[N.B.—The references are to the sections.]

ORATION I.

tandem often strengthens interrogatives. 'How long, pray?' or 'How long, I ask?' Cf. 1. 16 'quo tandem animo hoc tibi ferendum putas?' and 2. 2 'quanto tandem maerore?' So also with imperatives, as in 1. 8 'Recognosce tandem.'

abutere, future, as is shown by 'eludet,' 'iactabit.'

quam diu, etc. 'How long will your madness yet have full play?' Connect 'etiam' with 'quamdiu,' as in Sall. Cat. 61 'Catilina repertus est paullulum etiam spirans.' For 'eludet' used absolutely cf. Livy 2. 45 'adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat.' But some editors read 'nos eludet' ('make sport of us').

nocturnum praesidium Palatii. The Palatium, or 'Mons Palatinus,' was one of the seven hills, occupying a central position S. E. of the Capitoline. It was now protected at night by a guard against any sudden attempt of the conspirators to seize it. Augustus and his successors had their residence there; hence, in later times, 'palatium' came to mean 'a palace.'

urbis vigiliae, 'the patrols of the city.'

bonorum, perhaps in a general sense 'respectable citizens,' but with special reference to the senatorial party at Rome, who called themselves boni cives or optimates; just as the aristocratic party at Athens called themselves ?a?????a???.

hic munitissimus, etc. They were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator on the Palatine, which was protected by the Equites in arms. The ordinary place of meeting was the Curia Hostilia, on the north side of the Forum.

horum, the senators.

constrictam . . . coniurationem tuam, 'that your conspiracy is fast held and bound in the knowledge of all here present,' (i.e. it is powerless, because everybody knows of it).Quid proxima . . . arbitraris? 'Quem' is the direct interrogative; 'quid egeris,' 'ubi fueris,' etc., indirect questions depending upon 'ignorare'; they are put first in the sentence for the sake of emphasis.

proxima nocte, 'last night,' on which the attempt on Cicero's life was made, superiore, 'the night before last,' when the meeting in the house of Laeca was held. See Introduction, pp. 11, 12, and note.

immo vero is used when the speaker wishes to correct, either by addition or qualification, something that has been said, like the Greek ?? ???. 'Lives, did I say? Nay, he actually comes into the senate.' Cf. 4. 17 'maxima pars . . . immo vero genus universum.'

publici consilii. Consilium properly = 'deliberation,' 'counsel.' Hence, as here, 'the deliberating body,' a sense which more properly belongs to concilium. Any state-constituted assemblage of persons for deliberation was called 'consilium publicum' (e.g. a board of iudices assembled to try a case at law).

unum quemque nostrum, not 'each one of us,' but 'us, one by one,' 'individually.'

viri fortes, ironical.

si vitemus. The subj. is used in the protasis, because the idea of contingency is contained in 'satisfacere videmur,' which is substituted for the more regular 'satisfaciamus.' Cf. 4. 7 'habere videtur ista res iniquitatem, si imperare velis,' and 2. 25 'si contendere velimus, intelligere possumus.'

iussu consulis. The Lex Valeria (see note on 1. 28) secured to every citizen the right of appeal to the people against the sentence of a magistrate. On the question whether Cicero was on this occasion legally entitled to put Catilina to death on his own authority, see Intr. Note B.

An vero, etc. Tiberius Gracchus was tribune 133 b.c.. His law for the distribution of the public land roused against him the hatred of the aristocratic party. On the day of the tribunician election for the next year he was attacked and killed with 300 of his adherents by a body of senators headed by Scipio Nasica. Privatus is strongly opposed to consules in the next clause. It appears that Nasica was not actually Pontifex Maximus at the time, but in any case the office was not regarded as a magistracy.

mediocriter labefactantem is similarly contrasted with the more serious designs of Catilina. Cicero here mentions the violent proceedings against the Gracchi and their successors with approval, because he wished to plead for similar measures against Catilina. In another speech delivered during this year (de Lege Agraria 2. 5. 10) he calls them 'amantissimi plebis Romanae viri,' and says, 'Non sum autem is consul, qui, ut plerique, nefas esse arbitrer Gracchos laudare.'

