aberration, 241

Observatory, Greenwich, 3, 27, 433;
Cape of Good Hope, 6, 36, 433
Paramatta, 6, 90
Harvard College, 7, 85
KÖnigsberg, 30
Dorpat, 43
Pulkowa, 44
Palermo, 72
Berlin, 90
Anclam, 149
Potsdam, 149
Kew, 153
Arequipa, 264 435 436
Yerkes, 433
Lick, 435

Occultations of stars by comets, 95, 105 106;
by the moon, 263
by Mars, 276
of Jupiter by the moon, 264

Olbers, Bessel's first patron, 29, 30;
discoveries of minor planets, 74, 75
origin by explosion, 75, 76
career, 89, 90
Biela's comet, 95
comet of 1811 99
electrical theory of comets, 100 104 324 347
multiple tails, 100
comet of 1819 101
cometary coruscations, 105
November meteors, 329

Olmsted, radiant of Leonids, 328;
orbit, 329

Oppenheim, calculation of Schmidt's comet, 363

Oppolzer, E. von, theory of sun-spots, 159;
variability of Eros, 285

Oppolzer, Th. von, Winnecke's comet, 94;
comet of 1843 350

Oxygen in sun, 213-215;
telluric absorption, 214
in stars, 384

Packer, variable stars in cluster, 436

Palisa, search for Vulcan, 181 250;
discoveries of minor planets, 283

Pallas, discovery, 74;
inclination of orbit, 75, 286
diameter, 75, 287 288

Pape, Donati's comet, 345

Parallax, annual, of stars, 10, 16, 33, 36, 416-418;
horizontal, of sun, 227
Encke's result, 230 232
[Pg 483] improved values from oppositions of Mars, 231 237
from light velocity, 231 232 241
from recent transits, 236 240
from observations of minor planets, 238 239
general result, 242

Paris Catalogue of Stars, 415

Paschen, oxygen in sun, 215;
solar temperature, 220

Pastorff, drawings of the sun, 101

Peirce, structure of Saturn's rings, 298

Perrine, eclipse photographs, 190;
nature of corona, 191
observation
of Holmes's comet, 369
nebula round Nova Persei, 401

Perrotin, rotation of Venus, 252;
markings on, 255
canals of Mars, 279
clouds on Mars, 281
striation of Saturn's rings, 299
rotation and compression of Uranus, 303 304
changes of Pons's comet, 366
Maia nebula, 410
measures of double stars, 419

Perry, eclipse of December, 1889 187

Personal equation, 123 235

Peter, star-parallaxes, 417

Peters, C. A. F.,
parallax of 61 Cygni, 36
disturbed motion of Sirius, 42

Peters, C. F. W., orbit of Leonid meteors and comet, 332

Peters, C. H. F., sun-spot observations, 147 148;
discoveries of minor planets, 283
star maps, 284 415

Peytal, description of chromosphere, 69

Phobos, rapid revolution, 282 283 314;
tidal relations, 320 321

Photography, solar, 145 153 154 165;
of corona, 166 173 175 178 181 185-190
without an eclipse, 178-180
of prominences, 167 197 198
of coronal spectrum, 171 188 190
of prominence-spectrum, 195 198
of arc-spectrum, 206 211
of solar spectrum, 210 211 215 439 440
of Uranian spectrum, 305
of cometary spectra, 354 357
of stellar and nebular spectra, 382-384 396 398 400 407
lunar, 152 153 268
detection of comets by, 178 338 369
of asteroids, 284
of new stars, 399
use of, in transits of Venus, 234 236 240
Mars depicted by, 277 281
Jupiter, 297 408
comets, 353 354 368 412
nebulÆ, 395 401 407-409 411 425
Milky Way, 424 425
star-charting by, 413 414
star-parallaxes by, 417
rapid improvement, 438

Photometry, stellar, 49, 420 421;
of planetary phases, 245 288
of Saturn's rings, 299
photographic, 421

