  References are to Book and Section; all dates, given in parentheses (...), are b.c. Academicians. 1. adherents of the New Academy ( Accius, Lucius, a tragic poet (born 170). His tragedies were mostly imitations from the Greek. Cicero knew him personally; quotes from him, iii,84, 102, 106. Acilius; Gaius Acilius Glabrio (tribune, 197); interpreter, when Carneades, Diogenes, and Critolaus came to Rome; author of History of Rome, iii,115. Admiration, how won with dignity, ii,31 fg. Aeacidae, descendants of Aeacus ( Aedileship, cost of, ii,57-60. Aeginetans, the people of Aegina ( Aelius; see Tubero. Aemilius; see Paulus and Scaurus. Aequians, a warlike mountain tribe on the upper Anio, warring against Rome (till 304), i,35. Aesopus, Claudius, an intimate friend of Cicero, Rome's greatest tragic actor, i,114. Africa, the province in which Carthage was, i,112 (Thapsus); iii,99 (Carthage). Africanus; see Scipio. Agesilaus, king of Sparta (398-360); waged war in Asia (396-394), victor at Coronea, saviour of Sparta after Mantinea (362); ii,16. Agrarian Laws, a menace to the stability of the government, ii,78-83. Agriculture, impossible without man, ii,12; man's noblest calling, i,151. Agrigentum, a city on the south coast of Sicily, once "the most beautiful city of mortals," ruled by Phalaris (560), ii,26. Ajax, son of Telamon; could brook no wrong, went mad, and committed suicide when the arms of Achilles were awarded to Odysseus, i,113; rebuked Odysseus, iii,98. Subject of a tragedy by Ennius, i,114. Albucius, Titus, an Epicurean; praetor in Sardinia (105); prosecuted for extortion, ii,50. Alexander, the Great (356-323), son Alexander, tyrant of Pherae (369); brother, son-in-law, and successor of Jason ( Alexandria, the metropolis of Egypt at the mouth of the Nile; founded by Alexander (332); centre of wealth (ii,82); grain market, iii,50. Alps, the mountains between Italy and further Gaul, ii,28. Ambition, a cause of injustice, i,25-26, 46, 65; of moral wrong, iii,82; of treason, iii,82-83; the foe of freedom, i,68; ii,28. Amusements, wholesome, i,103-104. Anger, never excusable, i,89. Anio, the Sabine river, tributary to the Tiber; the battle on (340), which gave Rome supremacy over all Latium, iii,112. Anniceris, of Cyrene (4th century), a successor of Aristippus; his school a cross between the Epicurean and the Cyrenaic: he denied that pleasure was merely absence of pain; he held that every act had its own distinct purpose and that the virtues are good in themselves; his teachings were not permanent, iii,116. Antiope, mother of Amphion and Zethus, by whom she was saved from the persecutions of her former husband Lycus and his wife Dirce; her vengeance on Dirce drove her mad; subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, i,114. Antipater, vice-regent of Macedon (334); father of Cassander, ii,48. Antipater, of Tyre (1st century), friend of Cato the younger; a Stoic, ii,86. Antonius, Marcus, the famous orator (143-87), ii,49; advocate, iii,67; father of Cicero's colleague and grandfather of the triumvir. Apelles, of Cos (4th century), the greatest painter of his age; court painter to Alexander the Great; his masterpiece was a Venus rising from the sea; another Venus left unfinished, iii,10. Apollo, god of the light of day; giver of oracles at Pytho, ii,77. Appetite, subject to Reason, i,101-103, 132, 141. Aquilius; Gaius Aquilius Gallus, famous jurist; Cicero's colleague in the praetorship; author of formulae on criminal fraud, iii,60-61. Aquilius, Manius, consul (101) with Marius; victorious in the Servile War in Sicily; prosecuted (98) but acquitted, ii,50. Aratus, of Sicyon, soldier and statesman (271-213), removed the tyrant Nicocles (251) and averted financial ruin, ii,81, 82; leader of the Achaean League; poisoned by order of Philip of Macedon. Areopagites, members of the Council of Areopagus. Areopagus, "Mars Hill," a spur of the Acropolis, seat of the highest court of Athens; the court itself, with powers of senate and supreme court, reorganized and enlarged in function by Solon, i,75. Arginusae, a group of islands off the coast of Asia Minor, near Lesbos, scene of the victory of the Athenian fleet (406), i,84. Argos, the chief city of Argolis, ii,81. Aristo, of Chios (3rd century), a Stoic philosopher, pupil of Zeno; he taught indifference to externals, nothing good but virtue, nothing evil but vice; his theories rejected, i,6. Arpinates, the people of Arpinum, owners of public lands, i,21. Arpinum, a town in Latium, birthplace of Cicero and Gaius Marius, i,21. Athenians, the people of Athens, i,75, 84; their cruel subjugation of Aegina, iii,46; left their homes to fight at Salamis, iii,48; political strife, i,86; high moral principles of, iii,49, 55. Athens, ii,64, 86; iii,55, 87; the intellectual and artistic centre of the world; led Greece in the Persian wars (490-479); humbled by Sparta (404); the university city of the Roman world, i,1; iii,6, 121. Atilius; see Regulus. Atilius; Sextus Atilius Serranus, consul (136), iii,109. Attic, belonging to Attica, the province in which Athens is situated; Attic comedy, the comedy of Aristophanes, Eupolis, Menander, etc., i,104. Babylonia, the district around Babylon at the head of the Persian Gulf, iii,51. Bardulis, king of Illyria, conquered a large part of Macedonia from Perdiccas, the brother and predecessor of Philip; defeated and slain by Philip (358); called a "brigand," because his career did not tend to promote civilization, ii,40. Basilus, Lucius Minucius, otherwise unknown; perhaps Sulla's lieutenant, iii,73-74. Beauty, physical, i,98, 126; types of, i,130. Beneficence; see Generosity. Bribery, in Rome, ii,21-22, 75. Brutus, Marcus Junius, an eminent jurist, one of the three founders of the civil law; father of "the Accuser," ii,50. Brutus; Marcus Junius Brutus Accusator, orator and vigorous prosecutor, son of the preceding, ii,50. Caelian Hill, the south-east hill of Rome, iii,66. Caesar, Gaius Julius, son of Lucius Caesar Strabo Vopiscus, candidate for the consulship (88), Caesar, Lucius Julius, father of the Dictator, i,108. Callicratidas, succeeded Lysander as admiral of the Spartan fleet, i,109; defeated Conon, took Lesbos, lost the battle and his life at Arginusae (406), i,84. Calpurnius; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi; see Piso. Calpurnius; Publius Calpurnius Lanarius; see Lanarius. Calypso, the nymph of Ogygia, who kept Odysseus (Ulysses) with her seven years, i,113. Campus (Martius), the open plain next to the Tiber outside the north wall of Rome; playground and drillground, i,104. Canius, Gaius, a Roman knight, iii,58-60. Cannae, a town on the Aufidus in Apulia, scene of Hannibal's overwhelming defeat of the Romans (216), i,40; iii,47, 113. Capitolium, the Capitoline Hill, between the forum and the Tiber, the citadel of Rome, with the temple of Jupiter and Good Faith, iii,104; place of augury, iii,66. Cassander, son of Antipater, disinherited by his father, gained the throne of Macedonia (306) by wars and murders (319-301), ii,48. Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Censor (or Major, the Elder, i,37) (234-149), author, i,104; iii,1; orator, iii,104; soldier, served in Second Punic War (217-202); statesman, responsible for the destruction of Carthage (146), i,79; "the Wise," iii,16; consul (195); censor (184); stalwart champion of the simple life and stern morals, ii,89; bitterly opposed luxury and Greek culture; yielded in old age. Cato, Marcus Porcius, son of the preceding; jurist; served under Paulus in Macedon (168), i,37; [under Marcus Popilius Laenas in Liguria (172), i,36]. Cato, Marcus Porcius, grandson of the Censor and father of Cato Uticensis, iii,66. Cato; Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis (95-46), son of the preceding and great-grandson of the Censor; a Stoic philosopher; orator; soldier, i,112; defeated at Thapsus (46); judge, iii,66; stern and unyielding as his great-grandfather, i,112; iii,88; his suicide, i,112; close friend of Cicero (ii,2); iii,88. Catulus, Quintus Lutatius, son of the preceding, defeated Lepidus at the Milvian bridge; statesman, i,76; scholar, i,133. Celtiberians, a powerful people of central Spain, opposed Rome in Second Punic War, were reduced in the Numantian War (134), submitted on the death of Sertorius (72), i,38. Chicanery, i,33. Chremes, a character in Terence's Heauton Timorumenus, i,30. Chrysippus, of Soli (250-207), studied Stoic philosophy at Athens under Cleanthes, whom he succeeded; voluminous writer. "Had there been no Chrysippus, there had been no Stoa," iii,42. Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator's father, iii,77; died (64). Cicero, Marcus Tullius, the orator (106-43), born at Arpinum, educated at Rome under Archias, the Scaevolas, and the teachers of philosophy (see Introduction), at Athens, in Asia, and at Rhodes; his training was all for service, i,155; as consul (63) he crushed the conspiracy of Catiline, i,84; banished (58), ii,58; his enforced retirement from his profession, iii,2-4; as a philosopher and orator, i,1-3; follower of Socrates and Plato, i,2; of the New Academy, ii,7-8; why he wrote on philosophy, ii,2-8; iii,1-5; attitude on the downfall of the Republic, ii,2. Cimbrians, a Celtic people, migrating in a vast horde toward Italy, were cut to pieces by Marius and Catulus in the Raudian Plains near Verona (101), i,38. Cimon, of Athens, son of the great Miltiades; victorious admiral; statesman; genial and generous, ii,64; died (449). Circe, nymph of Aeaea, a sorceress; she kept Odysseus (Ulysses) in her halls a year, i,113. Civic, compared with military service, i,74 fg. Claudius; see Appius and Centumalus and Pulcher. Cleombrotus, son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, fell at Leuctra (371), i,84. Cleomenes; see note to i,33. Clytaemnestra, daughter of Tyndareus, wife of Agamemnon, paramour of Aegisthus, with whom she murdered her husband on his return from Troy; she was in turn slain by her son Orestes. Subject of a tragedy by Accius, i,114. Cocles, Horatius, the hero who with two others kept the bridge against Porsena and Tarquin, i,61. Collatinus, Lucius Tarquinius, husband of Lucretia, associate of Brutus in driving out the Tarquins and his colleague in the first consulship (509), iii,40. Comedy; see Old Comedy. Concealment, of guilt, iii,37-39. Conon, famous Athenian admiral, defeated by Lysander at Aegospotami (405), victorious over Considerateness, a subdivision of the virtue of Temperance, i,99, 143. Conversation, a division of speech, i,132-133; ii,48; an art, i,134-135. Co-operation, and civilization, ii,12-16; and the virtues, ii,17-18; vs. Fortune, ii,19; a universal need, ii,39; how secured, ii,21 fg. Corinth, a famous city at the Isthmus of Corinth; wealthy; next to Athens, richest in treasures of art; head of the Achaean League; sacked and utterly destroyed by the Romans under Mummius (146), i,35; ii,76; iii,46. Cornelius; see Scipio and Spinther and Sulla. Cos, chief city of the island of Cos, one of the Sporades; famed for its silks; the birthplace of Apelles, painter of the Coan Venus, iii,10. Cotta, Gaius Aurelius, distinguished orator; one of the speakers in Cicero's de Oratore and de Natura Deorum; consul (75); ii,59. Courage; see Fortitude. Crassus, Lucius Licinius, the famous orator, ii,63; iii,67; at 21 (119) he won renown by his prosecution of Carbo, the one-time friend of the Gracchi, ii,47, 49; his aedileship most splendid, ii,57; as consul (95), he secured the expulsion from Rome of all who were not citizens, iii,47; this was a cause of the Social War. He was the greatest orator of Rome before Cicero, fluent, graceful, witty, i,108, 133; Cicero's mouthpiece in the de Oratore. Crassus; Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives, the triumvir; his wealth and ambition, i,25; sided with Sulla against Marius and grew enormously rich by the proscriptions; his avarice did not shrink from any meanness or even crime, i,109; iii,73-75. He defeated Spartacus (71); slain in Parthia (53). Crassus; Publius Licinius Crassus Dives, ii,57; father of the triumvir, consul (97); ended his own life to escape the prescriptions of Marius (87); Cicero bought his house. Cratippus, of Mitylene, an eminent Peripatetic, came to Athens (about 50) to lecture; foremost of contemporary philosophers and teacher of young Cicero, ii,1, 2; ii,8; iii,5, 6, 33, 121. Cunning, not wisdom, ii,10; iii,72, 96. Curio, Gaius Scribonius, ii,59; orator and statesman, iii,88; consul, (76). Cynics, a school of philosophy so called from the Athenian gymnasium, Cynosarges, where they met, later adapted to their snarling manner and dirty habits; its leaders were Antisthenes of Athens, a disciple of Socrates, and Diogenes of Sinope; they taught the virtue of poverty and want, indifference to all convention and decency; Cicero's contempt for them and their so-called philosophy, i,128, 148. Cyrenaics, the philosophic sect founded by Aristippus ( Cyrsilus, a Medizing Athenian, iii,48. Cyrus, the Great, founder of the Persian Empire; wonderfully gifted in winning the co-operation of men and nations, ii,16. Debts, cancellation of, ii,78-79, 83-85; avoidance of, ii,84; payment enforced, ii,84. Decius; Publius Decius Mus, father and son, i,61; iii,16; the former, consul with Manlius Torquatus (360), devoted himself to death in the battle on the Veseris. The son did the same at the battle of Sentinum (295) and brought the Samnite wars to an end. Demetrius Poliorcetes, ii,26; son of Antigonus and king of Macedon (294-287). His life was occupied with continuous warfare against enemies in Egypt, Asia, Greece, Macedonia, Epirus. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens (385-322); pupil of Isaeus and of Plato, i,4; might have been a great philosopher, i,4; at 18 he prosecuted his defaulting guardian with success, ii,47; then turned to public speaking and statecraft as a profession. Diana, goddess of the light of the night, identified with Artemis, iii,95. Dicaearchus, of Messana (4th century), a Peripatetic philosopher, geographer, and historian, ii,16; pupil of Aristotle and friend of Theophrastus. Dinomachus, a Greek philosopher, always named with Calliphon ( Diogenes, of Babylonia, pupil and successor of Chrysippus; best known for his part in the famous embassy with Carneades and Critolaus from Athens to Rome (156) where, on motion of Cato, they were not permitted to remain; his ethics rather loose, iii,51-55, 91. Dion, a kinsman of the elder Dionysius and tyrant of Syracuse (356-353); a devoted disciple of Plato at Syracuse and Athens, i,155. Dionysius, the elder (430-367), tyrant of Syracuse (405-367), a typically cruel tyrant, suspicious and fearful, ii,25; iii,45 (?); devoted to art and literature, himself a poet crowned with a prize at Athens. Dionysius, the younger, son of the preceding and tyrant of Syracuse (367-356, 346-343); devoted to literature; Plato, Aristippus, Archytas, and others were brought to his court. Whether the Damon and Phintias story is to be connected with him or his father is uncertain, iii,45 (?). Drusus, Marcus Livius, son of Gaius Gracchus's colleague in the tribuneship; an eloquent orator, i,108; as tribune (91) he attempted to renew the social and agrarian legislation of Gracchus and was assassinated. Duty, the most important subject in philosophy, i,4; the most fruitful field, iii,5; the philosophic sects and duty, i,4-6; best presentation, iii,7; classification, i,7-9; order of importance, i,58, 152-160; iii,90; to those who have wronged us, i,33; to an enemy, i,35-40; iii,98-115; to a slave, i,41; iii,89; toward the laws, i,148; of generosity, i,42-60; of Temperance-Propriety, i,100-151; iii,116-121; of Fortitude, iii,97-115; to be prosperous, ii,87; duties of youth, i,122; ii,52; of age, i,123; of magistrates, i,124; of statesmen, i,73-85; of private citizens, i,124; of aliens, i,125; vs. claims of friendship, iii,43-44; change of duty in change of circumstance, i,31, 59; iii,32; "mean" and "absolute" duty, i,8; iii,14; doubts as to, i,147. Eloquence, at the bar, ii,66; its decline, ii,67; see Oratory. Ennius, Quintus (239-169), a Greek by birth, the father of Roman poetry, wrote an epic (the Annals), i,84; tragedies, i,26, 51, 52; ii,23, 62; iii,62, 104; comedies and satires. Epaminondas, one of the greatest men of Greece, a student of Pythagorean philosophy, i,155; the greatest general of Thebes, victorious at Leuctra (371), i,84; humbled Sparta and made Thebes the leading city of Greece; fell at Mantinea (362). Epicurus (342-270), founded at Athens the school that bears his name; author of 300 books, Epigoni, the sons of the Seven against Thebes; under Alcmaeon, Diomedes, etc., they conquered and destroyed the city. Subject of a tragedy of Accius, i,114. Erillus, of Carthage, pupil of Zeno the Stoic, held that knowledge is the only good, while everything else is neither good nor evil; his ethical theories rejected, i,6. Eteocles, son of Oedipus, drove out his brother Polynices, in order to reign alone, and brought on the war of the Seven against Thebes; the brothers fell by each other's hands; iii,82. Euripides (480-406), tragic poet of Athens; disciple of Anaxagoras and friend of Socrates; wrote 75 to 90 plays; 17 are extant; Cicero quotes from the Hippolytus, iii,82; the Phoenissae, iii,108. Evil, the supreme, i,5; iii,119; not pain, i,5; iii,105, 117; but moral wrong, iii,105, 106; the only, iii,106. Expediency, definition, ii,1, 11; indispensable, iii,101; identical with Moral Rectitude, ii,9-10; iii,20, 35, 49, 83, 85, 110; conflict with Moral Rectitude impossible, iii,9, 11, 18, 34, 40, 48, 72; incompatible with immorality, iii,35, 77, 81, 82, 87; ii,64; one standard for both, iii,75; relative, ii,88 fg.; possible change of, iii,95; occasion for doubt, iii,19; apparent conflict with justice, iii,40, 86; apparent political expediency vs. humanity, iii,46-49; in business, iii,50 fg.; apparent conflict with Fortitude, iii,97-115; apparent conflict with Temperance, iii,116. Fabius; see Maximus. Fame; see Glory. Fear, the wretchedness of, ii,25-26; vs. love, ii,23-26; dangerous to the one who employs it, ii,26. Fides; see Good Faith; the goddess, iii,104; etymology of, i,23. Fimbria, Gaius Flavius, colleague of Marius in his second consulship (104); orator and jurist, iii,77. Finance, ii,87; reform of currency, iii,80-81. Fraud, criminal, iii,60 fg. Friendship, motives to, i,55-56; acquisition of friends, ii,30; ideal, i,56; iii,45-46; vs. duty, iii,43-44. Furius; Lucius Furius Philus, consul (136), proconsul in Spain, iii,109; a learned interlocutor in Cicero's Republic. Galus, Gaius Sulpicius; see Sulpicius. Gaul, an inhabitant of Gaul, the land north of the Apennines, iii,112. Gods, favour of, won by piety, ii,11; do no harm, ii,12; iii,102; free from care, iii,102; slow to anger, iii,102, 104, 105. Golden Mean, i,89; in generosity, ii,58, 59, 60; in personal adornment, i,130. Good, the supreme, i,5, 7; iii,52, 119; not pleasure, i,5; iii,116, 117, 118; but moral goodness, iii,11, 35; living in harmony with nature, iii,13; the only, moral goodness, i,67; iii,12. Good man, what constitutes a, iii,63, 75-77. Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, brother of the younger Tiberius; a more radical reformer; tribune (123 and 122); fell (121) a martyr to his reforms for the restoration of the public lands and the reduction of the cost of living, ii,72, 80; his death applauded by Cicero, ii,43. Gracchus, Publius Sempronius, father of the elder Tiberius, ii,43. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, father of the tribunes, ii,43; in his own tribuneship he defended Scipio (187); a great soldier, ii,80; twice consul, triumphed twice; a just ruler in Spain; son-in-law of the elder, father-in-law of the younger Africanus, an ardent aristocrat; hence Cicero's praise, ii,43. Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, son of the foregoing; a persuasive orator; friend of the people and helper of the poor and oppressed; murdered for attempting as tribune (133) to reform agrarian abuses and build up a class of small farmers, i,76, 109; ii,80; his death applauded by Cicero, ii,43. Gratidianus, Marcus Marius; see Marius. Gratitude, how won, ii,63. Greece, the land of liberty, letters, art, and civilization, ii,60; iii,48, 73, 99; cause of fall, ii,80. Greek, belonging to or a native of Greece, i,108, 111; ii,83; iii,82; leaders in literature, i,3; masters of philosophy, i,8, 51, 142, 153; ii,18; Greek and Latin studies, i,1. Gyges, the shepherd who dethroned Candaules and became king of Lydia (716-678), iii,38, 78. Gytheum, the harbour-town and arsenal of Sparta, iii,49. Hamilcar, a successful Carthaginian general in the First Punic War, defeated by Regulus at Ecnomus; opposed Regulus in Africa, iii,99; confused with Hamilcar Barca ( Hannibal (247-183), one of the world's greatest generals, i,108; son of Hamilcar Barca, iii,99; sacked Saguntum (219), crossed the Alps and defeated the Romans on the Trebia and Ticinus (218), at Trasimenus (217), Cannae (216), i,40; iii,113-114; defeated at Zama (202); maligned by the Romans as treacherous and cruel, i,38. Hecaton, of Rhodes, a Stoic, pupil of Panaetius, iii,63, 89. Hercules, the greatest of heroes, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Alcmena, i,118; his choice of his path in life, i,118; performer of the twelve labours; benefactor of humanity, iii,25; his attainment of heaven, iii,25. Hernicians, a tribe in the Sabine mountains, subdued by Rome (306), i,35. Herodotus, of Halicarnassus (5th century), lived also at Athens and Thurii; the father of history; travelled widely and wrote the history of Persia and Greece, ii,41. Hesiod, the Boeotian didactic poet (8th century); author of the Theogony, the Works and Days, etc., i,48. Home, of man of rank; see House. Homer, the poet, author of Iliad and Odyssey, iii,97. Honesty, the bond of human society, iii,21 fg.; the corner-stone of government, ii,78 fg. Hortensius, Quintus (114-50), Cicero's famous rival as orator and advocate; his close friend (after 63), iii,73; enormously wealthy; lavish in his aedileship (75), ii,57; not always scrupulous, iii,73-74. Hospitality, the duty of, ii,64. Humility, in prosperity, i,90-91. Illyria, the country between Macedonia and the Adriatic, ii,40. Ingratitude, abhorred, ii,63. Injustice, active and passive, i,23, 28; never expedient, iii,84; of hypocrisy, i,41. Instinct and Reason, difference between man and beast, i,11. Integrity, official, ii,75, 76, 77. Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytaemnestra ( Isocrates (436-338), one of the ten Attic orators, pupil of Gorgias and Socrates; a polished speaker; greater as a teacher than as an orator; might have been a great philosopher, i,4. Italian War (90-88), caused by Rome's injustice to the allies, provoked by the fear of prosecution on the part of the corrupt aristocrats, ii,75; resulted in Rome's granting the contentions of the allies. Italy, in government identified with Rome, ii,76. Ithaca, the home of Odysseus (Ulysses), an island of the Ionian group west of Greece, probably the historical Leucas, iii,97. Janus, an old Italian sun-god; a covered passage (commonly called his temple) adjoining the forum accommodated the banking houses of Rome, ii,87. Jests; see Wit. Jove; see Jupiter. Jugurtha, king of Numidia (118-106), campaigned with Scipio against Numantia; war with Rome (112-106) protracted by his bribes as much as by his arms, iii,79; executed in Rome (104). Julius; see Caesar. Junius; see Brutus and Pennus and Silanus. Justice, the second Cardinal Virtue, i,15, 17, 20-41; in what consisting, i,20; not fully comprehended, Labeo, Quintus Fabius, grandson of Fabius Maximus, consul (183); injustice of, i,33. Lacedaemon; see Sparta. Laciads, citizens of the deme of Lacia, west of Athens, the home of Miltiades, ii,64. Latin, study of combined with Greek, i,1-2. Latins, the people of Latium, the province in which Rome is situated, the first territory added to Rome, i,38; decisive battle on the Anio, iii,112. Law, the origin of, ii,41-42; the majesty of, i,148; as a profession, ii,65; its decline with the end of the Republic, ii,67; iii,2. Leuctra, a town of Boeotia, where the Spartans under Cleombrotus were disastrously defeated by Epaminondas and the Thebans (371), i,61; ii,26. Love, how won, ii,32; vs. fear, ii,23-26. Lucullus, Marcus Licinius, associated with his brother Lucius ( Lusitania, western Spain, practically modern Portugal, ii,40. Lutatius; see Catulus. Luxury, a vice, i,92, 106, 123. Lycurgus (9th century), the famous lawgiver of Sparta, author (?) of the Spartan constitution, i,76. Lydia, the central country of western Asia Minor, iii,38. Lysander, the Spartan admiral who defeated the Athenians at Aegospotami (405), received the capitulation of Athens (404), established the Thirty Tyrants (403), and gave Sparta her leadership, i,76, 109. Lysander, the ephor (241), a descendant of the admiral, a friend of King Agis ( Lysis, of Tarentum, a Pythagorean; expelled from Italy, he came to Thebes and taught Epaminondas, i,155. Macedonia, until the time of Philip a small country north of Thessaly, i,37. Macedonians, the people of Macedon, i,90; ii,53; deserted to Pyrrhus, ii,26; Paulus and their wealth, ii,76. Magnificence, in the home, i,140. Mamercus; Aemilius Lepidus Mamercus Livianus, a kinsman of Caesar; though defeated once, ii,58, he was later (77) consul. Mancia, Quintus Mucius, unknown, i,109. Mancinus, Gaius Hostilius; in his consulship (137) he was defeated by the Numantines; his delivery to the enemy, iii,109. Manlius; Aulus Manlius Capitolinus, father of Lucius ( Marathon, a plain about twenty miles north of Athens where (490) Miltiades and his ten thousand defeated the hosts of Darius, i,61. Marcellus, Marcus Claudius, campaigned against Hannibal in Italy, took Syracuse (212), five times consul, a brave but cruel soldier, over-praised by the Romans, i,61. Marcus; see Cicero—Marcus Tullius, the son. Marcius; see Philippus. Marius, Gaius (157-87), seven times consul; gained his first consulship dishonourably, iii,79, 81; conquered Jugurtha (107); saved Rome from the invading Cimbri (102) and Teutons (101); a military genius, i,76; cruel and selfish, he flooded the streets of Rome with her best blood in the civil war with Sulla. Mars, the god of war, iii,34. Marseilles (Massilia), a Greek city on the southern coast of Gaul, independent of the province; it sided with Pompey; Caesar captured the city after a protracted siege and exacted cruel vengeance, ii,28. Medes, the people of Media, a great kingdom in central Asia Minor added to Persia by Cyrus, ii,41. Medus, a son of Medea and Aegeus; wandering in search of his mother he came to Colchis, where Medea saved his life; the subject of a tragedy of Pacuvius, i,114. Melanippa, mother of Boeotus and Aeolus by Posidon (Neptune); blinded and imprisoned by her father, she was at last rescued by her sons and her sight was restored by Posidon; subject of a tragedy of Ennius, i,114. Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, won his surname by his victories over Andriscus (148); a political rival and yet a good friend of the younger Scipio, i,87. Metellus; Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus, nephew of the preceding, statesman and soldier; as consul (109), carried on the war with Jugurtha with distinguished success, iii,79. Metrodorus, of Lampsacus (330-277), the most distinguished of the disciples of Epicurus; his Epicureanism was of the grossly sensual sort; his conception of happiness misunderstood by Cicero, iii,117. Minerva, goddess of thought, temperament, wit, i,97. Minos, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and king of Crete; because of his upright life he was made judge with Aeacus ( Moderation, defined, i,142. Modesty, i,126-129. Mucius; see Scaevola. Mummius; Lucius Mummius Achaicus, as consul (146) broke up the Achaean League, razed Corinth to the ground, i,35; ii,46; carried to Italy untold treasures of wealth and art, ii,76. Naples, the beautiful Greek city of Campania, i,33. Nasica; see Scipio. Neptune, god of the sea, i,32; iii,94. New Academy; see Academy. Nicocles, tyrant of Sicyon, ii,81. Nola, a city in Campania, loyal to Rome, i,33. Norbanus, Gaius, tribune (95), impeached (94) for treason, ii,49; consul (83). Numantia, the capital of Celtiberia, razed to the ground after a long siege by the younger Scipio, i,35, 76; treacherously treated by Rome, iii,109. Numicius, Tiberius, colleague of Quintus Maelius ( Oath, significance of, i,39, 40; iii,102 fg.; fidelity to, i,39, 40; iii,99-112; violation of, iii,113 fg.; see Perjury. Octavius, Gnaeus, as praetor commanded the fleet against Perseus (168) and gained a triumph; consul (165), i,138. Octavius, Marcus, tribune (120); had the corn law of Gaius Gracchus repealed and secured the passage of a new and more conservative one, ii,72. Old Age, duties peculiar to, i,123; worst vices of, i,123. Orderliness, defined, i,142; of action, i,142-145. Orestes; Gnaeus Aufidius Orestes Aurelianus, consul (71), ii,58. Palamedes, the inventor; exposed Ulysses's trick, iii,98; treacherously done to death in revenge. Palatine, the hill above the forum on the south; east of the capital, i,138. Papius, Gaius, as tribune (65), revived the law of Pennus ( Patriotism, i,83; duty to country, i,160; iii,90, 95; to die for country, i,57; sacrifice for, i,84; iii,100; right to do wrong for one's country, i,159; iii,93, 95. Paulus, Lucius Aemilius, consul (216), defeated and slain at Cannae, i,114. Pausanias, king of Sparta, commander-in-chief of the forces of Greece at Plataea (479) to the glory of Sparta, i,76. Peloponnesian War, the death-struggle of Athens with Sparta (431-404), i,84. Peloponnesus, the lower peninsula of Greece, in which Sparta was the chief city, i,84. Pericles, the peerless statesman of Athens, ii,16; philosopher, friend of Anaxagoras and Socrates; orator of mighty power, serious and