C. Servilius, etc. Spurius Maelius, a rich plebeian, sold corn to the populace at low rates during a famine in 440 b.c. He was accused of aiming at the supreme power. Cincinnatus was appointed dictator, with C. Servilius Ahala as his master of the horse; the latter killed Sp. Maelius with his own hand.

quod . . . occidit, 'the fact that,' in apposition to illa, which, as often, refers to what follows, like ??e???? in Greek.

Habemus senatus consultum, i.e. the ultimum decretum, passed Oct. 21. See Introduction, p. 11.

non deest, etc. The senate, as the deliberative and authorizing body, have done their part; the consuls, as the executive, fail.

Decrevit quondam, etc. This was in 121 b.c. Gaius Gracchus (tribune 123, 122) had carried a series of measures tending to overthrow the authority of the senate. They took the opportunity of a tumult to pass the ultimum decretum, whereupon L. Opimius the consul, with an armed force, attacked the Aventine, where the adherents of Gracchus were assembled. Gracchus himself and his supporter M. Fulvius were killed.

propter quasdam, etc., a mild expression, intended once more to point the contrast between the Gracchi and Catilina.

patre. Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, who was twice consul and twice triumphed.

avo. His mother was Cornelia, daughter of Cornelius Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.

Simili senatus consulto, etc. In 100 b.c. revolutionary measures were proposed by L. Appuleius Saturninus and C. Servilius Glaucia. In their fear of violence, the senate passed the ultimum decretum and called upon the consul Marius to protect them, though he had been a supporter of Saturninus. In the tumult which followed, the latter and his adherents were shut up in the senate house, where their opponents, taking off the tiles, stoned them to death.

mors ac reipublicae poena. 'Ac' is explanatory, 'death, (which was) the penalty inflicted by the state.'

remorata est, literally, 'Did death keep them waiting a day longer?' i.e. 'Had they to wait a single day longer for their death?' He means that they were put to death on the same day as that on which the ultimum decretum was passed.

vicesimum diem. He speaks in round numbers. The exact time since Oct. 21 (by the Roman reckoning) was eighteen or nineteen days, according as we fix the date of this speech to Nov. 7 or Nov. 8. See Introduction, p. 12, note.

interfectum te esse convenit, 'you might well have been put to death.'

patres conscripti. The regular title used in addressing the senate. The traditional explanation of it is as follows. The original senators were called patres (patricians); after the expulsion of the kings 160 new senators were enrolled (partly plebeians); these were called conscripti. Hence the whole body were addressed as patres et conscripti and by abbreviation patres conscripti. But this would seem to require adscripti rather than conscripti, and 'it is possible the senators were originally called patres conscripti to distinguish them from those patres who were not senators.' [Gow's Companion to School Classics, p. 192.]

in Etruriae faucibus, at Faesulae (now Fiesole), on the south-west slope of the Apennines, commanding one of the passes into Cisalpine Gaul.

adeo, 'even,' 'actually.' Cf. 1. 9 'atque adeo de orbis terrarum exitio.'

si te iam, etc. 'Credo,' as usual, marks the sentence as ironical. He might conceivably fear two opposite criticisms on his conduct—

(a) 'ne omnes boni serius factum esse dicant,'

(b) 'ne quisquam crudelius factum esse dicat.'

He really fears (a); hence speaking ironically he reverses the case, and says, I shall have to fear, I suppose, not rather (a) than (b) (i.e. not so much (a) as (b)). Translate the whole—'I shall have to fear I suppose—not that all good citizens may call my action tardy—but that some one may say it was excessively cruel.'

quisquam, besides its regular use in negative sentences and questions implying a negative, is used in affirmative sentences, in the sense of 'any one at all,' where it is implied that there can be none, or at most but one or two.

mihi crede, 'trust to me,' 'take my advice.'

me . . . dicere. The pres. inf. is often used after memini when the speaker refers to his own experience. The past event is for the moment actually present to his mind. So in English 'do you remember my saying?' Cf. Virg. Ecl. 1. 17 'de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus.'

a. d. xii Kal. Nov. Oct. 21. See Intr. page 11.

futurus esset, subj. as part of what Cicero said in the senate.

a. d. vi Kal. Nov. Oct. 27. The reading is not certain, the MSS. varying between vi and ix.audaciae satellitem, etc., 'servant and helper.' 'Satelles' implies a lower, less free relation than 'administer.' Cf. in Verr. 3. 21 'ministri ac satellites cupiditatum.'