Photosphere, named by SchrÖter, 55;
structure, 151 152 164 165

Piazzi, star catalogues, 31;
parallaxes, 33
motion of 61 Cygni, 35
birth and training, 72
5-foot circle, 72, 121
discovery of Ceres, 73, 74

Picard, Saturn's dark ring, 86;
sun's distance, 228

Pickering, E. C., photometric measures of Martian satellites, 282;
of minor planets, 287
variability of Japetus, 302
of Neptune, 305
meteoric photography, 339
gaseous stars, 379
hydrogen spectrum in stars 383
spectrographic results, 385
eclipses of Algol, 390
photographic celestial surveys, 399
star density in Pleiades, 411
photometric catalogues, 420 421
photographic photometry, 421
white stars in Milky Way, 425
climate of Arequipa, 435
horizontal telescope, 437

Pickering, W. H., corona of 1886 185;
coronal photographs, January 1, 1889 186
lunar twilight, 264
lunar volcanic action, 267
melting of snow on Mars, 277
Martian snowfall, 281
Jupiter's satellites, 292
photographs of comets, 368
of Orion nebula, 408
observatory at Arequipa, 435

PingrÉ, phenomena of comets, 92, 96

Planets, influence on sun-spots, 163;
periods and distances, 228
intra-Mercurian, 248-250
inferior and superior, 288
trans-Neptunian, 306 307
origin, 309 313
relative ages, 314 315

Planets, minor, existence inferred, 71, 72;
discoveries, 73-75, 77, 283 284
solar parallax from, 237-239
distribution of orbits, 286 287
collective volume, 287
atmospheres, 288

Plantade, halo round Mercury, 244

Pleiades, community of movement near, 41;
photographed spectra, 385
measurements, 410
photographs, 410 411
nebulÆ, 410 411

PlÜcker, hydrogen in sun, 212

Plummer, solar translation, 39;
Encke's comet, 99

Plutarch, solar corona, 65

Pogson, prominence spectrum, 168;
reversing layer, 172
discovery of a comet, 335 339
new star in cluster, 395
[Pg 484] new star in cluster, 395

Pond, errors of Greenwich quadrant, 28;
controversy with Brinkley, 33

Pons, discoveries of comets, 90, 94, 365

PontÉcoulant, return of Halley's comet, 101

Poor, C. Lane, calculation of Lexell's comet, 367

Porter, solar translation, 40

Pouillet, solar constant, 216 225;
temperature of the sun, 217
of space, 270

Poynting, mean density of the earth, 261

Prince, glow round Venus, 253

Pritchard, parallax of AurigÆ, 388;
photographic determinations of stellar parallax, 417
photometric catalogue, 420

Pritchett, corona of January, 1889 186;
red spot on Jupiter, 294

Proctor, glare theory of corona, 182;
speed of ejections from sun, 205
transit of Venus, 233
distance of sun, 236
atmosphere of Venus, 254
rotation of Mars, 275
map and canals of Mars, 278 279
condition of great planets, 289
Nova AndromedÆ, 403
status of nebulÆ, 422 423
structure of Milky Way, 424
star drift, 426

Procyon, satellite, 42; parallax, 417

Prominences, observed in 1842 63, 64, 68;
described by Vassenius, 68
observed in 1851 70
photographed during eclipse, 167 188 190
without eclipse, 197 198
spectrum, 168 178 194 195 198 199
spectroscopic method of observing, 168-170 194-196
white, 183 184
chemistry, 195 199
classification, 196
distribution, 199
movements in, 204-206
heat of development, 220

Quetelet, periodicity of August meteors, 329

Ranyard, drawing of sun-spot, 101;
coronal types, 175 185
lunar atmosphere, 265
Jupiter's markings, 297
meteors from fixed radiants, 341
cometary trains, 348
tenuity of nebulÆ, 409

Rayet, spectrum of prominences, 168 170

Red spot on Jupiter, 293 296

Reduction of observations, 31;
Bessel's improvements, 32, 122
Baily's, 60

Refraction, atmospheric, 31;
effects looked for in comets, 106 353
Cytherean, 235 253 254
lunar 263 264