deep, i,108; general, i,144; his administration made Athens unequalled in the splendour of her public buildings, ii,60. Peripatetics, followers of Aristotle ( Perseus, the last king of Macedon, conquered by Paulus ( Persians, the people of Persia, the great empire of western Asia; under Darius they invaded Greece and were beaten back at Marathon (490), i,61; under Xerxes were overwhelmingly defeated at Salamis (480), i,61; iii,48, 49; and at Plataea (479), i,61. Phaedra, daughter of Minos, wife of Theseus and stepmother of Hippolytus ( PhaËthon, his story, iii,94. Phalaris, tyrant of Agrigentum (6th century), type of inhuman cruelty, ii,26; iii,29, 32; slain in an uprising of his people, ii,26; typical of Caesar. Phalerum, a deme of Attica on the bay of Phalerum, i,3; ii,60. Pherae, a town of south-eastern Thessaly, the home of Admetus; of Jason, i,108; of Alexander, ii,25. Philip, conqueror, king of Macedon (359-336), educated at Thebes, cultured, i,90; wise, ii,48; eloquent, tactful and firm in discipline, ii,53. Philip, the younger, son of Antigonus ( Philippus, Quintus Marcius, father of preceding, consul (186 and 169), ii,59; iii,87. Philosophers, why righteous, i,28; attitude toward civic duty, i,28; as teachers, i,155. Philosophy, the study of, i,1-4; theoretical speculation, i,153; meaning, ii,5; spirit of, ii,7; as a discipline, ii,4; worth while, ii,5 fg.; why Cicero turned to it, ii,2-8; iii,1-6. Phintias, the friend of Damon ( Phoenissae, the Phoenician Women, a tragedy of Euripides dealing with the war of the Seven against Thebes, iii,82. Picenum, state of north-east Italy, on the Adriatic, iii,74. Pinthia, Marcus Lutatius, unknown, iii,77. Plataea, the heroic little city at the foot of Mount Cithaeron in Boeotia; alone with Athens at Marathon (490); the scene of the final defeat of the Persians in Hellas (479), i,61. Plato (429-347), pupil and friend of Socrates, profound philosopher and brilliant author, i,22, 63; ideal statesman, i,85, 87; might have been a great orator, i,4; founder of the Academy ( Plautus, Titus Maccius (254-184), the greatest of Rome's comic poets; rich in wit, i,104. Po, the great river of Cisalpine Gaul, iii,88. Poeni; see Carthaginians. Polybius, of Megalopolis (204-122), president of the Achaean League, detained at Rome in the house of Aemilius Paulus; friend of Scipio Aemilianus and Laelius; author of a history of Rome, iii,113. Pompey; Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48), warrior, i,76; (ii,20;) politician, the enemy of Caesar, the idol of Cicero, ii,2; conquered the pirates, Sertorians, Mithradates, Judaea, i,78; triumvir; married Julia, iii,82; adorned Rome with great buildings, ii,60; magnificent shows, ii,57; defeated at Pharsalus (48), ii,45. Pompey; Quintus Pompeius Rufus, consul (141); as commander in the war with Numantia (140) made the unfortunate peace, iii,109. Pompey, Sextus, cousin of Pompey the Great, Stoic, scholar, geometrician, i,19. Pomponius, Marcus, tribune (363); accuser of Lucius Manlius, iii,112. Pontius, Gaius, the Samnite general, victor at the Caudine Forks (321), ii,75; faithlessly treated, defeated (292), and executed in Rome. Poor, services to the, ii,61 fg.; their gratitude, ii,63, 69-71. Popilius [Marcus Popilius Laenas, as consul (172) campaigning in Liguria, i,36]. Popular esteem, a means to glory, ii,31; how gained, ii,44 fg. Posidonius, of Apamea (135-51), a Stoic, disciple of Panaetius at Athens, iii,8; established a school at Rhodes where Cicero studied under him; later he lived with Cicero in Rome; author of many works, i,159; iii,10. Postumius; Spurius Postumius Albinus, defeated in his second consulship (321) at the Caudine Forks, iii,109. Prodicus, of Ceos (fifth century), a respected sophist; his "Choice of Hercules," i,118. Profession; see Vocation. Promises, non-fulfilment sometimes a duty, i,32; iii,92-95; sacred though given to an enemy, i,39-40. Property, private, how obtained, i,92; rights of, i,21; ii,73-79, 85; iii,53; public, rights of, i,21, 51. Propriety, defined, i,96; its relations to the Cardinal Virtues, i,93-100; poetic, i,97; moral, i,98-99; conduct in accord with personal endowment, i,110-117; in choosing a career, i,115-121; in outward appearance, i,130; in inward self-control, i,131-132; in speech, i,132 fg.; in the home, i,138-140. Propylaea, the magnificent gateway to the Acropolis of Athens, built (437-431) by Pericles and Mnesicles at a cost of £500,000, ii,60. Prosecution, ii,49; to be rarely undertaken, ii,50; a public service, ii,50. Prudence; see Wisdom. Ptolemy, Philadelphus (309-247), king of Egypt, patron of art and letters, had the Bible translated; vastly rich, ii,82. Public Lands, private occupation to be maintained, i,21. Public Service, as a career, i,70 fg.; as a duty, i,72; as an honour, i,73; free from partisanship, i,85-86; self-seeking, i,87; vindictiveness, Public shows, extravagant expenditures, ii,55-60; expected of an aedile, ii,57-60. Punic Wars; see Carthage. Pyrrho, of Elis (fourth century), founder of the school of the Sceptics; held that virtue is the only good, that truth and knowledge are unattainable; his ethical theories rejected, i,6. Pyrrhus (318-272), king of Epirus, descended from Achilles and Aeacus, i,38; a daring soldier and a gallant enemy, i,38; a career of adventure and conquest, i,38; iii,86; invaded Italy (280-275); the story of the poisoner, i,40; iii,86; (see also Fabricius); invaded Macedonia (273) and the enemy's troops joined him, ii,26; killed in Argos (272). Pythagorean, a follower of Pythagoras or member of his secret fraternity, i,155; iii,45. Pythagoras, of Samos (sixth century), studied in the Orient, great mathematician; moral and religious teacher; serious, ascetic, i,108; taught transmigration of souls; founded a secret brotherhood of ideal friendship, i,56; asceticism was the rule of practice, with deep meditation and lofty aspiration. Pythian, epithet of Apollo, from Pytho, another name for Delphi, ii,77. Pythius, of Syracuse, his dishonesty, iii,58. Quirinus, the Sabine name for the deified Romulus, iii,41. Recklessness, to be avoided, i,81, 83. Remus, twin brother of Romulus, slain for leaping in derision over the new walls of Rome, iii,41. Reproof, how administered, i,136. Republic, the Roman; its glory, ii,2; the protectorate of the world, ii,27; its downfall, i,35; ii,2-5, 29, 65; iii,2, 4, 83; the tyrant's sway, ii,23-29; iii,81-85; enslaved, iii,84-85. Retirement, the life of, i,69-70. Rhodes, a large island off the coast of Caria, iii,50. Rhodian, a native of Rhodes, iii,50, 57; iii,63. Roman, of or belonging to Rome, iii,58; people, i,33; iii,79, 83-86, 105, 109, 114; the people of Rome, ii,75; celebrated for courage, i,61; champion of justice, i,36; ii,26; hatred of tyranny and injustice, iii,19; atonement for tyranny and injustice, ii,27-29; their enslavement, iii,85-86. Rome, the capital of the Empire and mistress of the world, i,39, 40; iii,73, 79, 99, 112, 113. Romulus, the mythical king, founder of Rome, iii,40; builder of its walls; not justified in slaying his brother, iii,41. Roscius, Sextus, of Ameria, accused by Chrysogonus, a freedman of Sulla's, of murdering his father; bravely and successfully defended by Cicero at the age of twenty-six, ii,51. Rupilius, an actor otherwise unknown, i,114. Rutilius; Publius Rutilius Rufus, a disciple of Publius Scaevola, ii,47; of Panaetius, iii,10; with Quintus Scaevola in Asia he repressed the extortion of the publicans, was banished, and devoted his life to philosophy and literature, iii,10. Sabine, belonging to the province of central Italy, iii,74; the Sabines, Sacred Laws; the Leges Sacratae, laws for the violation of which the offender was nominally consecrated to some god—i.e., laden with a curse, iii,111. Salamis, the island and straits directly in front of the Piraeus ( Sale, fraud in sale of real estate, iii,54-64; laws concerning, iii,65-71; of slaves, iii,71-72. Salmacis, a fountain (and nymph) at Halicarnassus, whose waters made men who drank them weak and effeminate, i,61. Samnites, the brave, liberty-loving people of Samnium, a province of south-central Italy; after seventy-one years (343-272) of war with Rome admitted to citizenship, i,38; famous for their victory at the Caudine Forks, iii,109; Gaius Pontius, ii,75. Sanitation; see Health. Sardinia, the large island north of Sicily, made a province (238), misgoverned, ii,50. Satrius; Marcus Minucius Basilus Satrianus, adopted by Lucius Minucius Basilus, his inheritance, iii,74. Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Augur, son of the preceding, son-in-law of Laelius, friend of Africanus, consul (117), preceptor to Cicero; simple in his greatness, i,109. Scaevola, Quintus Mucius, the Pontifex Maximus, son of Publius, preceptor of Cicero; orator, jurist; authority on the civil law, his business honour, iii,62, 70; followed his father's calling, i,116; magnificent aedileship, ii,57; consul (95), iii,47. Scaurus, Marcus Aemilius, son of the preceding, step-son of Sulla, aedile (58) with extraordinary magnificence, ii,57; governor of Sardinia (56), which he plundered outrageously; successfully defended by Cicero and Hortensius; later (52) condemned and banished, i,138; palace on the Palatine, i,138. Scipio, Publius Cornelius, son of Africanus Major, adoptive father of Africanus Minor; gifted mentally but physically disqualified for an active career, i,121. Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, son of Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, i,116, 121; adopted son of Publius Africanus's son, i,121; friend and pupil of Panaetius, i,90; intimate friend of Laelius ( Scipio; Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, son of the preceding; died in his consulship (111); a charming gentleman and a brilliant speaker, i,109. Secret sin, ii,37 fg. Seius, Marcus, reduced the price of corn and regained his lost popularity, ii,58. Self-control; see Temperance. Self-sacrifice, iii,25; of Regulus, iii,97-115. Sergius, Gaius; see Orata. Sicily, the great island south-west of Italy, fertile and rich, occupied along the coasts by prosperous Greek colonies, a Roman province (212 on), an easy prey for rapacious governors, as Verres whom Cicero prosecuted (70), ii,50. Sicyon, a city near Corinth, famous as a centre of art; Aratus and the tyranny, ii,81-82. Slaves, duty toward, i,41; iii,89. Social Instinct, man and beast, i,12, 50; bees, i,157; leads to justice, i,157; weighed against justice, i,159 fg. Society, principles of, i,50-57; iii,53; rights of, i,21; service to, i,153, 155. Socrates (469-399), the great philosopher and teacher, ii,43; his ethics, iii,11, 77; his perfect poise, i,90; brilliant dialectician, with a profound meaning in every word, i,108; personal eccentricities, i,148. "The noblest, ay, and the wisest and most righteous man that we have ever known." Socratic, following Socrates, i,104, 134; ii,87; most schools of philosophy are based on the teaching of Socrates—the Academy, i,2; the Peripatetic, i,2; iii,20; the Cynic, i,128; the Cyrenaic, iii,116; the Stoic, i,6; etc. Solon, the great lawgiver of Athens (638-558 ca.), poet, soldier, statesman; his feigned madness and the acquisition of Salamis, i,108; his constitution and the reorganized Areopagus, i,75. Sophocles, the great tragic poet (495-406), supreme on the Athenian stage (468-441); general in the war against Samos (440), i,144. Sulla, Publius Cornelius, nephew of the dictator, ii,29; defended by Cicero on charge of complicity in Catiline's conspiracy. Sulla, Cornelius, a freedman of the dictator, ii,29. Sulpicius; Publius Sulpicius Rufus (124-88), an eminent orator of little character, ii,49. Sungod; see Sol. Superbus; see Tarquin. Syracuse, a great Greek city in south-eastern Sicily, rich in art and in goods; ruled by Dion, i,155; Dionysius, ii,25; iii,45; a popular resort, iii,58. Tantalus, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and father of Pelops ( Tarquins, the kinsmen of Tarquinius Superbus, all expelled (510), iii,40. Taxation, levying of, ii,74. Terence; Publius Terentius Afer (195-159), a comic poet, friend of Laelius and Scipio; six plays are left; quotation from the Heauton Timorumenus, i,30; the Eunuchus, i,150. Thebe, daughter of Jason and wife of Alexander of Pherae, ii,25. Thebes, the capital of Boeotia, home of Pindar and Epaminondas, i,155. Themistocles, brilliant statesman of Athens, ii,16; gave Athens her fleet and saved Greece at Salamis (480), i,75; consummate general, i,108; not always scrupulous in his methods, iii,49; his valuation of character, ii,71. Theophrastus, of Lesbos, favourite pupil and successor of Aristotle, a marvellous teacher, master of Demetrius of Phalerum, i,3; a prolific author; cited, ii,56, 64. Theopompus, of Chios (fourth century), pupil of Isocrates, orator and historian, ii,40. Thermopylae, a narrow pass on the seashore between Thessaly and Locris, held by Leonidas and his three hundred against the hosts of Xerxes (480), i,61. Theseus, the great legendary hero of Athens, benefactor of the world; uniter of Athens and Attica; father of Hippolytus ( Thrace, the vast country north of the Aegean; though the home of Orpheus, Linus, etc., it was generally considered barbarous, ii,25. Thyestes, son of Pelops and brother of Atreus ( Timotheus, admiral of the Athenian fleet (378-356), compared with his father Conon, i,116. Torquatus; see Manlius. Trades; see Vocation. Troezen, a city of Argolis, near the shore opposite Aegina; the asylum of the Athenians at the approach of Xerxes, iii,48. Trusts, when not to be restored, iii,95. Truth, the search after, i,13. Tusculum, a town in the Alban hills, the oldest municipium in Italy, admitted (381), i,35; public lands of, i,21; Cicero's favourite country home. Twelve Tables, the laws of, drawn up (450); quoted, i,37; iii,111. Tyranny, ii,23-29; inspired by false perspective, iii,36; right and duty toward the tyrant, iii,19, 85. Tyre, the great commercial city on the coast of Phoenice, ii,86. Ulysses (Odysseus), son of Laertes Varro, Gaius Terentius, consul (216) with Paulus, responsible for the disaster at Cannae, iii,114. Venus (Aphrodite), the goddess of beauty and love; of Cos, iii,10. Veseris, a little stream near Mount Vesuvius; scene of the battle of Manlius Torquatus and the elder Decius, iii,112. Veturius; Titus Veturius Calvinus, consul with Spurius Postumius (321) at the Caudine Forks, iii,109. Vice, luxurious living, i,123; sensual pleasure, i,102, 104-106, 122-123; ii,37; avarice, ii,77; extravagance, i,140; misrepresentation, i,150; untruth, i,150; corrected by observing others, i,146; by the criticism of the wise, i,147. Viriathus, ii,40. Virtue, defined, ii,18; chief function of, ii,17; the four Cardinal Virtues described, i,15-17; the sources of moral rectitude, i,152; iii,96; Nature's leadings to, i,100; endangered by sensual pleasure, ii,37; rulers chosen for, ii,41. Volscians, a people of lower Latium, subdued (303), given full citizenship (188), i,35. War, rights of, to be enforced, i,34; Cato's son, i,36-37; excuse for war, i,35, 80; justice in war, i,38; war for supremacy, i,38; for glory, i,38; needless cruelty, i,82. Xanthippus, a Spartan soldier of fortune, whose generalship defeated Regulus, iii,99. Xenocrates, of Chalcedon (396-314), a pupil of Plato, president of the Academy, industrious and severe, i,109. Xenophon, soldier, historian, disciple of Socrates, ii,87; the story of Hercules's choice, i,118. Xerxes, king of Persia (485-465), son of Darius, invaded Greece (480), came to grief at Salamis and Plataea, iii,48. Youth, duties peculiar to, i,123; ii,52; time for choosing profession, i,117. Zeno, of Cytium (fourth century), pupil of Crates the Cynic and founder of the Stoic school (see Stoics), iii,35. LETCHWORTH: AT THE ARDEN PRESS. FOOTNOTES: [1] dicendum Edd.; discendum MSS. (i.e. acquisition of learning). [2] se A c, Edd.; not in B H a b p. [3] elaboraret Lambin., Edd.; laboraret MSS. [4] et neglegendo A H a b, Edd.; et in neglegendo B c. [5] dilectum B H a b, Edd.; delectum A c. [6] sequemur Graevius, Edd.; sequimur MSS. [7] [a] ratione Ed.; a ratione MSS.; ratione MÜller. [8] Cicero's definition must have followed here, something like Omne igitur, quod ratione actum est officium appellamus Unger. [9] conformari Edd.; confirmari MSS. (i.e. fortified). [10] officium ?a????? vocant Pearce, Ed., Heine; officium vocant MSS., Bt. [11] anquirunt A B H b; inquirunt a c. [12] item Manutius, Edd.; autem MSS. [13] procreata sint B H a b; procreata sunt A (?), Bt.; procreantur c. [14] praegressus A H a b, Edd.; progressus B c. [15] conservandam MSS.; conservanda codd. aliquot recentiores, Bt. [16] discripta Heine; descripta MSS., Bt. [17] autem MSS., MÜller, Heine; item Pearce, Ed., Bt. [18] ducimus c, Edd.; dicimus A B H a b. [19] cognitionis A, Bt., MÜller, Heine; cogitationis BH a b c (error caused by cogitatio in next line). [20] partes duae BH b; partes duae sunt c, Bt., Heine. [21] discriptio B, Edd.; descriptio A H a b c. [22] e quo A1 H a b c, MÜller; eo B, de quo Bt. (suppl.), Heine. [23] inciderunt A B H L a b; inciderint c. [24] cogitata A B H a b p, Edd.; cogitatu c, cogitato alii, Madvig (ad De Fin. p. 696). [25] expetant A B a b; expectant H; exspectant c. [26] alterum iustitiae genus assequuntur MSS.; alterum assequuntur Pearce, J. M. Heusinger, et al.; alterum genus assequuntur Beier. [27] ut Halm; in MSS.; om. Bt. [28] in alterum incidunt A B H a b; in altero delinqunt c, Bt. (delinquunt, i.e. they offend in the other direction). [29] cui B a, Edd.; cui quod H b; cui quid A c. [30] patitur A B H a b; patiatur c. [31] Popilius ... movendo bracketed by Madvig, Edd.; Popilius ... poterat bracketed by Unger. [32] effecit Edd.; efficit MSS. [33] cum cive [Edd.: civi] aliter contendimus si L, Anemoecius, Edd.; cum civiliter contendimus aliter si A B H a b c. [34] Nec A B H b c; Non L p, Bt., Heine. [35] virtuti A B2 L c, Edd.; virtute B1 H b; virtutei Vahlen. [36] Secundo ... re non erat om. L c; Secundo ... approbavit om. A B H a b p, Edd. [37] ab c, Edd.; not in A B H L b. [38] his H a, Edd.; iis A B b; eis L c. [39] sapiente MSS.; sapienti Wesenberg, Bt. [40] diligamur A B2 H L b c; diligimur B1, Bt.1 [41] modo A H L b c; si modo B. [42] sperant Marg. A, Edd.; spectant A b (spernant Marg. b). [43] discripta H b, Edd.; descripta A B L a c. [44] legibus ipsis Gulielmus, Edd.; e (ex c) quibus ipsis MSS. [45] Omnium Zumpt, Edd.; omnia MSS. [46] ipsi lucet Edd.; ipsi luceat A B H b c; ipsi ut luceat a. [47] propior A a c (ex corr.), Edd.; proprior B H b. [48] et Perizonius, Edd.; not in MSS. [49] tamen MSS., MÜller; del. Unger, Bt., Heine. [50] efficiturque id quod P. ultimum in amicitia putavit ut Nonius (s.v. ultimum) (i.e. Pythagoras's ideal of friendship is realized). [51] et ... capienda om. Facciolati, Edd. [52] deducendoque p; ducendoque A B H L a b (superscr. sec. m. demendo); demendoque c. [53] iis Edd.; his MSS. [54] enim A B H b c; etenim a. [55] illa" virgo "viri" Ed.; illa virgo viri MSS.; virago Orelli. [56] Leuctris, hinc noster Cocles Baldwin, Edd.; leutris stercocles A B H a b; leutrister chodes c; leutris stercodes L. [57] enim A C, Edd.; not in A B H L b, Bt.2 [58] et a, Edd.; not in A B H L b c p. [59] excellet A B H L b c; excellit a, Bt. [60] vi a, Edd.; ut A B H b; utcumque L c. [61] altissimo animo est, gloriae cupiditate Pearce (confirmed by several MSS.), Edd.; alt. an. et gloriae cupiditate A B H b p; est alt. an. et gloria et cupiditate L c. [62] persuasum est Madvig (ad de Fin. p. 448 ff.), Edd.; p. sit MSS. [63] vitanda Edd. (cum duobus codd. Guelpherbytanis); videnda MSS. [64] voluptate nimia Orelli, MÜller; voluptate animi A H L a b c; vol. animi et securitas (et iracundia ut tr. animi by a later hand on the margin) B; voluptate [animi], Bt., Heine. [65] nihilo Wesenberg, Edd.; nihil MSS. [66] est Manutius, Edd.; sit MSS. [67] maioraque studia efficiendi Unger, MÜller; maioraque efficiendi A1 B H L b c; maiorque cura efficiendi a, Bt., Heine; maioraque efficienda