The Auxilia of the Roman Imperial Army

APPENDIX I

During the course of this essay an attempt was made to estimate roughly the total number of auxiliary troops in existence during the first century, but the evidence for this period was too scanty to permit of discussing further the size and composition of the various provincial garrisons.446 In the second century, however, the evidence of ‘diplomata’ and dated inscriptions becomes relatively copious, and it has seemed possible to draw up something like an ‘army list’, giving the names of the regiments stationed in every province during this period so far as they are known. Such a list cannot, of course, make any pretensions to completeness, but it is hoped that the main conclusions which it suggests will not be found incorrect, and that it may be of service to future workers in the same field. The period to which the list is intended to apply extends from the death of Trajan, in 117, to the accession of Marcus, in 161, during which no hostilities on a large scale took place, so that in view of the general character of the military system we may safely assume that few regiments were transferred from one province to another. In drawing up the list the following principles have been observed. In the first place, all regiments have been included which are assigned to a particular province by a ‘diploma’ or inscription dated within the limits of the period. Secondly, those regiments are included which can be shown to have existed before and after the period, since they must obviously also have been in existence during it, although their allocation to a particular province is of course not so certain. To this category belong those regiments which, while only mentioned in later inscriptions or the Notitia Dignitatum, bear evidence in the titles ‘Claudia’, ‘Flavia’, ‘Ulpia’, or ‘Aelia’ that they were created at an earlier date.

These canons have not, however, been rigidly adhered to in every case. In estimating the garrison of Mauretania Caesariensis; for example, where evidence is particularly scanty, it seemed foolish to exclude that afforded by the diploma of 107, the only one yet found in the province. In this and other doubtful cases a summary of the evidence used is appended to the name of the regiment, so that the reader may judge of its value for himself. When the facts seem certain the epigraphical evidence is not cited in full, although to illustrate certain arguments used in the text a reference is given to every ‘diploma’ in which each regiment is mentioned and also to the Notitia Dignitatum.447 In calculating the strength of the various provincial garrisons the cohorts and alae are reckoned at 500 or 1,000 men each, the mounted infantry of a cohors equitata being estimated at 25 per cent. of the total establishment. For the numeri, which probably varied in size, an average strength of 200 men has been taken.

I. Britain.448

Diplomata xxix (98), xxxii (103), xxxiv (105), xliii (124), lv (ante 138), lvii (146).

