quod salutis, etc., 'because the pleasure of safety is assured, while our lot at birth is doubtful; because again we are not conscious of our birth, while we can feel the delight of preservation.' nascendi condicio = the external circumstances, surroundings to which we are born. See on 2. 14.

illum, i.e. Romulus.

benevolentia famaque, hendiadys, 'with affectionate praise.'

templum is the consecrated ground (t?e???); delubrum the actual shrine (?a??).

ut = 'ex quo tempore,' 'ever since.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 1. 13. 2 'ut Brundisio profectus es, nullae mihi abs te sunt redditae litterae,' and Hor. Od. 4. 4.42.

paucis ante diebus. Really, it was nearly a month ago (Nov. 8-Dec. 3).

cum . . . eiciebam, indic. because 'cum' = 'quo tempore,' 'at the time when.' Cf. 2. 1 and 1. 7, note.

exterminari, 'banished' (ex, terminus). The sense 'exterminated' is not found in classical Latin.

fidem faceret, 'would command confidence.'

tumultus, used exclusively of disturbances in Italy and Gaul. Cf. Cic. Phil. 8. ch. 1 'itaque maiores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod erat domesticus, tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus, praeterea nullum nominabant,' and the whole passage. On the Allobroges, see Introduction, p. 13.

ad Catilinam, 'addressed to Catilina.'

qui omnia, etc., 'like men whose political sentiments were entirely sound and excellent.' sentirent is subj. because qui is causal.

pontem Mulvium, on the Via Flaminia, two miles N. of Rome; now called Ponte Molle.

praefectura was the name given to a provincial town governed by a magistrate sent annually from Rome, whereas the municipia elected their own magistrates.

Reate was a Sabine town, of which Cicero was patronus.

in reipublicae praesidio, v.l. 'in republica,' 'praesidio' being then connected with 'miseram' as dat. of complement.

tertia, etc., i.e. between three and four a. m. The time between sunset and sunrise was divided into four vigiliae.

integris signis. See on §10 below.

ipsi, i.e. Volturcius and the Gauls.

vocavi. The consul had the right of summoning citizens to his presence (ius vocationis), by force if necessary (ius prehensionis).

si nihil esset inventum. Virtual Oratio Obliqua, representing their words 'si nihil inventum erit.'

temere, 'heedlessly,' i.e. without due cause.

negavi, etc. 'Ut . . . deferrem' is not a final, but a substantival clause, standing as the object to 'facturum,' the whole being a more emphatic way of saying 'negavi me non delaturum esse'; 'I said that in a danger which threatened the state, I could not but bring the facts unprejudiced before the council of the state.' Cf. 3. 17 'commisisset ut deprehenderentur.'

fidem publicam dedi. Lit. 'pledged him the faith of the state,' i.e. promised him in the name of the state that he should not be prosecuted in respect of any disclosures, iussu senatus, because the consul could not do this unless authorized by the senate.

erat, indic. because an explanation added by Cicero; not part of what Volturcius said.

data esse (for the gender see note on 'deprehensa' §10), to be taken, by zeugma, with both 'iusiurandum' and 'litteras,' 'that an oath (had been sworn) and a letter given them addressed to their nation.'

atque ita, etc. Upon the main verb 'dixerunt' depend three subordinates: 'esse praescriptum'; 'confirmasse'; 'dixisse'; each of which has in its turn a subordinate clause depending upon it. This will be best seen by the following scheme;

Galli dixerunt:—

(a) ita sibi ab his et a L. Cassio { ut equitatum mitterent; pedestres
esse praescriptum { sibi copias non defuturas.
(b) Lentulum autem sibi confirmasse { se esse illum ... Sullam
ex fatis, etc. { fuisse.
(c) eundemque dixisse { fatalem hunc esse ...
{ vicesimus.

The reflexive pronoun refers in each case to the subject of the verb upon which the subordinate sentence immediately depends.

pedestres sibi, etc. This is part of what Cassius and the others said, depending upon some verb of 'saying' to be understood from 'praescriptum'; 'they said that these men and L. Cassius had requested them to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible, (adding that) they should have no lack of infantry.'

fatis Sibyllinis, the original 'libri Sibyllini' (containing prophecies in Greek) were said to have been brought by the Sibyl of Cumae to Tarquinius Superbus; they were kept in the Capitol and consulted in times of difficulty. In 83 b.c. they were burnt and a fresh collection of Sibylline prophecies was made, which was sifted by order of Augustus and Tiberius. See Tac. Ann. 6. 12.

tertium Cornelium, his full name was Cornelius Lentulus Sura. On Cinna and Sulla see note on 3. 24.

virginum, sc. 'Vestalium.' Nothing is known of the event alluded to, but the trial of a Vestal Virgin was always regarded as an event of great significance.