A2 p. [68] a Edd.; not in MSS.; se adiutum A B H b, Edd.; adiuvit L1 c p; se adiutum ab illo dixerit (?) Themistocles L.2 [69] L. partum Lambinus, MÜller; partum L., Bt.; om. partum A1 B H L1 a b; L. dilatatum A2; dilatatum L. L2 c. [70] aliquanto Edd.; aliquando MSS. [71] calida Nonius, Edd.; callida MSS. [72] consilia quietis et cogitatis Edd.; consilia et quietis et cogitationis A B H a b; consilia et quietis cogitationibus c p. [73] iis Edd.; his MSS. [74] quidem Lacedaemoniis Edd., quidem de Lacedaemoniis MSS. [75] Noenum rumores ponebat Lachmann (ad Lucr. III, 198); Non enim rumores ponebat MSS.; Non ponebat enim alii. [76] audeant Ernesti; audent MSS., Bt.1, Heine. [77] punitur Nonius, Edd.; punit a; puniet A B H b c. [78] castigat MSS.; fatigat Nonius, Orelli. [79] itemque H2 a, Edd.; idemque A B H1 L b c. [80] accepimus B2 a c, Edd.; accipimus A B1 H b. [81] iis Edd.; his MSS. [82] neve Nonius, Edd.; nec MSS. [83] iis Edd.; his MSS. [84] parta B1, Edd.; parata A B2 H L a b c. [85] deinde ... parsimonia Edd., after Unger, transpose; in MSS. it follows tum ... pareat. [86] dicitur. Huius Edd.; dicitur decorum. huius MSS. [87] discriptio b, Edd.; descriptio A B H a; distinctio L c. [88] Sed tum L c, Edd.; sed ut tum A B H b. [89] reliquarum A1 B1 H a b; reliquorum A2 B2 c. [90] natura Edd.; naturae MSS. [91] et L c, Edd.; not in A B H b. [92] fugiendumque A B H a b; fugiendumve L c p. [93] discriptio B H, Bt.1; descriptio A L a b c, Bt.2, MÜller, Heine. [94] ii Edd.; hi a; hii H; hij c. [95] fit, ut si remisso animo, gravissimo homine dignus Ed.; fit, ut (et c) remisso animo homine dignus MSS.; fit aut si rem. an. magno homine Madvig; fit, ut sit remissio animo, homine dignus Unger. [96] turpitudini adhibetur verborum A B H a b, Edd.; turpitudo adhibetur et verborum L c. [97] volumus A B1 H1 b; volemus B2 H2, Bt., Heine; velimus L; vellemus c. [98] e????a Graeci Edd.; ironia graeci A B H b; ironian graeci a; greci mironian c. [99] qui A L c; si B H a b. [100] alium [quemque] quamvis Ed.; alium quemque quamvis MSS.; quemque alium quamvis p; aliquem, quamvis Pearce, Bt.; alium quamvis, Facciolati, Heine. [101] et in patre et in filio A B b, Edd.; et in patre et filio H a; et patre et filio L c. itemque B H2, Bt.1, MÜller; idemque A H1 L a b c, Bt.2, Heine. in Q Mucio† Mancia Heine, Bt.2; in q. mucio mantia B; in q. mutio mancia H L c; in q. mutio mantia a; inque mucio mantia b; inque mutio mantia A; in q. muntio mantia p; in Q. Mucio, Mancia MÜller. [102] ne (nec c) Xenocratem (-n L c) ... philosophorum MSS.; bracketed by Heumann, Edd. [103] studia nostra nostrae naturae regula Ernesti, Bt., Heine; studia nostra nostra (corr. ex nostri) regula A; studia nostrae regulae B; studia nostrae regula H; studia nostra regula a; studia (corr. in studii) nostri regula b; studia nostra naturae regula L c, Nonius; studia nostrae naturae regula MÜller. [104] cum Lambinus, Edd.; not in MSS. [105] innatus Bt., Edd.; notus MSS. [106] alius in eadem causa non debeat L c p, MÜller, Heine; not in A B H b; alius non debeat a; alius [in eadem causa] non debeat Bt., Ed. [107] et iocundum L c p; not in A B H a b; [et iucundum] Bt., Ed. [108] Suum Orelli; not in MSS.; but p has ingenium suum. [109] tam L c, Edd.; tam (i.e. tamen) A B H b. [110] nobilitas, h., divitiae Unger; nobilitatem, h., divitias MSS. [111] ii Edd.; hii A H b; hij c; hi B a. [112] Nam quod L c, Edd.; namque A B H a b. [113] Prodicus Manutius, Edd.; prodigus L c; prodigum B H b. [114] item Edd.; idem MSS. [115] sine Stuerenburg, Edd. plerique; sive MSS., Bt.1 [116] excellenti L c; excellente A B H a b; excellentis p. [117] est ei rei Gruter, Edd.; est eius rei L c p; est rei A B H b; est ei a. [118] possit J. M. Heusinger, Edd.; possint MSS. [119] et (sed b) vitium A B H a b; [et vitium] Bt.2, Ed.; et vicium c; et impium L p, Bt.1, Heine. [120] si ne in ... nolent Stuerenburg, Edd.; si in ... nolint A B H a b; si in ... volent L c; si in ... non nolint Lambinus. [121] de civium MSS.; [de civium] Hieron., Wolff, Edd. [122] discribere Bt., Ed., Heine; describere MSS. [123] efferentem A H1 L a b c; ecferentem B H2, Ed. [124] foedum Klotz, MÜller, Heine; formam A B H a b; turpem L c, Bt. [125] turpe non est a, Edd.; non turpe est L; non turpe (om. est) c; turpe non turpe est A B H b (the first turpe crossed out in A B). [126] quae turpia B b, Edd.; quae re turpia, L c; quae ... autem om. H. [127] quae turpia B H b, Edd.; quae re turpia L c. [128]re B H, Edd.; not in A L b c p. [129] ineptiis non vacant A B H a b; inepti non vacant offensione L c p. [130] in Edd.; not in MSS. [131] quae A2 c, Edd.; quoniam (per compend.) A1 B H a b. [132] enim isdem (hisdem B H) A B H b, MÜller; enim omnes isdem L c, most Edd. [133] magnam autem partem Lambinus, Edd.; magna autem parte MSS. [134] est usus L c, Edd.; et usus B H a b. [135] et L c, Edd.; not in B H b. [136] fit Bt., Ed.; sit B H a b; est L (corr. ex sit b), MÜller, Heine; not in c. [137] heu Edd.; et MSS.; ei Schenkl. [138] mediocritatemque: que italicized by Ed. but attested by B H L b c. [139] ad liberalem speciem et dignitatem B H b, Edd.; ad liberalitatem specie et dignitate L c p. [140] moderata L c p, Edd.; moderanda B H a b. [141] oportunitate(m) Ed. [142] oportunum Ed. [143] oportunitatis Ed. [144] convivio digna B H a b, Edd.; convivio dignum c; convivii dicta L p. [145] Atqui MÜller, Heine; atque MSS., Bt. [146] iis Edd.; his MSS. [147] videndum L c, Edd.; vivendum B H a b. [148] animadversores [que] Ed.; animadversoresque MSS.; *animadversoresque Bt.; animadversores Orelli, MÜller, Heine. [149] dedeceat a c, Edd.; deceat H L b; non deceat B. in illis a Bt.1, Ed.; in illos B H b c; illos L, Bt.2 [150] et ab aliis a, Bt., Ed.; aliis B H b; et cum aliis c; et ex aliis Unger, MÜller. [151] sic ut L p, Nonius; not in B H b c. [152] homine libero Edd.; homine nihil libero B H L a b c. [153] illim B1, Edd.; illum H; illa B2 p; illinc a b c; illic L. [154] copiis [quamvis] omnia, Ed.; copiis quamvis omnia MSS.; copiis omnia Lambinus, Bt., MÜller, Heine. [155] re ipsa B H a b, Bt., Ed.; re ab se L c (i.e. reapse Orelli, MÜller, Heine); ab ipsa re p. [156] utilitatem B H a b; caritatem L c p (affection). [157] cogitandique L c p, Edd.; congregandique B H a b. [158] communitate p (per compendium), Bt.2, MÜller, Heine; comitate A B H L a b c. [159] hoc L c p, Edd.; haec B H a b. [160] id a, Edd.; ut b; hoc B H L c p. [161] Etenim ... prudenter bracketed by Unger. [162] in quo ... maxime utile bracketed by Heumann, Facciolati, Edd.; tum ex ... maxime utile not in B H a b. [163] molestias L c p, Nonius, Edd.; not in B H a b. [164] temporibus Victorius, Edd.; temporis B H a b; tempori L c p. [165] expetunt L c p, Edd.; expetant H; expectant B a b. [166] disputatur Edd.; disputantur MSS. [167] posset a c; possit B H b. [168] haec tria genera confusa B H a b, Bt.2, Heine; haec tria genere confusa c, Bt.1, MÜller; haec tria genera, re confusa J. F. Heusinger. [169] Quicquid ... sit utile bracketed by Unger, Bt.2, MÜller, Heine. [170] alia H2 (inserted above the line) a, Edd.; not in B H1 b; partim c. [171] apes MSS.; bracketed by Facciolati, Edd. [172] his H, Edd.; iis B L b; hijs c. [173] subveniri L c, MÜller, Heine; subvenire B H a b, Bt., Ed. [174] et, quae nocent Bt.2; et eae, quae nocent B H b, Bt.1; et ea quae nocent L; ea quae nocent c. [175] qui ... subveniretur Gernhard, Edd.; qui ... subvenire B H; quis ... subveniret L c; quid ... subveniret a b. [176] distat L c p, MÜller, Heine; destitute B H a b, Bt. [177] discriptio H b; descriptio B a c. [178] mutuandisque facultatibus et commodandis Nonius, Bt.2, MÜller; mutandisque facultatibus et commodis MSS., Bt.1, Heine. [179] bello B H a b, MÜller, Heine; belli L c p, Bt. [180] usu et L c p; not in B H a b; bracketed by Bt.1 [181] virorum praestantium bracketed by Ed. [182] eam c, Edd.; ea B H a b. [183] iis Edd.; his B H a b; hijs c. [184] promissisque L c, Edd.; promissionisque B H a b; promissionibusque alii. [185] ac paret cum maxime mortuo, Halm, MÜller, Heine; paretque cum maxime mortuo c1, Bt.; paretque, c. m. m. L; apparet, cuius maxime mortui b; apparet cuius maxime portui B H a. [186] valeat c; valet B H a b. [187] ut eris Baiter; ut eriis B; uteris L; utere hiis H; utere iis b; utere his a; utantur eis c. [188] iis Edd.; his B H L a; hijs c; hiis b. [189] P. c, Edd.; L. B H a b. [190] enim una Baiter; enim est una MSS. [191] aeque Lund; eaque MSS. [192] et fidis MSS.; del. Facciolati, Pearce; [et fidis] Bt., Ed. [193] iis B; his H a b; hijs c. [194] loquimur B; loquamur H a b; loquemur c. [195] iis Bt.; his B H; hijs c; not in a b. [196] iis Bt.; his B H a b; hijs c. [197] haud contemnunt quidem b, Bt.2; contemnunt quidem nautiquam B H a p, Bt.1, Heine; contemnunt quidem nequaquam c; non contemnunt quidem Madvig, MÜller. [198] iis B, Edd.; his H a b; hijs c. [199] ii B b; hii H; hi a; hij, c. So § 37. [200] maioris partis animos c, Edd.; maiores partis animi B; maiores partes animi H a b. [201] iniusti habebuntur B H b; bracketed by Facciolati, Edd. [202] iis Edd.; his B H a b, not in c. [203] inops inferior MSS., Edd.; in otio (i.e. "at will") B H a b p; inicio (= initio) c. [204] infimis c, Edd.; infirmis B a b; infirmos H. [205] retinebat c, Edd.; pertinebat B H a p; pertinebant b. [206] veram gloriam Edd.; veram iustitiae gloriam MSS. [207] ii B, Edd.; hi H; iis b; hij c; his a. [208] alteri MSS.; om. Graevius, Edd. [209] cum Victorius, Edd.; tum MSS. [210] et, qua Manutius, Edd.; ex qua MSS. [211] orationis MSS., Ed.; bracketed by Fleckeisen, Bt.2, MÜller, Heine. [212] blande appellando sermone a c, Edd.; blando appellando sermone B H b; blande appellando Gulielmus (with three inferior MSS.), Bt., Heine; [sermone] Ed. [213] excitat gloriam MSS.; excitat [gloriam] Ed.; excitat Lange. [214] et apud populum c, Edd.; not in B H a b. [215] modo ne nefarium L c, Edd.; modo nefarium Nonius; et nefarium B H a b. [216] beneficentia Edd.; beneficientia MSS. (ubique). [217] in B H a b; not in L c p. [218] epistula