Reichenbach, foundation of Optical Institute, 28, 34, 122

Repsold, astronomical circles, 41, 122;
Cape heliometer, 416

Resisting medium, 93, 94, 360

Respighi, slitless spectroscope, 173;
prominences and chromosphere, 194 196 199
solar uprushes, 205
spectrum of ? ArgÛs, 380

Reversing layer, detected, 171 172;
photographed, 172 189
depth, 173

Riccioli, secondary light of Venus, 255

RiccÒ, trials with coronagraph, 180;
distribution of prominences, 199
spectrum of Venus, 254
spot on Jupiter, 294
spectrum of great comet, 364

Richer, distance of the sun, 228

Ristenpart, solar translation, 40

Ritchey, nebula round Nova Persei, 401;
photographs of nebulÆ, 432

Ritter, development of stars, 375

Roberts, A. W., southern variables, 392

Roberts, Isaac, search for ultra-Neptunian planet, 306;
photographs of Orion nebula, 408
of Andromeda nebula, 409
of the Pleiades, 411

Roberval, structure of Saturn's rings, 299

Robinson, reflectors and refractors, 431

Roche, inner limit of satellite-formation, 301;
modification of nebular hypothesis, 321

RÖmer, star places, 10;
invention of equatoreal and transit instrument, 120
of altazimuth, 121
velocity of light, 231
satellite transit on Jupiter, 291

Rosenberger, return of Halley's comet, 101

Rosetti, temperature of the sun, 219

Rosse, third Earl of, biographical sketch, 114;
great specula, 115-117
discovery of spiral nebulÆ, 118
resolution of nebulÆ, 119
climate and telescopes, 434

Rosse, fourth Earl of, experiments on lunar heat, 269

Rost, nature of sun-spots, 54

Roszel, mass of asteroids, 287

Rowland, photographic maps of solar spectrum, 210 440;
elements in run, 213
concave gratings, 439 440

RÜmker, observation of Encke's comet, 90

Russell, H. C., red spot on Jupiter, 295;
change in Argo nebula, 404
photographs of NubeculÆ, 425
[Pg 485] photographs of NubeculÆ, 425

Russell, H. N., atmosphere of Venus, 254

Rutherfurd, lunar photography, 268;
star spectra, 372
photographs of the Pleiades, 410
diffraction gratings, 439

Sabine, magnetic and sun-spot periods, 127 128 130

Safarik, secondary light of Venus, 256;
compression of Uranus, 304

Satellites, discoveries, 110 282 293;
transits, 291 292
variability, 292 302
origin, 309 318

Saturn, low specific gravity, 298;
rotation, 302
spectrum, 303

Saturn's rings, first disclosure, 85;
dusky ring, 86
stability, 298 300
meteoric constitution, 300
eventual dispersal, 301

Savary, orbits of double stars, 46

SavÉlieff, solar radiation, 164 225

Sawerthal, discovery of a comet, 366

Schaeberle, discovery of Procyon's satellite, 42;
coronal photographs, 187 188
theory of corona, 191
meteoric photography, 339
discovery of a comet, 355

Schaeberle and Campbell, observations of Jupiter's satellites, 292

Scheiner, Father, nature of sun-spots, 52, 54;
equatoreal instrument, 120 note
solar rotation, 146
darkening of sun's limb, 221

Schiener, Dr. J., photospheric structure, 165;
spectrographic researches, 384 405
spectrum of Andromeda nebula, 403
stars and nebulÆ in Orion, 407

Schiaparelli, rotation of Mercury, 247;
of Venus, 251 252
spots on Mars, 275
snow-cap, 277
canals, 278-280
compression of Uranus, 304
comets and meteors, 327 331 332 338
anomalous tail of great comet, 364
Pons's comet, 365
origin of comets, 370
measures of double stars, 419

Schmidt, A., circular refraction in sun, 159

Schmidt, J., sun-spot period, 126;
lunar rills, 263
lunar maps, 265
disappearance of LinnÉ, 267
cometary appendages, 363
new stars, 393

