1. Modern Philology, Vol. XVI, No. 8, Dec., 1918.2. Poetics, I, 8.3. Quomodo historia conscribenda sit, 8.4. De institutione oratoria, X, ii, 21.5. Poetik, Rhetorik, und Stilistik (Halle, 1886), pp. 14, 261.6. Poetry, with Reference to Aristotle's Poetics, Ed. A.S. Cook (Boston, 1891), pp. 10-11.7. Estetica (Milano, 1902), I, II, and appendix.8. Enjoyment of Poetry (New York, 1916), p. 66.9. Georges Renard, La method scientifique de l'histoire littÉraire. (Paris, 1900), p. 385.10. III, 1.11. I, 8; and IX, 2.12. Prickard thinks Aristotle misread in this passage. According to Prickard, Aristotle means that poetry must be in meter, but that not all meter is poetry. Aristotle's Poetics, p. 60. Most critics do not share Prickard's opinion.13. Ibid., I, 6.14. Ibid., IV, 2.15. Psychology, ed. E. Wallace, III, 3, cf. also introd., p. 77, ff.16. Poetics, I.17. VII, 3.18. VII, 5.19. S.H. Butcher, Aristotle's Theory of Poetry and Fine Art, p. 123. Poetics, II, 1.20. III, 1.21. Ibid., IX.22. Ibid., IX, 3-4; of. XV, 6.23. Ibid., X, 3.24. Ibid., XXIV, 9-10.25. Butcher, op. cit. p. 392.26. Poetics, XVII.27. VI, 18.28. Longinus, On the Sublime, trans, by A. O. Prickard (Oxford, 1906) I and XXXIII. The treatise has been variously ascribed to the first and fourth centuries. A valuable edition of the text accompanied by translation and critical apparatus, was published by W. Rhys Roberts, Cambridge University Press.29. Ibid., VIII.30. Ibid., X.31. Ibid., XII.32. Ibid., XV. This is almost exactly Aristotle's phrase in the Rhetoric.33. Ibid.34. Ibid, X.35. De audiendis poetis, VII, VIII.36. III.37. Rhetoric (J. E. C. Welldon's trans., London, 1886), I, ii.38. Rhetoric, I, i.39. Ibid., I, i.40. Wilkin's ed. of Cic. De oratore, introd. p. 56.41. Cope, Introduction to the Rhetoric of Aristotle (London, 1867), p. 149.42. Ad Herennium, I, 2. Published in the Opera Rhetorica of Cicero, edited by W. Friedrich for Teubner (Leipzig, 1893), Vol. 1.43. De oratore, I, 138.44. De institutione oratoria, II, xv, 38.45. Ibid., XI, i, 9-11. The "vir bonus dicendi peritus" is from Cato.46. Gorgias, St. 453.47. Loci cit.48. I, v.49. I, 213.50. Op. cit., I, 64.51. De inst. orat., II, xxi, 4.52. Rhet., I, ix.53. De inst. orat., III, iv, 6.54. Ibid., X, i, 28.55. γραθική, Rhet. III, xii.56. Orator, 37-38.57. Rhet., I, ix.58. Ad Herennium, I, 2; Cicero, De inventione, I, vii. De oratore, I, 142; Quintilian, De inst. orat., III, iii, i.59. Aristotle, Rhetoric, III, xiii-xix; Cicero, Partit. orat., 15.60. See above, pp. 13-14.61. Cicero, De oratore, I. 143; Quint., De inst. orat., III, ix.62. I, 4. Cicero, also, De invent., I, xiv.63. Opera omnia (1622), p. 1028.64. De nuptiis, 544-560.65. The Arte of Rhet., p. 7.66. De inst. orat., VIII, i, I67. De inst. orat., VIII, vi, I ff.68. Rhetoric, III, ii.69. Ibid., III, xi.70. Enjoyment of Poetry, pp. 76-78. The best classical treatments of style are to be found in Arist. Rhet., III; Cic., Orat.; Quint., De inst. orat., VIII, x; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De comp. verb.; and Demetrius, De elocutione.71. Sec. 54.72. Commentarioum Rhetoricorum libri IV, I, i, 3, in his Opera, III. (Amsterdam, 1697).73. VI, 1.74. Rhet., III, 1.75. The six elements are Plot, Character, Thought, Diction, Spectacle, and Song. Poetics, VI, 7 and 16.76. Butcher, op. cit., pp. 