Alae.
	I Asturum	98 (?), 124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 35.
	II Asturum	Several inscriptions. Eph. Ep. ix. 1171 dates from c. 180. (Cf. Dio, lxxii. 8). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 38.
	Augusta Gallorum Petriana M.C.R.	98 (?), 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 45.
	Augusta Gallorum Proculeiana	98 (?), ante 138, 146.
	II Gallorum Sebosiana	103, inscription of the third century (vii. 287).
	Picentiana	124.
	I Qu//ru (?Cugernorum)	124.
	Sabiniana	vii. 571. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 37.449
	Tungrorum	98, 105, 145-80 (vii. 1090).450
	Hispanorum Vettonum C.R.	103, 197 (vii. 273).
	Augusta Vocontiorum	145-80 (vii. 1080).451
Cohorts.
	I Aquitanorum	124, 158 (Eph. Ep. ix. 1108).
	I Asturum	260 (viii. 9047).452
	II Asturum	105 (?), 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 42.453
	I Baetasiorum C.R.	103, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xxviii. 18.
	I Batavorum	124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 39.
	IIIBracaraugustanorum	103, 124, 146. Eph. Ep. ix. 1277.
	IV Breucorum	vii. 458, 1231. Eph. Ep. vii. 1127. The only one of these which can be dated belongs to the third century, but the cohort doubtless formed part of the early series, which can be traced in several provinces.
	I Celtiberorum	105, 146.
	I Aelia Classica	146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 51.
	I Ulpia Traiana Cugernorum C.R.	103, 124.
	I Aelia Dacorum M.	146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 44.
	I Dalmatarum	124.
	II Dalmatarum	105 (?). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 43.
	II Dongonum	124.
	I Frisiavonum	105, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 36.454
	II Gallorum E.	146.
	IV Gallorum E.	146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 41.
	V Gallorum	145-80 (vii. 1083). 222 (Eph. Ep. ix. 1140).
	I Nervana Germanorum M.E.	Second-century inscriptions (vii. 1063, 1066).455
	I Hamiorum S.	124, 136-8 (vii. 748).
	I Aelia Hispanorum M.E.	222 (vii. 965).
	I Hispanorum E.	98, 103, 105, 124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 49.
	I Lingonum E.	105, c. 142 (vii. 1041).
	II Lingonum E.	98, 124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 48.
	IV Lingonum E.	103, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 33.
	I Menapiorum	124.
	I Morinorum	103. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 52.
	II Nerviorum	98, 124, 146.
	III Nerviorum C.R.	124. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 53.
	VI Nerviorum C.R.	124, 146. Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 56.
	II Pannoniorum	105 (?). Still existing in the reign of Hadrian (ix. 1619).
	III Pannoniorum	ante 138.456
	I Sunucorum	124.
	I Thracum	117-38 (vii. 275),457 193-7 vii. 273).
	II Thracum E.	103, 145-80 (vii. 1091). Not. Dign. Occ. xl. 50.
	I Tungrorum M.	103, 124. Not. Dign. xl. 40.
	II Tungrorum M.E.C.L.458	158. Eph. Ep. ix. 1230.
	I Vangionum M.E.	103, 124.
	I Fida Vardullorum M.E.C.R.	98, 105, 124, 146.
6,000 cavalry, 2,125 mounted infantry, 20,875 infantry. Total 29,000. Legions in the province: II Augusta, VI Victrix, XX Valeria Victrix.
II. Germania Inferior.
Diploma 78. I Bericht Über die Fortschritte der rÖmisch-germanischen Forschung, p. 99.
Alae.
	Afrorum	78. One inscription, which is apparently second century (xiii. 8806).459
	Noricorum	78, 138-61 (xiii. 8517).
	Sulpicia	78, 187 (xiii. 8185).
Cohorts.
	I Flavia E.	205 (xiii. 7797), 250 (xiii. 7786).
	II Hispanorum P.F.E.	158 (xiii. 7796).
	VI Ingenuorum C.R.	xiii. 8315. Still existing in third century. A. E. 1911. 107.
	XV Voluntariorum C.R.	Early third-century inscriptions (xiii. 8824, 8826).460
1,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 1,750 infantry. Total 3,500. Legions in the province: I Minervia, XXX Ulpia Victrix.
III. Germania Superior.461
Diplomata xi (74), xiv (82), xxi (90), xl (116), l (134).
Alae.
	I Flavia Gemina	74, 82, 90, 116.
	Indiana Gallorum	134.
	Scubulorum	74, 82, 90, 116.
Cohorts.
	I Aquitanorum Veterana E.	74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
	I Aquitanorum Biturigum	74, 90, 116 (?), 134.
	III Aquitanorum E.C.R.	74, 82, 90, 134.
	IV Aquitanorum E.C.R.	74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
	I Asturum E.	82, 90, 134.
	II Augusta Cyrenaica E.	74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
	I Flavia Damascenorum M.E.S.	90, 116, 134.
	III Dalmatarum	90, 116, 134.
	V Dalmatarum	74, 90, 116, 134.
	I Germanorum C.R.	82, 116, 134.
	I Helvetiorum	148 (xiii. 6472).
	I Ligurum et Hispanorum C.R.	116, 134.
	II Raetorum C.R.	82, 90, 116, 134.
	VII Raetorum E.	74, 82, 90, 116, 134.
	I Sequanorum et Rauracorum E.	191 (xiii. 6604).462
	IV Vindelicorum	74, 90, 116 (?), 134.
	I C.R.	116, 134.
	XXIV Voluntariorum C.R.	Inscriptions at Murrhardt on outer limes (xiii. 6530-33).
	XXX Voluntariorum C.R.	Placed in the province by a late second-century C.H. (iii. 6758).
Numeri.
	Brittonum Elantiensium	145-61 (xiii. 6490).
	Brittonum Triputiensium	145 (xiii. 6517).463
1,500 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 9,275 infantry. Total 11,900. Legions in the province: VIII Augusta, XXII Primigenia.
IV. Raetia.
Diplomata iii (64), xxxv (107), lxxix (post 145), lxiv (153), cxi (162), lxxiii (166).
Alae.
	Hispanorum Auriana	107, 166 (?), 153 (iii. 11911)
	I Flavia Singularium C.R.P.F.	107, 162 (?), 166.
	I Flavia Fidelis M.P.F.	162.
	I Flavia Gemelliana	64,464 166.
	II Flavia P.F.M.	153.
Cohorts.
	II Aquitanorum E.	162, 166.465
	IX Batavorum M.E.	166. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 24.
	IIIBracaraugustanorum	107, 166.
	VBracaraugustanorum	107, 166.
	I Breucorum E.	107, 166, 138-61 (iii. 11930, 11931).
	III Britannorum	107, post 145, 166.465 Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 25.
	I Flavia Canathenorum M.	162, 166.
	IV Gallorum	107, 166.
	I C.R. Ingenuorum466	First-century Raetian inscription (v. 3936). Post-Hadrianic C.H. (ix. 5362).