Num me fefellit, 'Was I not right, not only as to the gravity of the design, savage and incredible as it was, but—what is more remarkable—in the date?'

optimatium. See note on 'bonorum' 1. 1.

sui, neut. gen. sing. from 'suus,' used to supply the place of gen. pl. of 'se.' Cf. the similar use of 'nostri,' 'vestri.'

cum . . . profugerunt. When cum simply means 'at the time when' (quo tempore) and does not contain any idea of consequence or cause, it is usually (though by no means invariably) followed by the indicative; especially when, as here, the time is fixed by the preceding demonstrative tum. Cf. below 'cum . . . dicebas,' and 1. 21 'cum quiescunt, probant,' 2. 1 'loco ille motus est, cum ex urbe est expulsus.' Nothing is known of this exodus.

qui remansissemus. The antecedent to 'qui' must be understood from 'nostra.' Subj. because part of the Oratio Obliqua. Catilina said, 'caede illorum qui remanserunt contentus sum.'

Quid? a particle of transition, frequent in rhetorical passages. 'Again.' 'Nay more.' Cf. 'Quid vero?' 1. 14.

cum, 'although.'

Praeneste, twenty miles S. E. of Rome, occupying a strong position in the Hernican mountains. It had been the last stronghold of the younger Marius in 82 b.c.; on its capitulation Sulla put most of the citizens to death, and subsequently established one of his colonies on the site. Catilina hoped to use it as a fortified post.

quod non ego, etc. 'Quod' is consecutive, = 'tale ut.' 'Non' negatives the whole clause 'ego . . . sentiam.' Others for 'quod non' read 'quin' [= 'qui-ne,' lit. 'in such a way that not'], i.e. 'you can do nothing without my hearing it.'

tandem. See on 1. 1.

noctem illam superiorem, 'the night before last'; 'last night' would be 'hanc noctem' or 'proximam noctem.' Below he says 'priore nocte,' to avoid repeating the same word. See Introduction, p. 12, note.

ad, 'with a view to.' Cf. 1. 26 'ad hoc studium meditati.'

inter falcarios, 'in the street of the scythemakers.' Cf. 'inter lignarios,' 'in the street of the carpenters.' Livy 35. 41.

ubinam gentium, 'Where in the world?' A genitive is sometimes joined to an adverb of place or time to define it more exactly. Cf. 'ibidem loci' = 'in the same place'; 'nusquam gentium' = 'nowhere in the world;' 'postea loci' (Sallust, Jug. 102. 1), 'afterwards,' and the Greek p?? ???;

de re publica sententiam rogo. The consul collected the opinion of the senate by asking each senator successively for his vote (sententia) on the question before the house. The senator might either give it without comment or make a speech in support of his views.

illa ipsa nocte. See Introduction, p. 12, note.

duo equites Romani. On equites see Introduction, p. 9, note. Their names were C. Cornelius and L. Vargunteius (Sallust, Cat. 28).

salutatum, supine. The early morning was the usual time for complimentary calls. Cf. Martial 4. 8. 1 'Prima salutantes atque altera conterit hora.'

id temporis, adverbial phrase, 'at that particular time.' Cf. Cic. Pro Roscio Amerino 97 'ut id temporis Roma proficisceretur'; Tac. Ann. 5. 9 'oblisis faucibus id aetatis corpora in Gemonias abjecta.' For this use of the accusative, cf. phrases like 'ceterum,' 'suam vicem,' etc.

aliquando often strengthens imperatives, implying that now at length the time has come for doing what is requested. Cf. Cic. Phil. 2. 46.118 'Respice, quaeso, aliquando'; and in Verrem 2. 1. 28 'audite, quaeso, et aliquando miseremini sociorum.' So in Greek ??e? p?t? (Soph. Phil. 816). Cf. also 'tandem aliquando' 1. 18, 2. 1.