339-343.77. Poetics, VI, 16, and XIX, 1-2.78. De inst. orat., X, i, 46-51.79. De inventione, I, xxiii, 33.80. Die antike kunstprosa (Leipzig, 1898), p. 884, note 3.81. See above, p. 17.82. De optimo genere oratorum, I, 3; Orator, 69; De oratore, II, 28.83. De inst. orat., VI, ii, 25-36.84. Poetics, XVII, 2.85. Arist. Rhet., III. xi; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Lysia, 7; Quintilian, VIII, iii, 62.86. Rhetoric, III, i.87. Op. cit., pp. 883-884.88. La Rue Van Hook, "Alcidamas versus Isocrates," Classical Weekly, XII (Jan. 20, 1919), p. 90. Professor Van Hook here presents the only English translation of Alcidamas, On the Sophists. Isocrates made his reply in his speech On the Antidosis.89. Rhetoric, III, ii.90. Ibid., III, viii.91. Orator, 66-68.92. De oratore, I, 70.93. "Verba prope poetarum," ibid., I, 128.94. "Id primum in poetis cerni licet, quibus est proxima cognatio cum oratoribus." De orat., III, 27. cf. also I, 70.95. Xenophon, Banquet, II, 11-14.96. Die antike kunstprosa, pp. 75-79.97. De compositione verborum, XXV-XXVI.98. SÉnÈque le rheteur, Controverses et suasoires, ed. Henri Bornecque (Paris). Introduction pp. 20 ff.99. Ibid.100. Op. cit. vol. II, p. 5.101. Dialogus, 20.102. Op. cit., Introd. p. 23.103. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De comp. verb., XXIII.104. Hardie, Lectures, VII, p. 281.105. Quomodo historia conscribenda sit, Sec. 8. Trans, of Lucian by H.W. Fowler and F.G. Fowler (Oxford, 4 vols., 1905).106. Id quoque vitandum, in quo magna pars errat, ne in oratione poetas et historicos, in illis operibus oratores aut declamatores imitandos putemus. De inst. orat, X, ii, 21.107. Virgilius orator an poeta? quoted by Karl Vossler, Poetische Theorien in der italienischen FrÜhrenaissance. (Berlin, 1900) p. 42, note 2.108. Etymologiae, II.109. P. Abelson, The Seven Liberal Arts (New York, 1906), p. 60, ff.110. Poetria magistri Johannis anglici de arte prosayca metrica et rithmica, ed. by G. Mari, Romanische Forschungen (1902), XIII, p. 883 ff.111. Ibid., p. 894.112. Ibid., p. 897.113. Cf. G. L. Hendrickson, "The Origin and Meaning of the Ancient Characters of Style," Am. Jour. of Phil. (1905), xxvi, p. 249.114. Cf. the auctor ad Her., I, 4, who gives them as exordium, narratio, divisio, confirmatio, confutatio, conclusio.115. Ibid., p. 918.116. III, 3.117. "RhetoricÂ, kleit unser rede mit varwe schÔne." Ed. by H. RÜckert, Bibl. der Deutsch. Lit., Vol. 30, 1. 8924.118. Caius Sollius Apollinaris Sidonius (430-488) can be consulted in a modern ed. by Paulus Mohr (Leipzig, 1895).119. Doctrina dell' ornato parlare." Woodward, Educ. in the Ren. p. 75.120. Chron. Troy (1412-20), Prol. 57.121. I am indebted to my friend Dr. Mark Van Doren for the transcript which I am here publishing.122. Mor. Fab. Prol. 3. (c. 1580).123. Poems, LXV, 10 (1500-20).124. Clerk's Prolog. 32.125. Life of our Lady (1409-1411), (Caxton) lvii b.126. Trans, of Boethius (1410), quoted by Skeat, Chaucer, II, xvii.127. Kingis Q. (1423), CXCVII.128. Test. Papyngo (1530), II.129. Seyntys (1447), Roxb. 41.130. Serp. Devision, c. iii b.131. Reprinted from the ed. of 1555 for the Percy Society (London, 1845), p. 2.132. Ibid., p. 55.133. Ibid., p. 28.134. See p. 27.135. Ibid., p. 37.136. Ibid., p. 46.137. "Proximum grammatice docet, quae emendate & aperte loquendi vim tradit: Proximum rhetorice, quae ornatum orationis cultum que & omnes capiendarum aurium illecebras invenit. Quod reliquum igitur est videbitur sibi dialectice vendicare, probabliter dicere de qualibet re, quae deducitur in orationem." De inventione dialectica (Paris, 1535), II, 2. cf. also II, 3.