	VI Lusitanorum	Placed in Raetia by a C.H. which is probably second century (I.G.R.R. iii. 56).
	VII Lusitanorum	107 (?), 166.
	I Raetorum	107, 166.467
	II Raetorum	107, post 145, 162,468 166.469
	VI Raetorum	Cf. iii. 5202 with Not. Dign. Occ. xxxv. 27.
	III Thracum Veterana	107, 145, 166 (secondary title only in last).
	III Thracum C.R.	107, 166.
3,500 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 8,500 infantry. Total 12,500. No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.
V. Noricum.
Diploma civ (106).
Alae.
	I Commagenorum	106. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxiv. 36.470
	I Augusta Thracum	140-4 (iii. 5654).
Cohorts.
	I Asturum	106. Several inscriptions (iii. 4839, 5330, 5539, 11508, 11708; vi. 3588).
	V Breucorum	Inscriptions in Noricum (iii. 5086, 5472). Probably second century C.H. (x. 6102).
	I Aelia BrittonumM.	238 (iii. 4812).
	I Flavia BrittonumM.	267 (cf. iii. 4811 with 11504).
1,000 cavalry, 3,000 infantry. Total 4,000. No legion in the province before the end of the reign of Marcus.
VI. Pannonia Superior.
Diplomata for the undivided provinces, ci (ante 60), ii (60), xiii (80), xvi (84), xvii (85), xxvii (98), xcviii (105). Diplomata for Pannonia Superior, cv (116), xlvii (133), li (138), lix (138-48), lx (148), lxi (149), c (150), lxv (154).
Alae.
	Canninefatium	116, 133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
	I Ulpia Contariorum M.C.R.	133, 148, 154.
	I Hispanorum Aravacorum	80, 84, 85, 133, 138, 148, 149, 150.
	Pannoniorum	Several inscriptions; iii. 3252, 4372 are certainly second century.
	I Thracum Victrix C.R.	133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
	III Augusta Thracum S.	148, 149, 150, 154.
Cohorts.
	II Alpinorum E.	60, 84, 133, 148, 149, 154.
	I Bosporiana	116.
	V Lucensium et Callaecoram E.	60, 84, 85, 133, 138-48, 148, 149, 154.
	I Ulpia Pannoniorum M.E.	133, 138, 148, 149, 154.
	I Aelia Sagittariorum M.E.	133 (?), 148, 149.
	I Thracum C.R.E.	133, 138, 148, 149, 154. Not. Dign. Occ. xxxii. 59.
	IV Voluntariorum C.R.	148, 149.
	XVIII Voluntariorum C.R.	138, 148, 149, 154.
3,500 cavalry, 875 mounted infantry, 4,125 infantry. Total 8,500. Legions in the province: I Adiutrix, X Gemina, XIV Gemina Martia Victrix.
VII. Pannonia Inferior.
Diplomata xxxix (114), lviii (138-46), c (150), lxviii (145-60), lxxiv (167).
Alae.
	Augusta C.R.	145-60.
	Flavia Augusta Britannica M.C.R.	150, 145-60, 167.
	I C.R. Veterana	80, 84, 85, 145-60.
	I Flavia Gaetulorum	114, 145-60 (?).471
	I Augusta Ituraeorum S.	98, 150, 167.
	I Thracum Veterana S.	150, 145-60, 167.
Cohorts.
	I Alpinorum Peditata	80, 85, 114, 167.
	I Alpinorum E.	80, 85, 114, 154-60.472
	II Asturum et Callaecorum	80, 85, 145-60, 167.
	III Batavorum M.E.	138-46, 145-60.
	VII Breucorum C.R.E.	85, 167.
	II Augusta Nervia Pacensis Brittonum M.	114, 145-60.473
	II Augusta Dacorum P.F.M.E.	iii. 10255 probably dates from the second century.
	I Hemesenorum M.E.C.R.S.	138-46.
	I Lusitanorum	60, 80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 145-60, 167.
	III Lusitanorum E.	114, 145-60, 167.
	Maurorum M.E.	Several inscriptions; iii. 3545 probably second century.
	I Montanorum C.R.	80, 84, 85, 98, 114, 167.
	I Noricorum E.	80, 84, 85, 138-46 (?), 167.
	Cohors I Thracum E.	145-60.
	Cohors I Augusta Thracum E.	167.
	Cohors II Augusta Thracum E.	167.
	Cohors I Campanorum Voluntariorum	Third-century inscription (iii. 3237).
3,500 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 9,125 infantry. Total 14,500. Legion in the province: II Adiutrix.
VIII. Dalmatia.
Diploma xxiii (93).
Cohorts.
	III Alpinorum E.	93. Numerous inscriptions; third-century C.H. (A. E. 1911. 107); placed by Not. Dign. Occ. xxxii. 53 in Pannonia.
	I Belgarum E.	Numerous inscriptions, one of 173 (iii. 8484).
	VIIIVoluntariorum C.R.	93, 197 (iii. 8336).
250 mounted infantry, 1,250 infantry. Total 1,500.
IX. Moesia Superior.
Diplomata, ciii (93); A. E. 1912. 128 (103).474
Alae.
	Claudia Nova	93, 103.
Cohorts.
	I Antiochensium	93, 103.
	I Cisipadensium	93, 103, 235-8 (iii. 14429).
	I Cretum	93, 103. Mentioned in a Dacian C.H. (iii. 1163).475
	V Gallorum	93, 103. Second-century inscription (iii. 142164).
	V Hispanorum E.	93, 103. Inscription probably of second or early third century (viii. 4416).476
	IV Raetorum	93, 103. Existing at time of Marcomannian War (viii. 17900).
	I Thracum Syriaca E.	93, 103. Several inscriptions at Timacum minus (iii. 8261, 8262, 14575, 14579).
500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 3,250 infantry. Total 4,000. Legions in the province: IV Flavia, VII Claudia.
X. Moesia Inferior.
Diplomata xiv (82), xxx (99a), xxxi (99b), xxxiii (105), xxxviii (98-114), xlviii (134), cviii (138).477
Alae.
	Atectorigiana	A second-century inscription places the ala in Moesia Inferior (Notigia degli Scavi, 1889. 340). Inscription from Tomi of 222-35 (iii-6154).478
	Gallorum Flaviana	99b, 105. Second-century C.H. (Eph. Ep. v. 994).
	II Hispanorum et Aravacorum	99b, 138.
	Augusta	Early inscription at Arlec (iii. 12347), which is still a cavalry station with the name Augusta in Not. Dign. Or. xiii. 7.
	I Vespasiana Dardanorum	99a, 105, 98-114, 134.
Cohorts.
	IBracaraugustanorum	99b, 98-114, 134.
	II Flavia Brittonum E.	99a, 230 (iii. 7473).
	II Chalcidenorum	99a, 134.
	I Cilicum M.	134.
	IV Gallorum	105. Not. Dign. Or. xl. 46.
	II Lucensium	105, 98-114, 199 (iii. 12337).
	I Lusitanorum Cyrenaica E.	99a, 105, 138.
	II Mattiacorum	99b, 134, 138.
2,500 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 4,250 infantry. Total 7,000. Legions in the province: I Italica, V Macedonica, XI Claudia.
XI. Dacia.479
Diplomata, xxxvii (110);480 for Dacia Inferior xlvi (129); for Dacia Superior lxvi (157?), lxvii (158); uncertain lxx (145-61).
Alae.
	I Asturum	200 (iii. 1393). Tiles iii. 8074^1a,b.
	I Batavorum M.	158.
	Bosporanorum481	iii. 1197, 1344, 7888. Tiles 8074³.
	Gallorum et Bosporanorum	158.
	Gallorum et Pannoniorum	145-61.