Iovi Statori. The senate were assembled in the temple of Iuppiter Stator on the Palatine. See on 1. 33.

in uno homine, 'in the person of a single man.'

consuli designato. He was 'designatus' during the latter part of 64. We do not know that Catilina then made any attempt on his life.

proximis comitiis consularibus, 'at the late assembly for the election of the consuls.'

campo. The Comitia Centuriata, which elected the consuls, met in the Campus Martius; the Comitia Tributa in the Forum.

nullo tumultu publice concitato, 'without any official summons to arms.'

per me, 'by myself,' i.e. by my own exertions without calling in other help. Cf. 1. 28 'hominem per te cognitum,' 4. 24 'per se ipsum praestare.'

quod est primum, etc. 'Since I cannot yet venture to take the course which is the most obvious, and the most suited to the authority I hold and the strict traditions of our ancestors.' Imperium is the consular authority (not 'empire'). Cf. 2. 3 'huius imperii severitas.'

ad. Greek p???. 'With respect to.' Cf. 2. 18 'adquirere ad fidem.'

sentina rei publicae, ('the refuse of the state'), forms a single expression upon which the explanatory genitive 'tuorum comitum' ('consisting of your comrades') depends.

faciebas, 'were just doing,' 'ready to do.'

exilium. See on §20 below.

domesticae turpitudinis refers especially to family scandals, such as the story of his wife and son (§14). privatarum rerum dedecus, to offences extending beyond the family, but still confined to private life, i.e. having no political object.

inretisses. Subjunctive, because the antecedent to 'quem' does not refer to any particular individual, but stands for a class.

ad audaciam, etc. The sword and the torch are the instruments by which 'audacia' and 'libido' attain their objects; the former to strike the blow, the latter to show the way in the darkness.

alio incredibili scelere. Sallust (Cat. 15) says that Catilina, wishing to marry the profligate Orestilla, poisoned his son because she objected to his presence. The further charge, that he had killed his first wife, is mentioned by Cicero alone.

aut non vindicata esse, understand 'si exstiterit.'

proximis Idibus. The Kalends, Nones, and Ides were the 'settling-days' at Rome. Cicero means that Catilina will realize his failure on the next settling-day, when his creditors will demand their money. Cf. Hor. Sat. 1. 3. 87 'Cum misero tristes venere Kalendae,' and Epodes 2. 69 'Omnem redegit Idibus pecuniam, Curat Kalendis ponere,' where the money-lender calls in his money on the Ides of one month, and on the Kalends of the next lends it out again.

te pridie Kalendas, etc., i.e. December 31, 66 b.c. This refers to the so-called 'first conspiracy,' on which see Introduction, page 8.

comitio. The singular comitium denotes the place of assembly; the plural comitia the assembly itself.

mentem, 'reflection.'

fortunam, because the plot only failed through his accidentally giving the signal too soon.

neque enim, etc. 'Neque' negatives the whole sentence, and 'non' goes closely with 'multa'; 'for they are no secret, nor have your later offences been few.'

parva quadam declinatione et, ut aiunt, corpore. Hendiadys, 'by a mere turn of the body, so to speak.' The metaphor is taken from fencing, ('ut aiunt' being introduced, like the Greek ?? e?pe??, to soften the abruptness). Cf. Virg. Aen. 5. 437 (of boxing)

'Stat gravis Entellus, nisuque immotus eodem
Corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit.'

initiata ac devota. 'Consecrated and vowed'; alluding to the common practice of assassins, of dedicating the weapon to some patron deity, in case of the attempt being successful. 'Quae' is the connecting relative, and 'quibus . . . sit,' an indirect question depending on 'nescio.'

nulla, adverbial, 'which you do not deserve at all.'

tibi persaepe. In prose (except after the gerundive) the dative of the agent is only used with personal pronouns, and when the thing is done for the interest of as well as by the person. In poetry there is no such restriction. Other instances are 1. 24 'cui sciam pactam cum Manlio diem,' 2. 13 'quem ad modum esset ei ratio belli descripta,' 2. 26 'mihi consultum ac provisum est.'

tandem. See on 1. 1.

pacto, used adverbially like 'modo.' Cf. 'quo pacto' = 'how?'

metuerent. See on 'loquatur' 1. 19 below.

urbem. Sc. 'relinquendam esse.'

iniuria, 'undeservedly.'

aliquo, 'to some spot or other,' 'somewhither'; cf. 'in aliquas terras' 1. 20. Cf. Ter. And. 339 'dum proficiscor aliquo.'

nunc, 'as it is.' So ??? in Greek.

tacita loquitur. Oxymoron, lit. 'speaks without voice,' 'silently appeals to you.'