Cf. "Gram loquitur; Dia vera docet; Rhet verba colorat." Nicolaus de Orbellis (d. 1455), quoted by Sandys, p. 644.138. Ibid., I, 1.139. Rule of Reason (1551), p. 5. Fraunce, Lawiers Logike, takes the same view.140. Dialecticae libri duo, A. Talaei praelectionibus illustrati (Paris, 1560), I, 2.141. Rule of Reason, p. 3.142. Wilkins introd. to Cic. De orat., p. 57.143. De inst. orat., VI., v, 1-2.144. Printed in London by John Day, without a date. The dedication is dated Dec. 13, 1550. The title page says it was "written fyrst in Latin--by Erasmus."145. Ascribed to Dudley Tenner by Foster Watson, The English Grammar Schools (Cambridge, 1908), p. 89.146. Chapter IX.147. Thomas Heywood, Apology for Actors (London, 1612), in Pub. Shak. Soc., Vol. III, p. 29.148. Book I, ch. 1.149. "Rhetorica est ars ornate dicendi." Rhetoricae libri duo quorum prior de tropis & figuris, posterior de voce & gestu praecepit: in usum scholarum postremo recogniti. (London, 1629)150. The Art of Rhetorick concisely and completely handled, exemplified out of Holy Writ, etc. (London, 1634)151. Dekker and Middleton, The Roaring Girl, III, 3.152. Dekker, III, 1.153. Spingarn, Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century, I, 2.154. χειραγωγια Manductio ad Artem Rhetoricam ante paucos annos in privatum scholarium usum concinnata (London, 1621). "Rhetorica est ars recte dicendi, etc."155. Norden, op. cit., pp. 699-703.156. A.C. Clark, Ciceronianism, in Eng. Lit. and the Classics, ed. Gordon (Oxford, 1912), p. 128.157. Woodward, Educ. in the Ren., p. 45.158. Erasmus, Dialogus, cui titulus ciceronianus, sive, de optimo dicendi genere, in Opera omnia (Lugduni Batavorum, 1703), I. It was composed in 1528.159. Arte of Rhet., p. 109.160. I, 4. Wilson follows the analysis on p. 7.161. I, x, 17.162. An Apology for Actors, p. 29.163. This count is based on the Cicero MSS. listed by P. Deschamps, Essai bibliographique sur M. T. Ciceron (Paris. 1863). Appendix.164. H. Rashdall, Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1895), I, 249.165. J. E. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, p. 590.166. Sandys, p. 624 seq.167. Deschamps, op. cit., pp. 59-63.168. Arber reprint, p. 124.169. M. Schwab, Bibliographie d'Aristote (Paris, 1896).170. Rashdall, II, 457.171. Fierville, C. M. F. Quintiliani de institutione oratorio, liber primus (Paris, 1890). Introduction, xiv-xxxii. M. Fierville prints for the first time the complete texts of these abridgments in an appendix.172. Arber, p. 95.173. The pseudo-Demetrius, author of the De elecutione.174. P. 316.175. Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship, pp. 541-2.176. M. Schwab, op. cit.177. Poetische Theorien in der italienischen FrÜhrenaissance (Berlin, 1900), p. 88.178. Defense, in Smith, I, 196-197.179. Vossius, De artis poeticae natura, II, 3-4.180. Poetics, I, 2.181. Poetica, 23, 190.182. De artis poeticae natura, II, 4.183. Euphues, edited by M. W. Croll and H. Clemens (New York), Introd. iv.184. Preface to Maggi's Aristotle (1550), p. 2.185. Prolog. ibid., p. 15.186. Spingarn, p. 312.187. Jacob Pontanus, S. J., Poeticarum institutionum libri tres (Ingolstadi, 1594), p. 36.188. Ibid, p. 81.189. "Tres autem sunt virtutes narrationis, brevitas, perspicuitas, probabilitas. Secundam & tertiam diligentissime consectabitur Epicus, earumque rationem a Rhetoricae magistris percepiet," p. 72. These three virtues of a "narratio" are based on the analysis of the Rhetorica ad Alexandrum.190. Arist., Rhet., III. 16.191. Op. cit,, p. 26.192. Spingarn, p. 313.193. Lit. Crit., p. 255.194. Ibid., p. 262.195. Arber, pp. 138-141.196. Spingarn, pp. 174, 256.197. Smith, I, 48.198. Smith, I, 59.199. Ibid., p. 60.200. I, 2.201. II, 12.202. IV, 63.203. Topics, 83.204. VI, ii, 8 seq. Quintilian also uses the Greek terms.205. X, i, 46-131.206. Op. cit., pp. 275-398.207. II, 154 seq.208. P. 187.209. G.S. Gordon, "Theophrastus" in Eng. Lit. and the Classics, p. 49-86.210. Smith, I, 128211. Ibid., 130-131.212. Cf. Spingarn, pp. 298-304, for a good account of reformed versifying in England.213. Smith, I, 137.214. John Northbrooke anticipated Gosson by two years in his attack on the stage, but did not include poets in his title.215. Spingam, pp. 256-258.216. Smith, I, 158.217. Ibid., I, 172.218. Ibid., I, 185.219. Ibid., I, 158-159.220. Ibid., I, 160.221. I, 183.222. I, 201.223. Arist. Rhet., III, 2; Quint. VIII, iii. 62; Scaliger, iii, 25. Cf. ante p. 33.224. De aug. II, 13.225. See pp. 18, 19.226. I, 203.227. I, 202.228. Smith, I, 227-228.229. I, 256.230. I, 231.231. I, 247-248.232. I, i.233. I, ii.234. I, viii.235. I, iv.236. La Rue Van Hook, "Greek Rhetorical Terminology in Puttenham's The Arte of English Poesie." Trans. of the Am. Phil. Ass. (1914) XLV, 111. Puttenham was also familiar with the ad Herennium and with Cicero.237. (Philadelphia, 1891), p. 59.238. III, i.239. III, xix, p. 206 Arber reprint; of. also p. 230, on the figure Merismus or the Distributor, and the remainder of the chapter.240. Smith, II, 249, 282.241. Ibid, II, 274.242. Preface to Homer, in Spingarn, Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century, I, 81.243. Spingarn, I, 5.244. Literary Criticism in the Seventeenth Century, Introduction, I, xiii.245. Timber, Sec. 128. Cf. Pastime of Pleasure, VIII, 29.246. Spingarn, I, 211.247. Timber, Sec. 109.248. Timber, Sees. 132-133.249. Spingarn, I, 214.250. Ibid., p. 210, 213.251. Vossler, op. cit., p. 48.252. Spingarn, I, 107.253. Ibid., I, 142.254. Ibid., I, 182.255. Ibid., I, 188, 185.256. Spingarn, I, 206.257. Pseudo-Demetrius, De elocutione.258. The De sublimitate.259. De sublimitate, VIII.260. Spingarn, I, 206.261. Reason of Church Government (1641), in Spingarn, I, 194.262. Introd. to Eliz. Crit. Essays, I, lxx.263. Pp. 23-25.264. VI, 2.265. Poetica est facultas videndi quodcunque accommodatum est ad imitationem cuiusque actionis, affectionis, moris, suavi sermone, ad vitam corrigendam & ad bene beateque vivendum comparata. Praefatio to Maggi's ed. of the Poetics (1550), p. 9.266. Spingarn, p. 35.267. La poetica È una facoltÀ, la quale insegna in quai modi si debba imitare qualunque azione, affetto e costume, con numero, sermone ed armonia; mescolatamente a di per sÈ, per remuovere gli uomini dai vizi e accendergli alle virtÙ, affine che conseguano la