	I Hispanorum	129.
	I Hispanorum Campagonum	157, 158.
	II Pannoniorum	144 (A. E. 1906. 112).
	Siliana C.R. torquata	iii. 845, 847, 7651.
	I Tungrorum Frontoniana	In Pannonia Inferior till 114. In Dacia probably in 145-61,482 213 (iii. 795).
	Vexillatio equitum Illyricorum	129. (Afterwards became an ala, and is reckoned as such.)
Cohorts.
	I Alpinorum E.	205 (iii. 1343). Also iii. 1183, and on tiles 1633²³, 80748.
	I Batavorum M.	iii. 839, 13760.
	II Flavia Bessorum	129.
	I Britannica M.C.R.483	110. iii. 7634 is not earlier than Marcus and Verus.
	I Brittonum M.E.	In Pannonia in 85. In Dacia in 191 (iii. 1193).
	I Augusta Nervia Pacensis Brittonum M.484	145-61.
	I Ulpia Brittonum M.	145-61.
	II Brittonum M.C.R.P.F.485	In Moesia Superior in 103. Tiles iii. 8074¹¹.
	III Brittonum485	In Moesia Superior in 103. Tiles iii. 8074¹².
	III Campestris C.R.	110. Inscriptions at Drobetae, iii. 142168, 14216¹.
	I Flavia Commagenorum	157. iii. 14216²6.
	II Flavia Commagenorum E.	119-38 (iii. 1371).
	III Commagenorum	iii. 7221, 13767.
	I Gallorum Dacica	157.
	II Gallorum Macedonica E.	110. Described as being in Dacia in ii. 3230.
	III Gallorum	129.
	I Flavia Ulpia Hispanorum M.E.C.R.	110, 145-61.
	I Hispanorum Veterana	145-61. (Probably is the Cohors I Hispanorum of this diploma.)
	II Hispanorum Scutata Cyrenaica E.	145-61.
	IV Hispanorum E.	158.
	I Augusta Ituraeorum S.	110, 158.
	V Lingonum	215 (iii. 7638). But the cohort existed earlier; A.E. 1890. 151.
	II Flavia Numidarum	129.
	I Aelia Gaesatorum M.	145-61.486
	I Thracum S.	157, 158.
	VI Thracum	145-61.
	I Ubiorum	157.
	I Vindelicorum M.	157.
Numeri.
	Burgariorum et veredariorum	138 (iii. 13795).
	Pedites singulares Britannici	110, 157.
	Palmyrenorum487	Some inscriptions (iii. 907, 14216) are probably as early as this period.
6,000 cavalry, 1,125 mounted infantry, 18,175 infantry. Total 25,300. Legion in the province: XIII Gemina.
XII. Macedonia.
A new diploma (A. E. 1909. 105) shows that the Cohors I Flavia Bessorum was stationed in the province in 120. Total 500 infantry.
XIII. Cappadocia.
No diplomata: the basis of this section is Arrian’s ‘Order of battle against the Alani’, which gives the state of the garrison at the end of the reign of Hadrian.488
Alae.
	II Ulpia Auriana	Arrian, 1. Full title, iii. 6743. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 23.
	I Augusta Gemina Colonorum	Arrian, 1. Full title, viii. 8934. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 21.
	II Gallorum	Arrian, 9. Cf. I. G. R. R. iii. 272; Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 24.
	I Ulpia Dacorum	Arrian, 8. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 23.
Cohorts.
	Apuleia C.R.	Arrian, 7 and 14. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 34.
	Bosporiana M.S.	Arrian, 3 and 18. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 29.
	I Claudia E.	Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 36.
	Cyrenaica S.E.	Arrian, 1 and 14.
	I Germanorum M.E.	Arrian, 2. Cf. I.G.R.R. i. 623; Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 30.
	II Hispanorum E.	Cf. iii. 6760, ix. 2649; A. E. 1911. 161.489
	II Italica C.R.S.M.E.	Arrian, 3, 9, and 13. Cf. xi. 6117.490
	Ituraeorum E.	Arrian, 1.
	I Lepidiana E.C.R.	In Moesia Inferior in 98-114.491 Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 35.
	I Flavia Numidarum M.E.S.492	Arrian, 3 and 18. Cf. D. lxxvi (178) for Lycia-Pamphylia.
	III Ulpia Petraeorum M.E.S.	Arrian, 1. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 27.
	I Raetorum E.	Arrian, 1.
	IV Raetorum E.	Arrian, 1.
2,000 cavalry, 1,875 mounted infantry, 7,125 infantry. Total 11,000. Legions in the province: XII Fulminata, XV Apollinaris.
XIV. Syria.
Diploma cx (157). The cavalry vexillatio described in iii. 600 seems to have been drawn almost entirely from regiments stationed in the Eastern provinces.493 This inscription, therefore, which probably dates from the end of Trajan’s reign, may be reckoned as a diploma, and the regiments mentioned in it placed in Syria if they cannot be traced elsewhere.
Alae.
	II Flavia Agrippiana	iii. 600. Cf. C.I.G.iii. 3497 for full titles.
	Augusta Syriaca	iii. 600 (from Egypt).
	I Ulpia DromedariorumM.	157.
	I Praetoria C.R.	iii. 600. Not. Dign. Or. xxxviii. 26 (in Armenia).
	III Thracum	Cf. ii. 4251 (praefectus alae III Thracum in Syria) with vi. 1449, which shows that the regiment was existing in the middle of the second century.
	Thracum Herculania M.	iii. 600, 157.
	I Ulpia Singularium	iii. 600, 157.
Cohorts.
	I Ascalonitanorum S.E.	iii. 600, 157.
	I Flavia Chalcidenorum S.E.	157.
	V Chalcidenorum E.	iii. 600.
	II Classica S.	157.
	I Ulpia Dacorum	157. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiii. 33 (Syria).
	III Dacorum E.	iii. 600.
	II Equitum494	iii. 600.
	VII Gallorum	157.
	I Lucensium E.	iii. 600 (from Dalmatia).
	IV Lucensium E.	iii. 600.
	II Ulpia Paflagonum E.	iii. 600, 157.
	III Ulpia Paflagonum E.	iii. 600, 157.
	I Ulpia Petraeorum M.E.495	iii. 600, 157.
	V Ulpia Petraeorum M.E.495	iii. 600, 157.
	I Ulpia Sagittariorum E.	iii. 600.
	I Claudia Sugambrorum	157.
	I Sugambrorum E.496	iii. 600 (from Moesia).
	II Thracum Syriaca E.	157.
	III Augusta Thracum E.	157.
	III Thracum Syriaca E.497	A. E. 1911. 161.
	IV Thracum Syriaca E.497	Mentioned on a C.H. of the second century (ii. 1970).
	II Ulpia E.C.R.	iii. 600, 157.
4,500 cavalry, 2,375 mounted infantry, 9,625 infantry. Total 16,500. Legions in the province: III Gallica, IV Scythica, XVI Flavia.
XV. Syria Palaestina.
Diplomata, xix (86), cix (139).
Alae.
	Gallorum et Thracum	139.
	Anton … Gallorum	139. Probably the e??? ??t?????a?? Ga???? of B.G.U. 614 (dated 217).
	VII Phrygum	139.
Cohorts.
	III Bracarum	139.
	IV Breucorum	139.
	I Damascenorum	139.
	I Flavia C.R.E.	iii. 600, 139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiv. 45.
	I Ulpia Galatarum	139.
	II Ulpia Galatarum	139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxiv. 44.
	V Gemina C.R.	139.
	I Montanorum	139.