H, Heine; epistola B L a b c. [219] praebitorem B H L b c p; praebitorem putant a. [220] sperent ... praebitorem L c p, Edd.; not in B H a b. [221] Ait enim Ed.; at hi a; at hii H; at ii B b; at hij c. [222] cogerentur B H a b; cogantur L c p. [223] capiatur Beier; not in MSS. [224] postuletur B H a b, Heine; postularetur L c p, Bt. [225] M. Orelli, Ed.; Marco MSS. [226] his H, Edd.; hijs c; iis B b; is L. [227] ergo B H a b, MÜller; ego L c p, Lactantius, Bt., Heine. [228] longe L c p, Lactantius, Edd.; not in B H a b. [229] dilabi L c, Ed., Heine; delabi B H a b, Bt. [230] consilio iuvare MSS., Ed.; bracketed by Muther, MÜller, Heine. [231] dicendi gravior facultas B H b; gravior facultas L c p; dicendi [gravior] facultas Ed.; dicendi facultas Lambinus. [232] huic quoque ergo B H L b c, Bt.; huic ergo Facciolati; huic [quoque] ergo Ed. [233] in toga dignitatis L c p, Edd.; in tota dignitatis B H b; in tota dignitate a. [234] videbitur L c p, Edd.; not in B H b; est a. [235] gratiam ... habere L c p, Edd.; not in B H a b. [236] vero se B H a b; vero tuo se L c p. [237] putet Ed.; putat MSS. [238] si L c p, Edd.; not in B H a b. [239] utentior MSS., Bt.1, Heine; potentior later MSS.; opulentior one MS. (C. Lange), Lambinus, Bt.2, MÜller. [240] partim L c p, Edd.; quae (que = quae H) partim B H a b. [241] malo enim B H L b p; malo enim alii a; malo enim aliene (alienae) c. [242] sunt B H b, Bt.2; sunt ad victum L c p, Bt.1, Heine. [243] dona accipere B H L a p c; accipere dona b, Ed. [244] tantum [Italicum] Bake, Edd.; tantum Italicum L c p; tantum Iliacum B H; tanti militari cum b. [245] abstinentiae L c p, Edd.; sapientiae B H a b. [246] potitus J. F. Heusinger; potitus [est] Edd.; potitus est MSS. [247] intulit B H b, Edd.; detulit L c p. [248] accepit L c, Edd.; accipit B H a b p. [249] Ac Edd.; at MSS. [250] malorum L c p, Edd.; maiorum B H a b. [251] oppressisset L c p, Edd.; pressisset B H a b. [252] moveri L c p, Edd.; movere B H a b. [253] cui Edd.; qui MSS. [254] subicere L c p, Edd.; subiacere B H a b. [255] cogitarat, ea B H a b, Bt.2, MÜller; cogitarat, cum ipsius intererat, tum ea c p, Bt.1, Heine. [256] persequentur c; persequuntur b, Bt.2; persecuntur B H p, Bt.1, Heine. [257] praetermittendis voluptatibus MSS.; del. Heine, Edd. [258] Sed ... disputatum est transposed from § 90 by Unger, Edd. [259] vellem c p, Bt.1, Ed.; not in B H a b, Bt.2 [260] Ianum c, Edd.; ianuae B H a b p. [261] [et ... corporis] bracketed by Unger, Edd. [262] [cum corporis ... corporis viribus] bracketed by Unger, Edd. [263] quid tertium: "Male pascere" c p, Edd.; not in B H a b. [265] M. Nonius; Marce MSS. [266] e c, Edd.; a a; not in B H b. [267] ex his ipsis c, Edd.; ex his a; ex ipsis B H b. [268] debebat is c, Edd.; debeat B H b; debeat is corr. in debeat a. [269] a c, Edd.; not in B H a b. [270] uberior c, Edd.; uerior B H a b. [271] ut, cum c, Edd.; ut ne, cum B H a b. [272] et non perfecisset MSS.; del. Muretus; bracketed by Edd. [273] Atque MSS., Bt.1, MÜller, Heine; atqui Fleckeisen, Bt.2, Ed. [274] compareant Anemoecius, Edd.; comparant B H a b; appareant c; comparent p. [275] idem Nonius, MÜller, Heine; autem B H a b; item c, Bt. [276] iis Baiter, MÜller, Heine; his B H a b; hijs c. [277] qui quidem many MSS., Bt.1, MÜller; qui idem B H a b c; qui [idem] Bt.2, Heine. [278] aut Aristides (Aristidesve p) MSS., Lactantius; bracketed by J. M. Heusinger, Edd. [279] hoc Lactantius, Edd., his MSS. [280] sit c, Bt.2, MÜller; not in B H a b, Bt.1; est Heine. [281] esse c, Edd.; not in B H a b. [282] utilitatem secuta est MSS., MÜller, Heine; utilitatem; honestatem utilitas secuta est Baiter, Ed. [283] disseruntur certain MSS., C. Lange and Fr. Fabricius, MÜller, Heine; disserentur MSS., Bt. [284] iis Edd.; his (hijs c) MSS. [285] et honestum ... et utile Lambinus, Bt.2, MÜller, Heine, et honestum ... aut utile B H a b; aut honestum ... aut utile c, Bt.1 [286] Detrahere ... generis eiusdem MSS.; bracketed by Baiter, Edd. [287] fugiendam b, Ed.; fugienda B H a c. [288] sed c, Edd.; et B H a b. [289] ii Bt., Ed.; hi B a b; hii H; hij c. [290] quae vacent iustitia MSS., Ed., Heine; quae vacent iniustitia cod. Ubaldini, Bt.1; quae non v. iustitia O. [291] Bracketed by Unger, Edd. [292] humanitatis corpore Muret, cod. Guelf., Ed., Bt., Heine; humanitate corporis MSS., MÜller; Unger strikes out corporis. [293] superioribus ... ex quibus Walker, Bt.2, Ed.; ex superioribus ... quibus MSS., Bt.1; superioribus ... quibus, Heine. [294] ea ... incidissent MSS., Bt.1, Heine, Ed.; eam [repugnantiam] ... incidisset Unger, Bt.2 [295] venerunt Manutius, Edd.; venerint MSS. [296] re utilitas et turp. c, Edd.; re utili turpitudo B H a b. [297] invisitata B H1, Edd.; inusitata H2 a b c. [298] ni(c)hilo c, Edd.; nihil B H a b. [299] peccare ... haberet MSS.; bracketed by Madv., Bt. [300] nequaquam Manutius, Bt., Ed., Heine; quamquam (and yet it is possible) MSS., MÜller. [301] causam c, Edd.; causa B H a b. [302] iis Bt., Ed., Heine; his B H a b; hijs c. [303] quicum MSS., Bt., Heine; quocum Ed. [304] erit Ed., Bt.2, Heine; sit MSS.; est Bt.1 [305] adhibere B H a, Bt., Ed.; habere b c, Lact., MÜller. [306] sit Manubius, Edd.; est MSS., Nonius. [307] Xerxemque B H a b, Bt., Heine; Xersenque c; Xersemque Nonius, Ed. [308] Atqui Victorius, Fl., Bt.2, Ed.; Atque MSS., Bt.1 [309] vilitas a, Edd.; utilitas, B H b c. [310] idem B H a b; id c, Bt. [311] immo ... est c, Ed., Heine; immo vero necesse est p; immo vero [inquiet ille] necesse est Bt. [312] sint Bt.1, Ed., Heine; not in MSS., Bt.2 [313] sunt MSS., Bt.1, Heine, Ed.; est [dissensio] Unger, Bt.2 [314] Rhodios c, Edd.; Rhodius B H a b. [315] dictitabat c, Edd.; dictabat B H a b. [316] tempori B H b, Bt.1, Ed.; tempore a c; temperi Fl., Bt.2, Heine. [317] quaereretur Edd., with authority; quaererem MSS. [318] Atque MSS., Bt.1, MÜller, Heine; Atqui Manutius, Ed., Bt.2 [319] ut tutela MSS., Bt., MÜller; ut in tutela Heine, Ed. [320] non illicitatorem c (inl.) p, Edd.; non licitatorem B H a b. [321] huic c, Edd.; huius B H a b. [322] certe Lamb., Edd.; recte MSS. [323] istum p c, Edd.; iustum B H a b. [324] esset p c, Edd.; est B H a b. [325] Ti. Lange, Edd.; titum MSS. [326] vendidit B H a b; et vendidit p c.; Edd. omit. [327] comprehendi MSS.; omnes comprehendi Bt., Heine. [328] serviebant Heus., Edd.; sergio serviebant B H a b; sergio alii serviebant c. [329] Bracketed by Unger, Edd. [330] haec c. Edd.; hoc B H a b. [331] turpem notam temporum nomen illorum H a (turpe) b, Bt.; excl. nomen illorum Victorius, Ed.; turpe nomen illorum temporum c. [332] propulsat cod. Bern., O., Edd.; propulsat a suis Edd. [333] C. Bt., Ed., Heine; not in MSS. [334] et iam Edd.; etiam MSS. [335] aut hunc c, Edd.; atque hunc B H a b. [336] ea species forma B H a b; ea specie forma c p; ea forma, Klotz, Heine, Ed.; ea species, Bt. [337] Bracketed by Ed., Heine, et al. [338] fuerit quaeque c, Edd.; fuit B H a b. [339] dirigenda MSS., Edd. plerique; derigenda Ed. [340] beni(e)voli StÜrenbg.; benivoli sunt c; boni sunt B H a b. [341] potenti Nonius, Edd.; potente MSS. [342] quod L c, Edd.; quo B H a b. [343] dirigit MSS., Edd. plerique; derigit Ed. [344] quam navigantem Heus., Edd.; quam si navigantem MSS. [345] est c, Nonius; sit B H a b. [346] sibine uterque Victorius, Edd.; sibi neuter MSS. [347] si cui c, Nonius, Edd.; sicut B H a b. [348] vinum c, Nonius, Edd.; venenum B H a b p. [349] iterum eo Pearce, Edd.; item eo B H a b; item tum c. [350] iis Edd.; his B H a b; hijs c. [351] Atque MSS., Bt.1, MÜller, Heine; Atqui Fl., Bt.2, Ed. [352] quod Ed.; not in MSS., Bt., et al. [353] facias c, Bt., Ed., Heine; facies A B H a b, MÜller. [354] percepset Bt., Ed., Heine; percepisset MSS.; perspexet MÜller. [355] sacratae Edd.; sacrata B H a b; sacratum c. [356] num A L c, Edd.; nam B H a b. [357] Num Edd.; non MSS. [358] habebat L c, Edd.; habebit A B H a b. [359] fregistin Edd.; fregistine A B H a b; fregisti L c. [360] quaeque Forchhammer, MÜller, Heine; not in MSS., Bt., Ed. [361] non modo non B H a; non modo nos c; non modo L c p, Edd. [362] habet L c, Edd.; habeat A B H a b. [363] Est ... servanda bracketed by Unger, Bt.2, Ed. [364] sit Edd. plerique; est MSS., Bt.1 [365] Scite enim A L c, Edd.; scit enim B H a b. [366] vinctos A L c, Edd.; victos B H a b. [367] primo luci Beier, Heine, Ed.; primo lucis c; prima luce A B H a b. [368] Novem ... quam erat c, Bt.1, Ed.; om. A B H a b; unum qui Unger, Bt.2 [369] astringit c p, Ed., Heine; distringit A B H a b, Unger, Bt. [370] § 114 bracketed by Heus., Bt., as un-Ciceronian. [371] C. Heine, Ed.; not in MSS. [372] viris c p, Edd.; veris A B H b. [373] sicuti L c, Edd.; sicut id A B H a b. [374] dolore. Et MÜller, Heine; dolore: ut MSS., Bt.; dolore. Ut Ed. [375] expetantur A, Edd.; expectantur B a; exspectantur c. [376] Omitted by Muretus; bracketed by Heine, Ed., et al. [377] videtur c, Edd.; videretur B H a b; viderentur A. [378] iis Edd.; his A B H a b; hijs c. [379] monitis Lambinus, Edd.; monumentis A B H a b; monimentis c. [A] Cicero is alluding to his Republic, Tusculan Disputations, Theories of the Supreme Good and Evil, The Nature of the Gods, Academics, Hortensius, his essays on Friendship (Laelius), Old Age (Cato), Fate, Divination, etc. (15 in all). [B] Cicero's technical terms are difficult because he has to invent them to translate Greek that is perfectly simple: rectum is 'right,' i.e. perfect, absolute. Its opposite is medium, 'mean,' i.e. intermediate, falling short of the 'absolute' and occupying a middle ground; common; ordinary. honestum is 'morally right'; as a noun, 'moral goodness' (= honestas); its opposite is turpe, 'morally wrong.' honestas is 'moral rectitude,'—'moral goodness'; 'morality'; its opposite turpitudo, 'moral wrong,' 'immorality.' honestus, on the other hand, is always 'honourable'; and honores are always 'offices of honour.' [C] For Panaetius was a Stoic, and the Stoics did not admit that there were any degrees of right or wrong. [D] Cicero plays on the double meaning of honestum: (1) 'moral goodness,' and (2) 'honourable,' 'distinguished,' etc. [E] Of course, 'good faith' and 'made good' have just as little etymological connection as fiat and fidem. [F] The three wishes were: (1) safe return from Hades; (2) escape from the Labyrinth; (3) the death of Hippolytus. [G] Each praetor, at his inauguration, announced publicly the principles and policies that should guide him in the administration of his office. These were the source of the Ius Praetorium, which explained and supplemented the common law (Ius Civile) and even modified its ancient rigour so as to conform with a more advanced public sentiment, and form a most valuable part of the body of Roman Law. [H] This story is told of Cleomenes, King of Sparta (520-491 b.c.), in the war with Argos. (Plutarch, Apophth. Lacon. 