perfezione e beatitudine loro. Lezione della poetica (1590) in Opere (Trieste, 1859), II, 687.268. Verses 1008-1010.269. Verse 1055.270. The Women at the Feast of Bacchus, quoted by Emile Egger, L'Histoire de la Critique chez les Grecs (Paris, 1886), p. 74.271. Protagoras, 325-326, Jowett's translation.272. Republic, 596-598.273. Ibid., 605-606.274. Ibid., 607275. Laws, 663.276. Poetics, IV, 2.277. Ibid., VI, 15.278. Ibid., VII.279. Ibid., IX, 7.280. Ibid., XIII. Cf. also XXVI.281. Ibid., XXIV.282. Ibid., XXVI.283. Politics, V, v.284. Poetics, VI. (Butcher). Cf. Butcher's Aristotle's Theory of Fine Art, Chapter VI, for a full discussion of katharsis.285. Politics, V, vii.286. Poetics, XIII.287. Panegyric, § 159.288. Symposium, III, 5.289. Geography, I, ii, 3. Trans, by H. C. Hamilton (Bohn ed, London, 1854), 1, 24-25.290. De audiendis poetis, trans, by F.M. Padelford under the title Essays on the Study and Use of Poetry (New York, 1902), I. Cf. also Julian, Epistle 42.291. Ibid.292. Ibid. XIV. Cf. Harrington in Smith's Eliz. Crit. Essays, II, 197-198.293. Ibid. XII. Cf. Chemnicensis, Canons, LII, in Smith, I, 421.294. Ibid., IV. Cf. Aristotle, Rhetoric, II, xx.295. Ibid., III.296. Aut prodesse volunt, aut delectare poetae Aut simul et jucunda et idonea dicere vitae * * * * * Centuriae seniorum agitant expertia frugis; Celsi praetereunt austera poemata Rhamnes: Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci, Lectorem delectando, periterque monendo. Hic meret aera liber Sosiis; hic et mare transit, Et longum noto scriptori prorogat aevum.

Ad Pisonem, 333-334, 342-346.297. Epistles, II, i, 11. 126 ff. Conington's trans.298. Metamorphoses, X, 2.299. De rerum natura, I, 936-950.300. Phaedrus. See also Republic, II.301. How to Study Poetry, IV.302. Cf. Cicero, De nat. deor. i, 15-38 ff., and Hatch, Hibbert Lectures, 1888, Ch. III.303. A. Schlemm, De fontibus Plutarchi commentationum De aud. poet. (GÖttingen, 1893), pp. 32-36.304. "Iam cum confluxerunt plures continuae tralationes, alia plane fit oratio; itaque genus hoc Graeci appellant ἀλληγορίαν nomine recte genere melius ille qui ista omnia tralationes vocat." Orator, 94. Cf. Ad. Att. ii, 20, 3.305. Quintilian, VIII, vi, 44. Isidore, Etym. I, xxxvii, 22.306. De doctrina christiana (397), III, 29, 40.307. Confessions (Watts's trans.), III. vi., Lionardo Bruni, De studiis et literis (1405), uses the same argument to defend poetry.308. Terence, Eun. 585-589, shows a young man justifying his vices on this ground.309. Poetics, IX.310. Literary Criticism, p. 18.311. Rhet. II, xxi.312. Rhetoric, II, xx. (Weldon's translation).313. De inst. orat. V, xi, 6, 19.314. Edited from the edition of 1560 by G.H. Mair (Oxford, 1909), p. 198.315. Ibid., p. 3.316. "Docere debitum est, delectare honorarium, permovere necessarium." De optimo genere oratorum, I, 3. He gives the same threefold aims as "ut probet, ut delectet, ut flectet," in the Orator, 69; and in the De oratore, II, 121.317. Vide pp. 136-137.318. Cf. ante, I, iv.319. Controv. II, 2 (10). Bornecque ed., I, 145-148.320. Quoted by Padelford, p. 36.321. Orat. xi, p. 308.322. Padelford, op. cit. pp. 39-43.323. Karl Vossler, Poetische Theorien in der italienischen FrÜhrenaissance (Berlin, 1900), pp. 5, 18, 45.324. Boethius, De consolatione philosophiae, Book I, prose 1. Boethius