	IV Ulpia Petraeorum498	139.
	VI Ulpia Petraeorum498	139.
	I Sebastenorum M.	139.
	I Thracum M.	139. Not. Dign. Or. xxxvii. 31 (Arabia).
1,500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 6,875 infantry. Total 8,500.
Legions in the province: VI Ferrata, X Fretensis.
XVI. Arabia.
Auxilia as yet unknown. Legio III Cyrenaica was stationed in the province.
XVII. Egypt.
Diploma xv (83).
Alae.
	Apriana	83, 170 (iii. 49). Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 32.
	II Ulpia Afrorum499	Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 38.
	Gallorum Veterana	199 (iii. 6581). Unlikely to be a late creation. Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 28.
	I Thracum Mauretana	154-5 (B.G.U. 447), 156 (Eph. Ep. vii. p. 457).500
	Vocontiorum	134 (B.G.U. 114).
Cohorts.
	I Ulpia Afrorum E.	177 (B.G.U. 241).
	I Apamenorum S.E.	145 (Brit. Mus. Pap. 178). Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 60.
	I Flavia Cilicum E.	140 (iii. 6025).
	III Cilicum	217-18 (A. E. 1905. 54), but it belonged presumably to the early series.
	III Galatarum	Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 35, but belonging probably to the series raised by Trajan.
	II Hispanorum	134 (B.G.U. 114).
	II Ituraeorum Felix E.	147 (I.G.R.R. i. 1348). Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 44.
	III Ituraeorum	103 (Pap. Ox. vii. 1022). A second-century C.H. (viii. 17904).
	Augusta Praetoria Lusitanorum E.	156 (Eph. Ep. vii. p. 456). Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 58.
	I Augusta Pannoniorum	83. Not. Dign. Or. xxviii. 41.
	Scutata C.R.	143 (B.G.U. 141). Cf. iii. 12069 and Not. Dign. Or. xxxi. 59.
	I Thebaeorum E.	114 (B.G.U. 114).
	II Thracum	167 (Wilcken, Ostraka, 927).
Numeri.
	Palmyreni Hadriani Sagittarii	216 (I.G.R.R. i. 1169).
2,500 cavalry, 750 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 9,200. Legion in the province: II Traiana Fortis.
XVIII. Cyrenaica.
Garrison unknown.
XIX. Africa.
Alae.
	Flavia	174 (viii. 21567).
	I Augusta Pannoniorum	128. Addressed by Hadrian (A. E. 1900. 33).
Cohorts.
	II Flavia Afrorum	198 (A. E. 1909. 104).
	I Chalcidenorum E.	164 (viii. 17587).
	VI Commagenorum E.	128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).
	I Flavia E.	128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).
	II Hispanorum E.	128. Addressed by Hadrian (viii. 18042).
	II Maurorum	208 (viii. 4323).
Numeri.
	Palmyrenorum	211-17 (viii. 18007).501
1,000 cavalry, 500 mounted infantry, 2,700 infantry. Total 4,200. Legion in the province: III Augusta.
XX. Mauretania Caesariensis
Diploma xxxvi (107).
Alae.
	Brittonum V.	Second-century inscription (viii. 9764). Cf. 5936.
	Miliaria	Several inscriptions (viii. 9389, 21029, 21036, 21568, 21618). Existed in second century (xii. 672).
	I Nerviana Augusta FidelisM.	107.
	I Augusta Parthorum	107, 201 (viii. 9827).
	Flavia Gemina Sebastenorum	234 (viii. 21039). A praefectus of the reign of Marcus (Eph. Ep. 699).
	II Augusta Thracum P.F.	107, 209-11 (viii. 9370).
Cohorts.
	II Breucorum E.	107, 243 (viii. 21560).
	II Brittonum	107.
	I Corsorum C.R.	107. Post-Hadrianic C.H. (ix. 2853).
	II Gallorum	107.
	I Flavia Hispanorum	107, 201 (viii. 9360).
	I Flavia Musulamiorum	107.
	I Augusta Nerviana Velox	107.
	I Nurritanorum	107. Later inscriptions (xi. 6010; viii. 4292).
	I Pannoniorum E.	107, 201 (viii. 22602).
	II Sardorum	208 (viii. 21721). Also first-century inscriptions.
	I Aelia Singularium	260 (viii. 9047). Cf. 20753.
	IV Sugambrorum	107, 255 (viii. 9045).
Numeri.
	Gaesatorum	150 (viii. 2728).
4,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 5,950 infantry. Total 10,200. Third-century inscriptions also show the existence of a large force of Moorish irregular cavalry, perhaps a sort of territorial militia. It is impossible, however, to estimate their number, or to ascertain whether they were already in existence in the second century. Cf. Cagnat, L’armÉe romaine d’Afrique, pp. 261-73.
XXI. Mauretania Tingitana.
Alae.
	Hamiorum	A second-century inscription (viii. 21814 a). Cf. A. E. 1906. 119.
Cohorts.
	I Asturum et CallaecorumM.502	C.H. of reign of Trajan (ii. 4211). Cf. viii. 21820; vi. 3654.
	III Asturum C.R.E.	Late second-century C.H. (xi. 4371). Placed in Mauretania by a Greek inscription (Waddington, 104) and Not. Dign. Occ. xxvi. 19.
500 cavalry, 125 mounted infantry, 1,375 infantry. Total 2,000.
XXII. Hispania Tarraconensis.
Alae.
	II Flavia Hispanorum C. R.	184 (cf. A. E. 1910. 5; ii. 2600).
	I Lemavorum	161-7 or later (ii. 2103).503
Cohorts.
	I Celtiberorum Baetica E.	163 (ii. 2552; cf. A. E. 1910. 3).
	III Celtiberorum	167 (A. E. 1910. 4).
	I Gallica E.	A. E. 1910. 4. Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 32.
	II Gallica	Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 28. It is stationed at ‘Cohors Gallica.’
	III Lucensium	Inscriptions ii. 2584, 4132. Cf. Not. Dign. Occ. xlii. 29.
1,000 cavalry, 250 mounted infantry, 2,250 infantry. Total 3,500. Legion in the province: VII Gemina. To this list we may add the following regiments, which can be shown to have existed in the second century, although they cannot be assigned to any particular province:
Alae.
	III Asturum	xi. 3007 (the name Ulpius occurs).
	I Flavia Gallorum Tauriana	viii. 2394, 2395 (Trajan at earliest).
Cohorts.
	Aelia Expedita	viii. 9358.
	II Bracarum	vi. 1838 (Trajan).
	III Breucorum	ix. 4753 (Trajan); x. 3847 (probably middle of second century).
	VI Brittonum	ii. 2424 (Trajan).
	III Augusta Cyrenaica	RÖmische Mitteilungen, iii. 77 (Marcus).
	VI Gallorum	vi. 1449. The career of the Praefectus Praetorio Macrinius Vindex, who was killed in 172. He probably commanded this cohort about 150.
	VI Hispanorum	xi. 4376 (Trajan).
	III Lingonum E.	xi. 5959 (Trajan or later).
	Pannoniorum et Dalmatarum	x. 5829 (Trajan).
	II Ulpia Petraeorum M.E.	xi. 5669 (Trajan or Hadrian).
	V Raetorum	viii. 8934 (Trajan to Hadrian).
1,000 cavalry, 375 mounted infantry, 5,125 infantry. Total 6,500.