SchÖnfeld, extension of Bonn Durchmusterung, 412 414

Schrader, construction of reflectors, 243

SchrÖter, a follower of Herschel, 5;
motions of sun-spots, 146
biographical sketch, 243 244
observations on Mercury, 244 246 247
on Venus, 250-253 255
on the moon, 263
a lunar city, 265
LinnÉ, 267
spots on Mars, 275
Jovian markings, 290

SchÜlen, perspective effects in sun-spots, 54

Schuster, photographs of corona, 178 185;
spectra of oxygen, 214

Schwabe, sun-spot periodicity, 125 126

Secchi, chromosphere, 70;
Biela's comet, 97
cyclonic movements in sun-spots, 144
distribution, 148
profundity, 154
nature, 156 158
constitution of photosphere, 151
eclipse observations, 166 167
reversing layer, 171
observations of prominences, 194 196 199
absence of helium absorption, 213
temperature of the sun, 218
solar atmospheric absorption, 221
Martian canals, 279
spectrum of Uranus, 304
of Coggia's comet, 343
stellar spectral researches, 372 373
carbon stars, 372 381
gaseous stars, 377

See, stellar orbits, 42, 46;
measures of Neptune, 84
measures of Uranus, 304
belts of Neptune, 306
colour of Sirius, 375 note
southern double stars, 419
evolution of stellar systems, 420

Seeliger, photometry of Saturn's rings, 299;
rationale of new stars, 396

Seidel, stellar photometry, 420

Sherman, spectrum of Nova AndromedÆ, 395

Short, reflectors, 4,109 115 121;
chromosphere, 68
satellite of Venus, 256
striation of Saturn's rings, 299

Sidereal science, foundation, 9,442;
condition in 1785 10
progress, 50

Sidgreaves, spots and faculÆ, 159

Siemens, regenerative theory of the sun, 312

Simony, photographs of ultra-violet spectrum, 215

Sirius, a binary star, 41;
mass, 42
parallax, 42, 416
spectrum, 133 373 383
former redness, 375 note
radial movement, 386 387

Smyth, Admiral, Donati's comet, 324

Smyth, Piazzi, oxygen spectrum, 215;
lunar radiations, 269
expedition to Teneriffe, 434

Solar constant, 216 225

Solar spectrum, fixed lines in, 133-135;
maps, 133 136 206 210 211 224 440
distribution of energy, 222 223

[Pg 486] Solar system,
translation through space, 15, 39, 40, 406
development, 308 309 313-316 322
complexity, 441

Soret, solar temperature, 218

South, observations of double stars, 45;
12-inch lens, 113
Rosse reflector, 117
occultation by Mars, 276

Spectroscopic binaries, 387-391

Spectrum analysis, defined, 130;
first experiments, 131 132
applied to the sun, 133-135 156
to the stars, 133 372 373
Kirchhoff's theorem, 135
elementary principles, 139 140
effects on science, 141 142
radial motion determined by, 201 386
investigations of comets by, 342 343
of new stars, 393 399
of nebulÆ, 401-403

Spencer, position of nebulÆ, 422

Spitaler, attendants on Brooks's comet, 366

Spitta, transits of Jupiter's satellites, 292

SpÖrer, solar rotation, 148 149;
chromosphere, 199 200

Stannyan, early notice of chromosphere, 68

Star catalogues, 28, 31, 32, 60, 414 415;
spectroscopic, 381 385 386
photographic, 412-414
photometric, 420 421

Star-drift, 426

Star-gauging, 13, 19, 47

Star-maps, 77, 78, 81, 284 413 415;
photographic, 413 414

Stars, movements, 9, 10, 35, 39, 415 426;
radial, 386 387 406
comparative brightness, 13, 49, 50, 420 421
distances, 35-37, 416-418
chemistry, 372 381 382
spectroscopic orders, 373
colours, 374
development, 375-377
actual magnitudes, 422
gregarious, 426