multorum civium neces, alluding to his share in carrying out the proscriptions of Sulla.

vexatio direptioque sociorum. He had been propraetor of Africa 67 b.c., brought to trial for extortion, but acquitted in spite of strong evidence of guilt. The term socii had been originally confined to those Italians who were not cives; but since the franchise had been given to all Italians (90-89 b.c.) it had been extended to the provincials.

quaestiones, 'law-courts' (quaestio from quaero, lit. 'an investigation'). Criminal jurisdiction belonged legally to the people assembled in the Comitia Centuriata. As it soon became impossible for the whole body of citizens to try every case, trials were delegated from time to time to commissions (quaestiones) specially appointed. Hence arose the idea of establishing standing commissions (quaestiones perpetuae) to try particular classes of offences. The earliest of these was the quaestio perpetua de repetundis (149 b.c.), which had cognizance of all cases of extortion. Catilina would have been indicted before it. Other quaestiones perpetuae were subsequently added, and the whole system was regulated and extended by Sulla.

tandem aliquando. See on 1. 10.

si loquatur . . . debeat. Contrast this with the conditional sentence in §17 above, 'si metuerent . . . putarem.' Both the imperf. and the pres. subj. make an imaginary supposition; but the imperfect, throwing it into the past, marks it as impossible; the present regards it as still conceivable. Thus 'si metuerent' (e? ?f????t?) = 'if they feared' (which they do not); but 'si loquatur' (e? ?????) = 'if it were to speak' (now or at any future time).

custodiam. A citizen was not imprisoned pending his trial on a criminal charge. As a rule, he simply gave bail for his appearance; sometimes however he was placed in the charge of some citizen of reputation, who became responsible for his safe keeping (libera custodia). Catilina had offered to place himself under some such restraint on his indictment for inciting to riot (de vi) by L. Paullus. See Introduction, page 11. The trial never took place, owing to the subsequent events.

parietibus . . . moenibus. Paries is the wall of a house; moenia the walls of a town; murus the general term.

videlicet, ironical ('videre licet,' like 'scilicet' = 'scire licet').

aliquas, cf. 'aliquo,' 1. 17 and note there.

ad senatum referre, the technical term for bringing a matter before the senate for discussion. This could only be done by the consul (or other magistrate) who summoned and presided over the meeting.

non referam. The real reason of his refusal was that the senate, not being a judicial court, had no power to pass sentence upon any individual. Moreover exile was not technically a punishment known to Roman law; it was merely a recognized means of anticipating a sentence. See on §28 below.

hi, the senators.

After proficiscere Cicero pauses, to give time for an expression of opinion from the senators. As they are silent he resumes, 'Quid est,' etc. Cf. the rhetorical artifice in Demosth. de Cor. §52.

auctoritatem, expressed request; voluntatem, unexpressed desire.

Sestio. Now quaestor; tribune in 57 b.c. when he was active in promoting Cicero's return from exile. In 56 Cicero defended him on a charge of riot.

M. Marcello, consul 51 b.c. Opposed Caesar; but was recalled from exile by him and pardoned 46 b.c.

vim et manus, hendiadys.

cum, with indicative, see note on 1. 7. 'By their silence, they approve.'

cara, because he professed himself ready to submit to a decree of the senate ordering his exile.

iam pridem studes, 'have long been desiring.' Cf. the Greek p??a? ?p???e?.

te ut ulla res frangat? 'What? anything break your resolution?' This is exactly like the exclamatory use of the acc. and inf. in phrases like 'Mene incepto desistere victam?' (Virg. Aen. 1. 37) only here 'ut' with subj. takes the place of the more usual acc. and infin. (i.e. he might have said, 'Tene ullam rem frangere?') Cf. below §24 'tu ut illa diutius carere possis?' 'Hoccine ut ego nomine appellem eversores huius imperii?' (pro Sestio §17), 'Utne tegam spurco Damae latus?' (Hor. Sat. 2. 5. 18).

duint. Subj. from 'duo' (perhaps an older form of 'do') with i as the characteristic vowel, in the place of the more usual a, as in 'sim,' 'velim,' 'possim,' 'edim,' etc. The form is found frequently in Plautus, Terence, and old legal phrases. See Roby's Lat. Gr. vol. i. §589.