These calculations show that during the period in question the auxiliary troops amounted to 47,500 cavalry, 15,375 mounted infantry, and 129,925 infantry, giving a total establishment of 191,800 men. It is probable, however, that this puts the proportion of mounted men too low. Arrian’s Ectaxis shows that nearly every cohort of the Cappadocian garrison was equitata, and although the proportion of mounted men was doubtless higher on the eastern frontier than on the Rhine or in Britain, it is probable that if we possessed more documents similar to the Ectaxis dealing with the other garrisons we should find a higher proportion of cohortes equitatae than our present evidence suggests. It is equally probable that the total figure arrived at falls below the reality. For no province is it likely that the list is complete; in some cases, such as Mauretania Tingitana and Africa, the garrison is obviously put far below its real establishment, while for Arabia and Cyrenaica we have no evidence at all. The deficiency is certainly too great to be made good by the few regiments of uncertain habitation which conclude the list. Probably we may reckon on a total figure of about 220,000 men, of whom at least 80,000 would be mounted. The twenty-eight legions in existence at this time, if we follow Suetonius in assigning 5,600 men to a legion,504 would only have a total establishment of 156,800, so that clearly in dealing with the army at this period we must disregard Tacitus’s statement that the auxilia were approximately equal in number to the legionaries.

The total military establishment of the Empire at the accession of Marcus including the Household Troops, that is to say the ten Praetorian and six Urban505 cohorts and the Equites Singulares, and the complement of the fleets in the Mediterranean and the Channel and on the Rhine, Danube, and Euphrates, must thus have amounted to some 420,000 men. This total, however, was to be still further increased before the decline began. At the beginning of the third century when additions had been made to the Household Troops, when the legions had been increased to thirty-three506 and scores of numeri added to the frontier guards, there may have been nearly half a million men serving with the colours, a larger disciplined force than was at the disposal of any one state before the nineteenth century, and the largest professional army which the world has ever seen.