Capitolii incensionem. The Capitol and adjacent buildings had been burnt down b.c. 83.

Saturnalibus, the festival of Saturn at the end of December. It was a general holiday, when special license was allowed to slaves; hence a good opportunity for a rising.

Primo ostendimus, etc. Letters were generally written with a stylus on wax tablets; these were then put together face inwards and tied with string, which was secured by the seal of the sender. When, as often, they were written by slaves from dictation, the seal was the only means of recognising the authorship, as they were not generally signed.

cognovit, 'acknowledged it.'

recepissent, 'had promised'; recipio = 'to take upon oneself, engage.' sibi, the writer.

quae . . . deprehensa, a relative is generally neuter pl. when it refers, as here, to two inanimate antecedents ('gladii' and 'sicae') of different genders. So also adjectives and participles. Cf. 3. 9 'data.' They may however agree with the nearest word, as in 3. 18 'visas . . . faces ardoremque caeli.'

qui . . . respondisset, 'although he had answered.' tamen, i.e. in spite of the appearances against him.

se semper, etc., 'that he had always had a fancy for good steel implements.' He purposely avoids using the word 'tela,' pretending that the weapons were only part of a collection.

conscientia, 'his consciousness of guilt.' For 'abiectus' cf. 4. 3 'abiecta metu filia.'

in eandem fere sententiam, 'to much the same effect.'

avi, Cornelius Lentulus, consul 162 b.c. Cf. 4. 13.

eadem ratione, either with litterae, 'of the same tenor,' or with leguntur, 'in the same way,' i.e. 'with the same formalities.'

per quem, the agent was Umbrenus. Cf. §14 below.

subito, adverb, with demens.

cum, 'although.'dicendi exercitatio. Lit. 'practice in speaking,' i.e. 'fluency.'

Quis sim, etc. The general sense of the letter is similarly given by Sallust (Cat. 44) with verbal differences.

locum, 'position.'

etiam infimorum, i.e. he was to arm the slaves.

cum . . . tum, 'just as ... so also.' Cf. 3. 18. illa in each clause refers to what follows. Note that 'certiora' follows 'certissima,' showing that the latter means 'very sure,' not 'the surest possible.' Cicero is fond of using the superlative in this sense.

de summa re publica, 'on a matter so vital to the state.' Cf. 1. 14 'ad summam rempublicam pertinent.'

principibus, the leaders.

sententiae. See on 1. 9.

senatus consultum, the regular word for a decree of the senate. When passed, it was written down, and the names of the principal supporters appended.

liberata . . . sit, etc. Subj. because he is quoting the substance of the decree. usus essem is plup. because 'laudantur' (historic present) is regarded as a past tense.

viro forti, collegae meo. This was C. Antonius Hybrida. He had been associated with Catilina, but Cicero induced him to come over to the side of the senate by giving up to him the province of Macedonia. See note on 4. 23.

a suis et rei publicae, etc., i.e. he had ceased to hold any communication with them, either on his private affairs, or his public duties.

cum se praetura, etc. Note the construction of 'abdico.' Strictly speaking, a magistrate could not be deprived of his office except by his own act; but resignation was practically compulsory under certain circumstances (e.g. when the election was proved to have been obtained by bribery). As praetor, Lentulus could not have been placed under arrest, for the person of a magistrate was inviolable (sacrosanctus).

in custodiam. See on 1. 19.

de iis colonis. See on 2. 20.

supplicatio, i.e. a period of public prayer and thanksgiving. This was accompanied by the ceremony called lectisternium, when the images of the gods were placed on couches (pulvinaria) before their temples, with banquets beside them. Here the people came to worship. Cf. 3. 23 'ad omnia pulvinaria,' and Horace, Odes 1. 37. 2

'nunc Saliaribus
Ornare pulvinar Deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.'A supplicatio was generally a thanksgiving for victory; to the general it was an honour only inferior to a triumph, which it often preceded. More rarely, it was a period of national humiliation in time of disaster. Thus a supplicatio was decreed at the beginning of 217 b.c., and again after the defeat of Cannae. See Livy 22. 1, 23. 11.

meo nomine, 'in my name,' 'in my honour.' This was the only instance of a supplicatio decreed in honour of a citizen not holding a military command.

interest instead of 'interesse videatur,' because he means to state positively that the difference is there, whether the comparison be made or not. So we can say, 'If you compare, there is this difference,' instead of the more strictly grammatical, 'You will find that there is this difference.' Cf. de Amic. §104 'Si illis orbatus essem, tamen affert nihi aetas ipsa solatium'; where the existence of the consolation does not depend on the need for it.

se abdicavit, 'was allowed to resign.'

ut quae religio, etc. A magistrate being 'sacrosanctus,' religious scruples would forbid his punishment. Cicero says that owing to Lentulus' abdication, they will not have this scruple to stand in their way, though reminding them that it did not protect Glaucia. (See on 1. 4.) Tr. 'So that we can punish Lentulus as a private citizen without hindrance from any religious scruple; though such scruples did not prevent C. Marius,' etc.

cum pellebam. See on 1. 7.

somnum, 'the sleepiness.'

aditus, 'the means of approaching.' Cf. Virg. Aen. 4. 423

'Sola viri molles aditus et tempora noras.'