sed est tanti, 'but it is worth while' (to risk the unpopularity).

privata, i.e. affects me only as a private citizen.

legum poenas, 'the punishment prescribed by the laws.' Cf. 'rei publicae poena' 1. 4.

temporibus rei publicae cedas, 'yield to the exigencies of the state'; 'tempora,' as often, of a political crisis. Catilina is to yield to these in the sense that he is to sacrifice his personal convenience for the public advantage.

ratio, 'sound reasoning,' 'reflection.' The consecutive sentence is best translated by turning 'revocaverit' into a passive, 'you are not the man to have been recalled,' etc.

exsulta, 'revel.' Lit. 'leap about,' 'gambol.' Cf. §26 below.

latrocinio, 'brigandage' opposed to 'bellum,' §27. 'Latro,' originally 'a mercenary,' connected with ?at?e??; hence a brigand, because mercenary troops were addicted to indiscriminate plundering.

sciam, subjunctive, as giving a reason, 'seeing that I know you have sent on,' etc.

Forum Aurelium, a small place on the Via Aurelia, about fifty miles from Rome.

cui. See note on 1. 16.

aquilam. Marius introduced the silver eagle as the standard of the legion. The one in question had been used (according to Sallust) in the war against the Cimbri.

cui domi tuae, etc. The place where the eagles were set up in the camp was regarded as sacred. Catilina prepares a similar sacred spot for his in his own house. Sacrarium means (1) a shrine, (2) any secret place; it is here used in both senses; hence trans. 'for which you have consecrated at your house the secret chamber of your crimes.' But Halm would omit 'scelerum tuorum' as an interpolation.

tu ut illa, etc. See above on §22.

altaribus, 'the altar'; the singular form is not found in classical Latin.

haec res, i.e. making war upon your country.

tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem, etc. As the two clauses have the same verb ('concupisti') the negative is expressed only in the second which contains the verb, and must be understood from it to the first, i.e. 'non concupisti' must be understood after 'non modo.' Literally, 'you not only (did not want) peace, but did not even want a war unless it were wicked.' Observe that the negation in these two clauses does not cancel but repeats the original negative 'nunquam.' This is the regular usage where a negative proposition branches out into two clauses. Cf. 'Ea Caesar nunquam neque fecit neque fecisset' (Cic. ad Fam. 14. 13), 'Caesar never did nor would have done those things.' See Kennedy's Public Sch. Lat. Gr. §84. In English we may avoid the repetition of negatives and say, 'you have never desired—I will not say peace—but even war that was anything but criminal.' Exactly parallel is 2. 8 'Nemo non modo Romae, sed ne ullo quidem in angulo totius Italiae fuit' Cf. also 2. 20 'ut iam,' etc.; 2. 21 'ut non modo,' etc.

conflatam. Metaphor from working metals, 'fused,' 'welded together.' Cf. Virg. Georg. 1. 508 'falces conflantur in ensem,' and pro Roscio §1 'iniuriam novo scelere conflatam.' So s?f?s?? in Greek; cf. Ar. Knights 468

?a? ta?t' ?f' ??s?? ?st? s?f?s?e?a
???da.

meditati, in passive sense, as the participles of many other deponents; e.g. 'ultus,' 'complexus,' 'testatus,' 'adeptus,' etc. Cf. Phil. 2. 34. 85 'meditatum et cogitatum scelus.'

qui feruntur labores, ?? ?e??e??? p????, 'those exertions of yours they talk of.'

iacere, vigilare, infinitives in apposition to labores.

a consulatu. At the election of consuls for 62, held a few weeks before, Cicero had used his influence to defeat Catilina. See Introduction, page 10. On 'cum' with indic. see 1. 7.

est. Generally a verb dependent on a subjunctive is itself subjunctive. Here however the relative clause is not really part of the consecutive sentence, but a mere epithet explanatory of 'id,' added by the speaker, hence est not esset. Cf. 3. 21 '(quis est) qui neget haec omnia quae videmus,' etc.

latrocinium. See on §23 above.

detester, 'detestari' = 'to avert by entreaty.'

si loquatur. The apodosis is not expressed, owing to the length of the following address. On pres. subj. see note on 1. 19.

mactari. Cicero and Caesar only use the acc. and inf. after 'impero' with passive verbs; in other cases 'ut' and subj.

persaepe etiam privati, an exaggeration. The only case of a 'privatus' putting an offender to death which Cicero quotes is that of Scipio Nasica and Ti. Gracchus. See note on 1. 3.