446 See above, pp. 53-5.

447 Any one desirous of further information on any particular regiment will find a summary of the evidence, in so far as it was then available, in Cichorius’s articles in Pauly-Wissowa., s.v. ala and cohors, to which I am deeply indebted.

448 A date without an epigraphical reference refers to a ‘diploma’. The following abbreviations have been used: E(quitata), M(iliaria), C(ivium) R(omanorum), V(eteranorum), S(agittariorum), P(ia) F(idelis). C.H. means that the inscription referred to gives the cursus honorum of an officer.

449 The inscription cannot be accurately dated, but the regiment was presumably raised at an early date like others with similar titles.

450 Inscriptions thus referred to come from the area in Scotland only effectively occupied between these dates.

451 The inscription comes from Newstead, which was probably also occupied from 80 to 100, but the soldier’s name, Aelius, suggests a later date.

452 A C.H. mentioning a praefectus cohortis I Astyrum provinciae Britanniae. The regiment is hardly likely to be a third-century creation.

453 The Notitia mentions the first cohort, but inscriptions suggest that it was the second which apparently garrisoned the station referred to. The reference shows, at any rate, that one of the two survived.

454 Epigraphical evidence suggests that the Cohors I Frixagorum of the Notitia is identical with this regiment.

455 The inscriptions come from Birrens, which was apparently occupied in the Antonine period. See Professor Haverfield’s note in Ephemeris Epigraphica, ix. p. 613.

456 Assuming that this is the title represented by the III P … of the ‘diploma’.

457 The name of the cohort on this inscription is, however, only due to an emendation of Cichorius, s.v.

458 Presumably C(ivium) L(atinorum), a unique distinction.

459 The name is M. Traianius.

460 Both this and the preceding cohort belong, of course, to early series.

461 Regiments which are last mentioned in the diploma of 116 are included if they cannot be traced in another province.

462 The regiment is hardly likely to have been raised between 167 and 191.

463 It can hardly be doubted, however, that several more of the Numeri Brittonum mentioned on later inscriptions belong to the same series. See above, p. 86.

464 In this diploma, of course, the ala has not yet acquired the title ‘Flavia’. The titles of the Raetian alae are somewhat puzzling, but it seems possible to distinguish four alae Flaviae.

465 The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.

466 Possibly, however, this is identical with the Cohors I C.R., stationed in Germania Superior.

467 The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.

468 The name of the regiment is given, but the number has been restored.

469 The number of the regiment is given, but the name has been restored.

470 The regiment is not mentioned, but there is a cavalry station ‘Commagena’ in Pannonia Prima.

471 Included by an emendation of Cichorius.

472 One of these two cohorts is also mentioned on the D. for 60, 84, 138-46.

473 The ‘Cohors II Aug….’ of the diploma is either this or II Augusta Thracum.

474 Most of the regiments mentioned in this diploma can be traced in other provinces during the second century, the others probably remained in Moesia.