lived 480-524. Cf. Skeat, Chaucer, II, introd. xiv ff. for references to the surprising number of translations in most European languages throughout the Middle Ages. The most famous are, perhaps, those of Ælfred, Notker, and Chaucer.325. Ibid, Book V, prose v.326. "Quidam autem poetae Theologici dicti sunt, quoniam de diis carmina faciebant. Officium autem poetae in eo est ut ea, quae vere gesta sunt, in alias species obliquis figurationibus cum decore aliquo conversa transducant." Etym. VIII, vii, 9-10.327. "Fabulas poetae quasdam delectandi causa finxerunt, quasdam ad naturam rerum, nonnullas ad mores hominum interpretati sunt." Etym. I, xl, 3.328. "Una verita ascosa sotto bella menzogna." II, 1.329. Epistle, X, 11, 160-1. Quoted by Wicksteed, Temple Classics, pp. 66-67.330. "Vesta di figura o di colore rettorico." La Vita Nuova, XXV.331. See above, pp. 45-47.332. "Per nimpham fingitur caro, per iuvenem coruptorem mundus vel dyabolus, per proprium amicum ratio." Poetria magistri Johannis anglici de arte prosayca metrica et rithmica. Ed. by G. Mari, Romanische Forschungen (1902) XIII, 894.333. "Est furor Eacides ire sathanas," Ibid, p. 913.334. See above, pp. 51-55.335. Pastime of Pleasure, p. 29.336. Ibid., p. 38.337. Ibid., p. 54; see further above, p. 54.338. Cf. ante, pp. 97-99.339. Lit. Crit., p. 47-59.340. Ibid., p. 58.341. I anal. 1a.342. Lit. Crit., p. 25.343. AndrÉ Schimberg, L'education morale dans les collÈges de la compagnie de JÉsus en France (Paris, 1913). p. 138.344. Opus de divisione, ordine, ac utilitate omnium scientiarum, in poeticen apologeticum. Autore fratre Hieronymo Savonarola (Venetiis, 1542), IV, pp. 36-55. Savonarola died in 1498.345. Cartier, "L'Esthetique de Savonarola," in Didron's Annales Archoelogiques (1847). vii, 255 ff.346. "Rhetorica, Poeticaque contra: quod non adeo vere ac proprie Logicae appellantur, neque, syllogismo fere, sed exemplo atque enthymemate, rationibus quasi popularibus utuntur...." Poetic, furthermore, differs from rhetoric, "neque usurpat enthymema fere, sed exemplum." Vincentius Madius et Bartholomaeus Lombardus. In Aristotelis Librum de poetica communes explanationes (Venetiis, 1550), pp. 8-9.347. "Onde come il loico usa per suo mezzo il piÙ nobile strumento, ciÒ È la dimostrazione o vero il sillogismo dimonstrativo; cosi usa il dialettico il sillogismo topico; il sofista il sofistico, ciÒ È apparente ed ingannevole: il retore l'entimema, e il poeta l'esempio, il quale È il meno degno di tutti gli altri. É adunque il subbietto della poetica il favellare finto e favoloso, ed il suo mezzo o strumento l'esempio." Delia Poetica in Generale, Lezione Una I, 2. Opere (Trieste, 1850), II, 684. In his paraphrase of this passage and in his comments, Spingarn (Lit. Crit. pp. 25-26) misunderstands both his author and his rhetoric when he says, "The subject of poetry is fiction, or invention, arrived at by means of that form of the syllogism known as the example. Here the enthymeme or example, which Aristotle has made the instrument of rhetoric, becomes the instrument of poetry."348. Rhet. I, ii.349. "Nimirum arbitrantur, quemadmodum Rhetorice ab Aristotele ipso appellatur particula Dialecticae; idque propterea, quod doceat rationem, qua enthymema applicetur ad materiam civilem: ita & Poeticen esse Logices partem, quia aperit