223 A.) [I] Lucius Aemilius Paulus (b.c. 168). [J] ????? t? (t??) f???? (Plato, Phaedr. 279 C; Aristotle, Eth. VIII, 11). [K] Antony and his associates. [L] Caesar, Clodius, Catiline. [N] As Cicero did at the expiration of his consulship. [O] As Sulla did in his dictatorship. The contrast to Caesar is the more striking for Cicero's not mentioning it. [P] e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Zeno, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras. [Q] Such as Cicero's friend, Atticus, and Marcus Piso. [R] The praises of Cicero for his overthrow of the conspiracy of Catiline. [S] The laurels of the triumphant general. [T] Such as the esteem and good-will of fellow-citizens; life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; the existence of the state and all the advantages it brings. [U] Sacrificing public interests to personal glory. [V] From the death of Pericles on. [W] Such as the conspiracy of Catiline. [X] The civil wars of Marius and Sulla, Caesar and Pompey. [Y] The quality elsewhere expressed by Cicero with a??t??—'depth,' 'reserve,' the art of concealing and controlling one's feelings under an outward serenity of manner. [AA] Decorum Cicero's attempt to translate p??p??, means an appreciation of the fitness of things, propriety in inward feeling or outward appearance, in speech, behaviour, dress, etc. Decorum is as difficult to translate into English as p??p?? is to reproduce in Latin; as an adjective, it is here rendered by 'proper,' as a noun, by 'propriety.' [AC] The Greek palaestra, a public school of wrestling and athletics, adopted by the Romans became a place of exercise where the youth were trained in gestures and attitudes, a nursery of foppish manners. [AD] Like Pyrgopolinices in the Miles Gloriosus of Plautus, or Thraso in the Eunuchus of Terence. [AE] Members of Caesar's party were now occupying the houses that had been the homes of Pompey's friends. Antony, for example, lived in Pompey's house. [AF] The ludus talarius was a kind of low variety show, with loose songs and dances and bad music. [AG] Cicero is guilty of a curious fallacy. If it follows from his premises, (1) some one virtue is the highest virtue, and (2) the duties derived from the highest virtue are the highest duties, and if (3) wisdom is the highest virtue, then it can only follow that the duties derived from wisdom are the highest duties. But Cicero throws in a fourth premise that the "bonds of union between gods and men and the relations of man to man" are derived from wisdom, and therewith sidetracks wisdom and gives the duties derived from the social instinct the place from which wisdom has been shunted. Cicero could not refrain from introducing a bit of theoretical speculation that has no value for his practical position—it actually prejudices it and confuses the reader. [AH] Such as Pompey, Cato, Hortensius, and Piso. [AI] Aristotle and Theophrastus. [AJ] That is, they make a false distinction between (1) moral rectitude that is at the same time expedient; (2) moral rectitude that is (apparently) not expedient; and (3) the expedient that is (apparently) not morally right. [AK] Julius Caesar. [AL] The Romans were accustomed to set up a spear as a sign of an auction-sale—a symbol derived from the sale of booty taken in war. [AM] Now lost, though they were still known to Petrarch. [AN] Cicero means by "kind services" the services of the lawyer; he was forbidden by law to accept a fee; his services, if he contributed them, were "acts of kindness." [AO] At the age of 21 Crassus conducted the case against Gaius Papirius Carbo, a former supporter of the Gracchi. The prosecution was so ably conducted that Carbo committed suicide to escape certain condemnation. [AP] A "capital charge" meant to the Roman a charge endangering a person's caput, or civil status. A conviction on such a charge resulted in his civil degradation and the loss of his privileges as a Roman citizen. [AQ] Julius Caesar was a striking example of this. [AR] Cicero evidently had in mind such instances as Sulla, Caesar, Antony, and Catiline—alieni appetens, sui profusus (Sall., Cat. V). [AS] The as was a copper coin worth somewhat less than a penny. Selling grain to the people at such a price was practically giving it away to purchase their good-will. [AT] The saving clause is added, because Cicero never filled the office of Censor. [AU] Acts of kindness and personal service mean to Cicero throughout this discussion the services of the lawyer, which were voluntary and gratis. [AV] This eminent jurist was Servius Sulpicius Lemonia Rufus, a close friend of Cicero, author of the well-known letter of condolence to Cicero on the death of his daughter Tullia. [AW] The Italian or Social War, b.c. 100-88. [AX] During the dictatorships of Sulla and Caesar. [AY] Nearly two million pounds sterling. [AZ] An assumed appeal to one of Caesar's edicts. [BA] Caesar, it seems, had had some part in the schemes of Catiline in b.c. 63 and possibly in the plot of b.c. 66-65. When his conquests in Gaul had freed him from his debts and made him rich, his party, with his consent, passed (b.c. 49) the obnoxious legislation here referred to—that all interest in arrears should be remitted, and that that which had been paid should be deducted from the principal. [BC] I.e., fills all the requirements of absolute perfection—an allusion to the Pythagorean doctrine that specific numbers stand for perfection of specific kinds; "absolute duty" combines them all. [BD] I.e., there are no circumstances of loss or gain that can warrant a violation of justice. [BE] As a Peripatetic, Cratippus insisted that there was natural good as well as moral good; thus health, honour, etc., were good and worth seeking for their own sake, though in less degree than virtue. But the Stoics (and Cicero is now speaking as a Stoic) called all those other blessings not "good" nor "worth seeking for their own sake," but "indifferent." [BF] With this he waves aside, without even the honour of mentioning them, the Epicureans, Cyrenaics, etc. [BG] Because he was a Stoic. [BH] Romulus. [BI] Remus. [BJ] I.e., whether he be god or man. [BK] The Cilician pirates had been crushed by Pompey and settled at Soli (Pompeiopolis). They gathered strength again during the distractions of the civil wars, and Antony is even said to have sought their aid in the war against Brutus and Cassius. Marseilles and King Deiotarus of Armenia had supported Pompey and in consequence were made tributary by Caesar's party. [BM] The shame was that states enjoying the rights of Roman citizenship should need a patron to protect their interests in the Roman capital. [BN] The Platonic doctrine of ideas known in a previous existence and gradually developing into renewed consciousness. Learning is but a remembering of what the soul has known before. [BO] Lit. 'flash with the fingers'; shoot out some fingers the number of which had to be guessed. [BP] Gratidianus's. [BQ] Never attained, however. For his conspicuous position as a popular leader made him an early mark for Sulla's proscriptions. [BR] Pompey, who in 59 married Caesar's daughter Julia, twenty-four years his junior, and already betrothed to Caepio. [BS] From A. S. Way's translation. [BT] The title bestowed on Cicero for saving the republic (in 63) and on Caesar for overthrowing it (after the battle of Munda, in 45). [BU] The publicans, farmers of the revenue, were the moneyed men of the times and belonged to the equestrian order. They purchased from the senate the farming of the revenues and then sublet their contract to the collectors. Sometimes they found that they had agreed to pay too high a rate and petitioned the senate to release them from their contract or reduce their obligations, as on this occasion (b.c. 61). The opposition of Cato and others strained the relations between the senate, who had control of the business, and the equestrian order, driving many of the equites over to Caesar's side. Complete harmony between the senate and the knights, as Cicero says, was the only thing that could have saved Rome from the popular party and Caesar. [BV] The denarius was worth at this time about ninepence. [BW] Approximately £750,000. [BX] Cicero is careless in his dates. Regulus was consul in 267 and 256. He was defeated and taken prisoner in his second proconsulship at the battle of Tunes in 255. And the Hamilcar of 255 was not Hannibal's father, for his career does not begin until 247, when he was a mere youth, and he was still in his prime when he fell in battle in Spain, in 229. [BY] At the battle of Panormus in 250 Lucius Caecilius Metellus took among the prisoners no less than thirteen Carthaginian generals—all men of noble birth. [BZ] The Epicureans. [CA] The Stoics. [CB] The Stoics. [CC] The Stoics. [CD] The Peripatetics. [CF] 184 years, i.e., in b.c. 137. [CG] "Sacred" laws, according to Festus (p. 318), were laws that placed their transgressor, together with his household and his property, under the ban of some divinity; other authorities limit the term to the laws enacted upon the Sacred Mount (b.c. 394). [CH] But Cicero never saw his son Marcus again. CORRECTIONS:
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