Note the striking picture of Catilina's abilities as a leader here given, and contrast it with Cicero's contemptuous expressions elsewhere, esp. 2. 9.

certos, 'particular,' 'definite.'

mandarat. The pluperf. indic. is rare after cum even when (as here) the connection is of time only.

quod constructed with 'obiret' as the nearest verb. 'occurreret' by itself would require dative.

vigilaret, laboraret do not grammatically construct with 'quod' at all. They are an amplification of 'obiret occurreret'; such amplification being more commonly expressed by an adverbial clause such as 'per vigilias et labores.' Cf. Aesch. P. V. 331

p??t?? etas??? ?a? tet?????? ???,where ?a? tet?????? is an amplification of etas???, and does not construct with ???.

tanto ante, because it was now only Dec. 3 and the Saturnalia (3. 10) did not begin till Dec. 17.

commisisset ut, etc. 'have made the mistake of allowing to be arrested.' Cf. 3. 7 'negavi me facturum esse ut non deferrem.'

cum . . . tum, 'not only ... but also.' Cf. 3. 13.

Nam ut illa, etc. Cicero must here be suiting his language to his audience; for he probably did not believe in miraculous signs. His tone in the second and third speeches, where he is addressing the people, is throughout less refined than in the first and fourth, where he is speaking to the senate.

canere, 'foretell,' often used of prophetic utterances.

Cotta et Torquato consulibus, b.c. 65.

de caelo, i.e. struck by lightning.

legum aera, the brazen tablets on which the laws were engraved.

tactus, etc. In the Capitoline Museum at Rome may be seen a bronze figure of a wolf giving suck to the twins Romulus and Remus. It is just possible that this may be the group alluded to here, as one of the legs shows an injury such as would be caused by lightning; but it is more probably a mediaeval copy of an ancient original.

Etruria, the original home of augury.

adpropinquare dixerunt nisi . . . flexissent. The soothsayers said 'adpropinquant, nisi flexerint,' the fut. perf. becoming plup. subj. in Oratio Obliqua, according to rule. Not adpropinquabunt, because futurity is sufficiently expressed by the word itself, = 'they are drawing near,' 'are upon you.'

suo numine, 'by their influence.' The gods are regarded as subject to Destiny, yet able to mitigate its decrees by their intercession. prope apologizes as it were for the boldness of the expression. Cf. 4. 3 ad fin.

ad orientem, etc. The Forum stretched S.E. from the Capitol, so that a statue on the latter facing E. would overlook it.

collocandum . . . locaverunt, 'gave a contract for its erection'; loco (lit. 'to place out') is used of the person for whom the work is done; conduco of the contractor.

superioribus consulibus, those of 64 b.c., L. Caesar and C. Figulus.

praesens, perhaps 'clear,' i.e. a visible evidence of the hand of the gods; or it may be simply 'opportune.'ut . . . videatur is consecutive, ut . . . statueretur, substantival, explanatory of illud, 'the fact that the statue was being erected at that particular moment.'

eorum indices, 'the witnesses against them.' The Temple of Concord was on the Capitol; Cicero's house on the Palatine; so that the Forum would have to be crossed in passing from one to the other.

ducerentur follows the mood of its main verb 'statueretur.' Otherwise as 'cum' = 'quo tempore' we should probably have had the indic. on the analogy of 1. 7 (where see note) and other instances.

templis atque delubris. See on 3. 2.

mentem voluntatemque, 'disposition and purpose.'

Some editions read 'iam vero illa Allobrogum sollicitatio, iam ab Lentulo,' etc. For iam vero see on 2. 8.

ut . . . neglegerent, substantival ('the fact that') in apposition to 'id' below.

ex civitate male pacata. The limits of Transalpine Gaul were not accurately defined at this time, and disturbances on the borders were frequent. The Allobroges actually revolted two years later, and were suppressed temporarily by C. Pomptinus; they shared in the universal subjugation of Gaul by Caesar, 58-51 b.c.

ultro, 'spontaneously,' 'unsought,' because the first advances were made by Lentulus.

potuerint, 'especially as they (were men who) might have,' etc.

ad omnia pulvinaria. See on supplicatio 3. 15.

togati. See on 2. 28.