Stars, double, physical connection surmised, 17;
proved, 18, 442
masses, 38, 42
catalogues, 43, 45, 47, 50, 418 419
orbits, 46, 418
discoveries, 43, 46, 47, 418 419 435
photographs, 409
evolution, 420

Stars, gaseous, 377-380

Stars, temporary, 24, 392-401

Stars, variable, early discoveries, 9;
? CarinÆ, 48, 49, 379
sun-spot analogy, 128 392
spectra, 379
Algol class, 390 391
catalogues, 391 392

Stefan, law of cooling, 219

Steinheil, stellar photometry, 420;
silvered glass reflectors, 429

Stewart, Balfour, Kirchhoff's principle, 135 note;
solar investigations, 154 155

Stewart, Matthew, solar distance by lunar theory, 230

Stokes, prevision of spectrum analysis, 138

Stone, E. J., reversal of Fraunhofer spectrum, 172;
distance of the sun, 231 232 236
transit of Venus, 240
Cape catalogue, 415
proper motions, 426

Stone, O., star catalogues, 415;
measures of double stars, 419

Stoney, carbon in photosphere, 152;
dynamical theory of planetary atmospheres, 288
perturbations of Leonids, 338
status of red stars, 375

Stratonoff, star counts in Pleiades, 411

Stroobant, satellite of Venus, 256

Struve, F. G. W., stellar parallax, 35;
career and investigations, 43-45
occultation by Halley's comet, 106
Russo-Scandinavian arc, 261 262

Struve, Ludwig, solar translation, 40

Struve, Otto, parallax of ? CassiopeiÆ, 38;
solar velocity, 40
his father's successor at Pulkowa, 45
eclipse of 1842 62, 64
Neptune's satellite, 84
research on Saturn's rings, 300 301
variable nebula, 403

Stumpe, solar translation, 40

Sun, Herschel's theory, 54-57, 70, 149;
atmospheric circulation, 58, 59
chemical composition, 135 211-213
mode of rotation, 146 147
Kirchhoff's theory, 149
Faye's, 150-152
convection currents in, 150 152 165
dissociation, 152 206-210
luminous outbursts, 159-161
explosions, 205
heat emission, 216 217 221 222 225 226
temperature, 217-220 226
problem of distance, 227
results from transits, 230 232 236 240
from oppositions of Mars, 231 237
from light-velocity, 232 241
from measurements of minor planets, 238
concluded value, 242
maintenance of heat supply, 310-313
past and future duration, 312

Sun-spots, speculations regarding, 52, 53;
Wilson's demonstration, 53, 154
distribution, 53, 58, 148
cyclonic aspect, 58, 144 157 158
periodicity, 126 128 162 163
magnetic relations, 127 160 161
meteorological, 129 164
auroral, 129 130 160 162
photographs, 145 154
level, 155
spectra, 156 207 208
volcanic hypothesis, 158
Lockyer's rationale, 159
planetary influence, 163
relation to Jovian markings, 297
[Pg 487] relation to Jovian markings, 297
Swan, chromosphere, 70;
sodium line, 132

Swift, E., discovery of a comet, 368

Swift, L., fallacious glimpse of Vulcan, 181 250;
discovery of a comet, 368

Tacchini, eclipse of 1883 181;
white prominences, 184
prominences and chromosphere, 199 200
spectrum of Venus, 254

Talbot, Fox, spectrum analysis, 131;
spectroscopic method of determining stellar orbits, 387

Tarde, nature of sun-spots, 52

Taylor, eclipse expedition, 187;
spectrum of Uranus, 305
achromatic lenses, 431

Tebbutt, comets discovered by, 326 352;
comet of 1882 359

Telescopes, achromatic, 112 431 432

Telescopes, equatoreal, 84, 120 121

Telescopes, reflecting, Short's, 4,109 115 121;
Herschel's, 12, 109-111
Lassell's, 83, 114 121
varieties of construction, 109 110
Rosse's, 115-119 434
Common's, 407 412 429

Telescopes, refracting, Fraunhofer's, 34, 35, 121;
Clark's, 114 429 430 433 436
Grubb's, 430 433
with bent and horizontal mountings, 436-438