exempli usum in materia ficta ... at Rhetorice, & Poetice, non solum docere student, sed etiam delectare; nec cognitionem tantum spectant, sed & actionem. Quamquam vero hoc commune habet cum Rhetorica, quod utraque sit famula Politicae." Gerardi Joannis Vossii, De artis poeticae, natura, ac constitutions liber, cap VII, in Opera (Amsterdam, 1697), III.350. "Inductio delectat, et est vulgo apta, propter similitudines et exempla. Hanc argumentationem frequentant Rhetores et Poetae, praesertim Ovidius; quia venuste ac perspicue explicat argumenta." I, ii.351. Vide, pp. 103-104.352. Vide, pp. 119-120.353. Poetica (Vinegia, 1536), p. 25. Spingarn, p. 48.354. "Sic dicere versibus, ut doccat, ut delectet, ut moveat." De poeta, p. 102.355. Rhetoric, I, ii.356. XII, i, 1.357. De poeta, p. 79. Vossius echoes the same idea from the same rhetorical source.358. "Sed & docendi, & movendi, & delectandi." Poetice (1561), III, xcvii.359. Ibid., I, i.360. Arte of Rhet. p. 176.361. These two names were frequently connected in the renaissance.362. Ibid, p. 195.363. Arber Reprint (London, 1870), p. 151.364. Ibid., pp. 142-143.365. Ibid., p. 80.366. Vide, p. 132.367. Vide, pp. 77-78.368. Smith, Eliz. Crit. Essays, I, 48.369. Croll, Introd. to ed. of Euphues (New York, 1916), p. vii.370. Smith, I, 60.371. School of Abuse (Pub. of the Shak. Soc., 1841), Vol, 2, p. 15.372. Ibid., pp. 20, 25, 29.373. Smith, I, 65.374. Smith, I, 73.375. Smith, I, 76.376. Smith, I, 83.377. Vide, pp. 86-87.378. Lit. Crit. in the Ren. 2d ed., pp. 269-274.379. Smith, I, 158-160.380. Ibid., 160.381. Ibid., I, 159.382. Ibid., I, 171.383. Ibid., p. 172.384. Cf. above, p. 138.385. De inst. orat., V, xi, 19.386. Arte of Rhet., p. 198.387. Ibid., I, 157.388. Smith, I, 169.389. Rhetoric, II, xx. 390. Smith, I, 173.391. Cf. St. Augustine, Confessions, III, vi.392. Smith, I, 187. Cf. Arist. Rhet. I, i, and Quint. De inst. orat. II, xvi, who defend rhetoric on the same ground. Sidney's "with a sword thou maist kill thy Father, and with a sword thou maist defende thy Prince and Country" is in Quintilian.393. See also p. 38.394. Smith, II, 208.395. Smith, II, 201.396. Ibid.397. De audiendis poetis, XIV. Plutarch believed that poetry gained this end by enunciating moral and philosophical sententiae, not by allegory, which Plutarch made sport of.398. See pp. 87-89.399. Smith, I, 250-252.400. Smith, I, 232.401. Smith, I, 238-239.402. Smith, I, 235-236.403. Smith, I, 248-249.404. Vide, pp. 89-92.405. Smith, II, 25.406. Smith, II, 115-116.407. Smith, II, 160.408. Smith, II, 32-40.409. Smith, II, 41-42.410. Ibid.411. Woodward, Educ. in the Ren. p. 135.412. Krapp, Rise of Eng. Lit. Prose (New York, 1915), pp. 408-409.413. Vide, pp. 91-92.414. Spingarn, Crit. Essays of the 17th Century, I, 98, 99.415. Springarn, I, 6.416. Spingarn, I, 6-8.417. The author's prolog to the first book.418. Spingarn, I, 170.419. Spingarn, I, 50; for Jonson see also pp. 93-96.420. Spingarn, I, 29.421. Ibid., 51-52.422. Ibid., p. 55. Cf. Cicero, ante p. 37.423. Ded. to Volpone, Spingarn, I. 15.424. Ibid.425. Spingarn, I, 28-29.426. Ded to Volpone, Spingarn, I, 12.427. Smith, II, 306.428. Spingarn, I, 67.429. Spingarn, I, 117-120.430. A.H. Tieje, Theory of Characterization in Prose Fiction Prior to 1740 (Minneapolis, 1916), p. 14.431. Spingarn, I, 186-187.