The historical allusions in this section will be best explained by the following sketch.

In 88 b.c. Sulla was consul, and had just ended the Social War. P. Sulpicius made certain proposals in the interests of the democratic party, one of which was to transfer the command against Mithridates of Pontus from Sulla to Marius. Sulla marched on Rome; Sulpicius, with a few adherents, was killed; Marius, with others, escaped with difficulty. Sulla thereupon departed for the East.

In 87 Cinna, as consul, revived the schemes of Sulpicius. His colleague Octavius drove him from the city; he collected an army, was joined by Marius, and effected his return by force. A reign of terror followed, during which many aristocrats were killed. Marius died in 86; Cinna was killed in a mutiny two years later.

In 82 Sulla came back from the East, defeated the younger Marius (in alliance with the revolted Samnites), at the Colline Gate, and was created 'dictator reipublicae constituendae.' As such he issued a proscription list, ordering the execution of most of the democratic leaders. Having reformed the constitution in the interest of the optimates, he resigned his power.

After his death M. Lepidus (consul 78) tried to reverse his acts, but was expelled by his colleague Q. Catulus. He raised an army and tried, like Cinna, to effect his return by force, but was defeated by Catulus at the Mulvian Bridge, b.c. 77; he escaped to Sardinia, where he died.

vidistis, because they had all taken place within the last twenty-five years.

custodem huius urbis, he had saved Rome by defeating the Teutones and Cimbri (102, 101 b.c.)

redundavit only suits 'sanguine,' but is applied (by zeugma) to 'acervis corporum' as well, '(was choked) with heaps of corpses and flooded with blood.'

clarissimis viris. Among these were L. Caesar (consul 90, and one of the enfranchisers of the Italians) and Q. Catulus (consul 102) the colleague of Marius in the war against the Cimbri.

ne dici quidem, etc. The victims of the Sullan proscriptions numbered from four to five thousand.

Q. Catulo, son of the Catulus mentioned above.

non tam ipsius, i.e. it was not the fate of Lepidus himself which excited sympathy, but of those who were involved in it.

The reading in this section is uncertain, owing to interpolations having been introduced into the original MS. The text given is Halm's conjectural emendation; the principal variation is as follows:—

'Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones erant eiusmodi Quirites, quae non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rempublicam pertinerent; non illi nullam esse rempublicam, sed in ea quae esset, se esse principes; neque hanc urbem conflagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. [Atque illae tamen omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium reipublicae quaesivit, eiusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed internecione civium diiudicatae sint.']

According to this reading, the sentence in brackets is regarded as a gloss; i.e. an explanation added in the margin by a transcriber, which afterwards found its way into the text.

diiudicatae sint. In consecutive sentences the perf. subj. is used in preference to the imperf. where the fact of the result is emphasized. It answers to ?ste with indicative: the imperfect to ?ste with infinitive.tantum, 'only so much.'

infinitae caedi restitisset (resto), lit. 'had remained over to bloodshed,' i.e. as the only thing left for it to destroy. Cf. Virg. Aen. 1. 679.

'Dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae.'

insigne honoris, 'mark of distinction,' may perhaps refer to some purely personal honour (such as the title 'pater patriae'); monimentum laudis, 'memorial of renown,' to something more external (such as a statue). But see below.

ornamenta honoris, etc. The three expressions seem to be practically synonymous, unless 'laudis insignia' be meant to include the other two. 'Every honourable decoration, every glorious memorial, every outward mark of distinction.'

alentur, 'will be cherished.'

literarum monimentis, 'in the records of literature,' i.e. history.

eandemque diem, etc. 'Diem' here = 'period.' He means that he has preserved the state for an unlimited period, and that during that period the recollection of his consulship will last; the two will go together, hence 'eandem.' Tr. 'I feel that one and the same term—a term which I trust will have no limit—has been extended to the safe existence of the state and the recollection of my consulship.'

exstitisse may either depend upon 'intellego,' or (better) upon a verb to be understood from 'memoriam'; 'and (the recollection) that there were,' etc.

alter, i.e. Pompeius, who was extending the empire by his conquests in the East, which added the province of Syria to the Roman dominions. Cicero speaks with rhetorical exaggeration.

condicio, 'circumstances,' 'position.' See on 2. 14.

recte, 'as is just.'

bonis. See on 'bonorum' 1. 1.

Quodsi, etc. Cicero's fears were realized by the motion for his banishment (for having put Roman citizens to death without trial) carried by Clodius, 58 b.c.

vitae fructum, 'the results of life.'

honore vestro, 'the honours you can bestow'; gloria virtutis, 'renown won by merit.'

Illud, explained by 'ut . . . tuear,' etc.

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