Tempel, red spot on Jupiter, 294;
comet discoveries, 327
cometary observations, 352 362
Andromeda nebula, 394
discovery of Merope nebula, 410

Temperature, of the sun, 217-220 226;
of the moon, 269 270
of space, 270
on Mars, 277

Tennant, eclipse observations, 168 169 174

Terby, surface of Mars, 278 279 281;
secondary tail of comet, 355

ThalÉn, basic lines, 207;
map of solar spectrum, 210
solar elements, 212

Thollon, line-displacements by motion, 202 364;
atlas of solar spectrum, 211 440
lunar atmospheric absorption, 264

Thome, comet discovered by, 361

Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin), solar chemistry, 138;
magnetic influence of the sun, 161
tidal strains, 257
rotation of the earth, 273
dynamical theory of solar heat, 311 312

Thraen, period of Wells's comet, 357

Tidal friction, effects on moon's rotation, 271 272 318;
month lengthened by, 316 318
influence on planets, 319-322
on development of binary systems, 420

Tietjen, asteroidal orbits, 284

Tisserand, capture of comets, 98;
lunar acceleration, 273
revolutions of Neptune's satellite, 305
stationary radiants, 341
perturbations of Algol, 391
director of Paris Observatory, 414

Titius, law of planetary intervals, 71, 72, 85

Todd, eclipse of 1887 185;
solar distance, 236 241
trans-Neptunian planet, 306

Tornaghi, halo round Venus, 254

Transit instrument, 120

TrÉpied, reversal of Fraunhofer spectrum, 172

Troughton, method of graduation, 122

Trouvelot, veiled spots, 148;
chromosphere in 1878 175
intra-Mercurian planets, 181 250
observations of prominences, 184 196 204
of Mercury, 245 247
rotation of Venus, 252
red spot on Jupiter, 296

Trowbridge and Hutchins, carbon in sun, 212

Tschermak, origin of meteorites, 339

Tupman, transit expedition, 235;
results, 236

Turner, polariscopic coronal photography, 189;
employment of coelostat, 190 438
stationary radiants, 341

Ulloa, eclipse of 1778 69

United States, observatories founded in, 6,7

Uranus, discovery, 5, 74, 111;
unexplained disturbances, 78, 79, 307
satellites, 87, 303
equatoreal markings, 303 304
spectrum, 304 305
retrograde rotation, 313 315 322

Valerius, darkening of sun's limb, 221

Vassenius, description of prominences, 68

Venus, transits, 4,229 232;
of 1874 233-236
of 1882 239 240
atmosphere, 236 253 254
mountains, 252 253
spectrum, 254
albedo, 255
ashen light, 255 256
pseudo-satellite, 256
effects upon, of solar tidal friction, 320

Very, temperature of sun, 220;
lunar heat, 270

Vesta, discovery, 75, 76;
diameter, 287
spectrum, 288

Vicaire, solar temperature, 218

Vico, comet discovered by, 97;
rotation
[Pg 488] rotation
of Venus, 251
Cytherean mountain, 253

Violle, solar temperature, 218 219;
solar constant, 225
Vogel, H. C., solar rotation, 202;
solar atmospheric absorption, 222 224
spectrum of Mercury, 245
of Venus, 255
of Vesta, 288
of Jupiter, 290
of Jupiter's satellites, 293
of Uranus, 304
rotation of Venus, 252
ashen light, 256
intrinsic light of Jupiter, 291
cometary spectra, 342 343 355 357
carbon in stars, 374; stellar development, 375 376
spectrum of G CassiopeiÆ, 378
of Nova Cygni, 393
of Nova AndromedÆ, 395
spectroscopic star catalogue, 381
radial motion of Sirius, 386
period of Mizar, 388
eclipses of Algol, 390
components of Nova AurigÆ, 397
spectrographic determinations of radial motion, 405 406

