1“Phoenicia,” by George Rawlinson. London, 1889.

2I have availed myself of Mr. H.G. Dakyns’ excellent translation of “The Works of Xenophon,” Vol. III, Part I. London, 1897.

3Given in “Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology,” by J.W. Mackail. London, 1911.

4Ibid.

5Ibid.

6“A Dictionary of Classical Antiquities.” London, 1902.

7See Fig. 24 of “Sailing Ships and their Story.”

8Given on page 212 of Mackail, ut supra.

9Taken from Plate LII in “Peintures Antiques de Vases Grecs de la Collection de Sir John Coghill, Bart.,” par James Millingen. Rome, 1817.

10“Journal of Hellenic Studies,” Vol. XII, p. 203.

11“Journal of Hellenic Studies,” Vol. XI, p. 193.

12“Rhodes in Ancient Times,” by Cecil Torr. Cambridge, 1885.

13“Six Dialogues of Lucian,” translated into English by S.T. Irwin. London, 1894.

14“The Remains of Ancient Rome,” by J.H. Middleton. London, 1892.

15“CÆsar’s Conquest of Gaul,” by T. Rice Holmes. Oxford, 1911.

16“Sailing Ships and their Story.”

17See article in “The Yachting Monthly,” Vol. XII, p. 81, “The Shipwrights of Rome.”

18“Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times,” by Fridtjof Nansen, 2 vols. London, 1911.

19That is to say they were still existing about A.D. 1180.

20That is to say 148 feet: grass-lying means straight.

21See “The Saga Library,” edited by William Morris and Eirikr Magnusson. London, 1905. I am indebted to this edition for the extracts which I here make from the Sagas, and also for some valuable matter given in the notes to that edition.

22“The Story of the British Navy.” London, 1911.

23Grieves.

24Haste.

25Arrange.

26“You’re standing too close beside your mate so that he cannot haul.”

27Shout.

28Go aloft.

29Taylia = “tally aft the sheet”—“haul aft,” etc.

30Stow.

31“No nearer”—“don’t come any nearer to the wind.”

32“Thou failest”—“you’re slacking.”

33“Wartake” may mean “war-tackle,” but what exactly that signifies no one to-day has been able to suggest.

34i.e. lay the cloth.

35“Pery” means “squall.”

36“Thow canst no whery” = “you mustn’t complain”—“you know nothing about these matters.”

37Malmsey.

38Boiled nor roast.

39“My head will be cleft in three”—“my head is splitting.”

40“Gere” means “tools.” Lightly constructed cabins were knocked together on these Viking-like ships by the ship’s carpenter to accommodate passengers.

41Lie.

42Evidently some of the passengers had to sleep in the hold, whence the stench of the bilge-water and the accumulation of filth made their life very trying.

43“Dawn of Navigation,” in “Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute,” Vol. XXXII. Annapolis, 1906.

44Far from having been expressly built for exploration, the Santa Maria had been constructed for the well-known trading voyages to Flanders. The Pinta and Nina had been built for the Mediterranean trade.

45Sir Clements Markham states that the bonnet was usually cut one-third the size of the mizzen, or one-quarter of the mainsail, being secured to the leach by eyelet holes.

46The italics are mine.

47i.e. “lie at hull”—the Elizabethan word for “heave to.”

48i.e. lie to a drift-sail or sea-anchor.

49i.e. an azimuth compass.

50This is thought to have been some instrument showing how the line of the course cuts the several meridians, those meridians being drawn upon their proper inclination.

51The derivation of the word Flame-borough or Flamborough at once suggests a burning beacon.

52“Greenwich Royal Hospital,” by Edward Fraser.