475 There is some evidence for placing this cohort in Dacia.

476 ‘Aurelio Marco dec(urioni) [coh(ortis)] V Hisp(anorum) provinciae Moesiae sup(erioris), desiderato in acie, Aur(elio) Suruelio dup(licario) fratri bene merenti.’ The names suggest the date.

477 Several regiments (i.e. Cohorts I Claudia Sugambrorum, I Chalcidenorum, IV Gallorum, VII Gallorum) appear in Syria in 157 after appearing in the second-century Moesian diplomata. Probably they were transferred during the Jewish rebellion at the end of Hadrian’s reign. All are reckoned under Syria except IV Gallorum, which seems to have returned.

478 For an early inscription of this regiment see Mommsen in Hermes, xxii. 547.

479 Any regiment which has left several inscriptions in the province, and does not appear to be a late formation, is included.

480 This ‘diploma’ contains several regiments which were only temporarily in the province.

481 Was possibly incorporated later in the succeeding.

482 The name is probably to be restored from ONT of the ‘diploma’.

483 The British regiments are very confusing, but it appears possible to distinguish the following. The titles ‘Britannica’ and ‘Brittonum’ seem to be used indifferently.

484 Restored from the ‘Cohors I Augusta Nervia’ … of the diploma on the analogy of the Cohors II Augusta Nervia Pacensis M. Brittonum on the diploma of 114 for Pannonia Inferior.

485 As these cohorts are only mentioned on tiles it is possible that they returned to Moesia soon after the war.

486 So Cichorius, comparing AESA8 of the diploma with tiles from Sebesvaralja marked C?GST and ??AIH? (iii. 8074¹6, 8074²6.)

487 The distribution of these and other inscriptions suggests that there were at least two numeri in the province.

488 In identifying the various regiments mentioned by Arrian I have made use of the excellent article by Ritterling in Wiener Studien, xxiv. Cf. also ‘Arrian as Legate of Cappadocia’ in Pelham’s Essays on Roman History.

489 The second inscription mentions a Spanish cohort in Cappadocia, which is probably identical with the Cohors II Hispanorum E. commanded by the praefectus mentioned in the third, whose career seems to have lain entirely in the Eastern provinces. He would have commanded it about 120.

490 Mentions the regiment as stationed in Syria, whither it had been transferred before 157. Cf. D. cx.

491 D. xxxviii.

492 Arrian certainly mentions a Numidian cohort; it is, however, merely a conjecture to identify it with the regiment stationed later in Lycia-Pamphylia.

493 Of the nineteen regiments mentioned (taking ‘Augusta Syriaca’ as the title of one ala, not two), eight are mentioned on the Syrian diploma of 157, two on the Palestine diplomata of 86 and 139, and one on the Egyptian diploma of 83. Of the remainder two have left inscriptions in the East, two seem to have come from the Danube, and only four are otherwise unknown.

494 Should probably be equestris, the regiment belonging to the same series as the Cohors VI Equestris which formed part of the garrison of Bithynia when Pliny was governor. Cf. Pliny, Ep. x. 106. The meaning of the title is obscure, unless equestris simply = equitata.

495 Numbers II and III in this series were certainly miliariae, as probably all were.

496 I agree with Cichorius in distinguishing the Cohors I Sugambrorum V.E. from the Cohors I Claudia Sugambrorum. The first is probably identical with the regiment mentioned by Tacitus as being in Moesia in A.D. 26 (Tac. Ann. iv. 47), the second a later creation distinguished as such by its secondary title.

497 Mentioned in the cursus honorum of a praefectus whose service lay almost entirely in the Eastern provinces. On this ground and because Cohorts I and II of this series were certainly in the East the regiment has been assigned to Syria. This second argument applies to Cohort IV. Both regiments were in any case in existence at this period.

498 The title Ulpia is not given in these cases but presumably belonged to the whole series.

499 Or is this a cohort converted into an ala with the increase of cavalry in the fourth century? In this case it may be identical with the Cohors II Ulpia Equitata mentioned below.

500 Curiously enough the regiment appears in the Syrian diploma for 157.

501 Cagnat, however, considers that the regiment was in the province as early as 150, relying on viii. 3917, p. 955.

502 In the first inscription the regiment is commanded by a tribunus.

503 This inscription does not, however, prove conclusively that the regiment was stationed in Spain.

504 Suet. Fr. 278 (Reiffer.) ‘Legio dicitur virorum electio fortium vel certus militum numerus, id est V DC.’

505 Four were at Rome, one at Lugudunum, and one at Carthage.

506 Marcus added II and III Italica to garrison Raetia and Noricum; Septimius Severus the three legiones Parthicae, of which I and III were stationed in Mesopotamia and II at Alba in Italy.

Clyx.com

I. Britain.448

II. Germania Inferior.

III. Germania Superior.461

IV. Raetia.

V. Noricum.

VI. Pannonia Superior.

VII. Pannonia Inferior.

VIII. Dalmatia.

IX. Moesia Superior.

X. Moesia Inferior.

XI. Dacia.479

XII. Macedonia.

XIII. Cappadocia.

XIV. Syria.

XV. Syria Palaestina.

XVI. Arabia.

XVII. Egypt.

XVIII. Cyrenaica.

XIX. Africa.

XX. Mauretania Caesariensis

XXI. Mauretania Tingitana.

XXII. Hispania Tarraconensis.