Vogel, H. W., spectrum of hydrogen, 206 note, 383

Vulcan, existence predicted, 248;
pseudo-discoveries, 249 250

Wadsworth, coronal photography, 189

Ward, Nova AndromedÆ, 394

Waterston, solar temperature, 218;
meteoric infalls, 311

Watson, fallacious observations of Vulcan, 181 250;
asteroidal discoveries, 284

Webb, comet of 1861 326

Weber, Baily's Beads, 62;
illusory transit of Vulcan, 249

Weinek, study of lunar photographs, 268

Weiss, comets and meteors, 332 334

Wells, comet discovered by, 356

Wesley, drawings of corona, 175

Wheatstone, spectrum of electric arc, 132;
method of ascertaining light-velocity, 232

Whewell, stars and nebulÆ, 422

Williams, A. Stanley, canals of Mars, 279;
markings on Jupiter, 295 297; rotation, 296
Nova Persei, 400

Wilsing, solar rotation from faculÆ, 155;
density of the earth, 261
system of, 61 Cygni, 419

Wilson, Alexander, perspective effects in sun-spots, 53, 154

Wilson, H. C., red spot on Jupiter, 295;
compression of Uranus, 304
exterior nebulosities of Pleiades, 411

Wilson, W. E., solar temperature, 220 222;
ultra-Neptunian planets, 306

Winnecke, comet discovered by, 94;
distance of the sun, 231
Donati's comet, 324 347

Wisniewski, last glimpse of 1811 comet, 99

Witt, discovery of Eros, 284

Wolf, C., objections to Faye's cosmogony, 315;
origin of Phobos, 321

Wolf, Max, photographic discoveries of minor planets, 283 284;
Nova AndromedÆ, 394
Nova AurigÆ, 396
nebula near Nova Persei, 401
photographic nebular survey, 412
galactic nebulosity, 425

Wolf, R., sun-spot and magnetic periodicity, 128 162 163;
analogy of variable stars, 128 392
aurorÆ, 129
suspicious transits, 249

Wollaston, ratio of moonlight to sunlight, 49;
flame spectra, 131
lines in solar spectrum, 133

Woods, coronal photography, 179 180;
Cape Durchmusterung, 412

Wrangel, aurorÆ and meteors, 335

Wright, G. F., Ice Age in North America, 260

Wright, Thomas, theory of Milky Way, 14;
structure of Saturn's rings, 299

Wright, W. H., polarisation of cometary light, 355;
spectrum of nebulÆ, 400

Yerkes, donation of a telescope, 433

Young, Miss Anne, nebular hypothesis, 314

Young, C. A., spectrum of sun-spots, 156;
origin, 158
spectrum of corona, 170 177
detection of reversing layer, 171 172
prominences and chromosphere, 194-196 200
photograph of a prominence, 197
spectroscopic measurement of sun's rotation, 202
solar cyclones and explosions, 204 205
basic lines, 207
spectrum of Venus, 254
red spot on Jupiter, 294
observations of Uranus, 303 304
Andromedes of 1892 337
spectrum of Tebbutt's comet, 355
of Nova AndromedÆ, 395

Young, Thomas, absorption spectra, 136

Zach, Baron von, promotion of astronomy, 5, 6, 28;
Baily's Beads, 62
search for missing planet, 72
rediscovery of Ceres, 74
use of a heliostat, 120

Zantedeschi, lines in solar spectrum, 134;
lunar radiation, 269
[Pg 489] lunar radiation, 269

Zenger, observations on Venus, 253 255

Zenker, cometary tails, 348

Zezioli, observation of Andromedes, 334

Zodiacal light, relation to medium of space, 94;
to solar corona, 176; meteoric constitution, 310

ZÖllner, electrical theory of comets, 99, 344 346 347;
solar constitution, 158
observations of prominences, 194 196
reversion spectroscope, 202
solar temperature, 220
Mercurian phases, 245
albedo of Venus, 255
of Jupiter, 290
of Saturn, 303
of Uranus, 304
condition of Venus, 256
of great planets, 289
Jovian markings, 297
ages of stars, 375
polarising photometer, 420 421

THE END