An leges, etc. The earliest of these was the Lex Valeria (509 b.c.), which secured the right of appeal to the people from the magistrate ('ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provocationem necaret neve verberaret'). This was re-enacted, and the penalty for violating it strengthened by the Lex Porcia (197 b.c.) and the Lex Sempronia (122 b.c., Gaius Gracchus). Notice that these laws only forbade the magistrate to inflict death or scourging on his own authority. The power to do so, after trial and condemnation, remained with the people; but it was seldom or never exercised, because the right of the accused to anticipate the sentence by voluntary exile was universally recognized, and even according to Sallust secured by law. See Cat. 51 'aliae leges condemnatis civibus non animam eripi sed exilium permitti iubent.'

at nunquam, etc. Cf. 4. 10; on the validity of this argument see Intr. Note B.

invidiam posteritatis. Subjective genitive, 'hatred of (felt by) posterity.' fortitudinis, just below, is objective, 'unpopularity of (attaching to) firmness.'

per te cognitum, 'known by your own exertions only'; cf. 1. 11 'per me tibi obstiti.' Cicero was a novus homo; i.e. none of his ancestors had held a curule office.

tam mature. The age which a citizen must attain before becoming a candidate for the several offices was fixed by the Lex Villia Annalis (180 b.c.). Cicero appears to have been chosen for each magistracy suo anno, i.e. as soon as he was legally eligible. He was now 43.

per omnes honorum gradus, 'through all the degrees of office.' By the Leges Annales of Sulla, the offices of quaestor, praetor, consul, had to be filled successively in the order named.

si summi viri, etc. See notes on 1. 3, 4.

parricida, because he is attacking the 'patria' which is 'omnium nostrum communis parens.' But the word is sometimes used in a more extended sense of wilful murder or sacrilege.

redundaret. Metaphor from the overflowing of a stream: 'lest any flood of unpopularity should overwhelm me in the future.' (Cf. the English phrase 'to redound to one's credit.')

Quamquam, etc. The first 'qui' is consecutive ('tales ut'), the second is the connecting relative ('hi autem'), hence followed by indic. 'aluerunt.'

dissimulent, sc. 'se videre.'

sententiis, 'votes' (in the senate). See on 1. 9.

regie, 'tyrannically,' i.e. like a despot, not like the magistrate of a free state. Gk. t??a??????. Cf. 2. 14 'crudelissimum tyrannum.'

naufragos, 'castaways.' Cf. 2. 24 'illam naufragorum manum.'

nescio quo pacto, 'somehow.' 'Nescio quis' is treated as a single word, hence erupit not eruperit.

latrocinio, abstract for concrete; 'band of brigands.'

aestu febrique, hendiadys, 'in the burning heat of fever.'

biberunt, v.l. 'biberint.'

relevatus represents the protasis, 'si relevatus erit.'

praetoris urbani. The business of the praetors during their year of office was mainly judicial. They were now eight in number; two presided in the civil court; of these the praetor urbanus tried suits between citizens at a fixed tribunal in the Forum; the praetor peregrinus suits between citizens and foreigners. The remaining six (without distinctive name) acted as judges in criminal cases. Cicero means that Catilina and his friends tried to intimidate the praetor in the discharge of his duties.

malleolos. The 'malleolus' was a missile used in sieges. It was filled with tow, which was ignited before it was thrown, and had an arrow affixed. The name seems to be derived from the shape, which resembled a mallet.

tantam in vobis, etc., i.e. he would as consul secure the execution of whatever the senate might decree.

cum. Used of the attendant circumstances of an action. In English, 'to the salvation of the state, the destruction of yourself,' etc.

Iuppiter. The temple of Iuppiter Stator (the 'Stayer of flight,' the 'Stablisher,') was vowed by Romulus during the fight with the Sabines (Livy 1. 12); it was not, however, built till 294 b.c. (Livy 10. 37).

auspicia, augury from the flight of birds, which always preceded any important undertaking. As the auspices were taken by the chief, 'to do a thing under a person's auspices' came to mean 'to act under his leadership and protection.'

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