FOOTNOTES:

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[1] 3,901 feet.

[2] Clavigero, “Hist. Antigua,” lib. II. p. 53.

[3] 199 feet.

[4] Prescott, “Hist. of the Conquest,” vol. II. p. 8.

[5] Sahagun, “Hist. de Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. X. cap. xxvii.

[6] 247 feet.

[7] Geronimo Mendieta, Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana, lib. IV. chap. xii.

[8] Clavigero.

[9] According to Bustamente, Netzahualcoyotl was the owner of Chapultepec, and planted the great ahuahuetes, from 1425 to 1440. But it is more logical to suppose that it was a Toltec plantation dating back to the ninth century.

[10] Clavigero, “Historia Antigua,” vol. I. p. 75. Ramirez, chap. iv. p. 120.

[11] Clavigero, vol. I. lib. vii. p. 223. Acosta, “Historia de las Indias,” p. 472. Cortez, “Letters,” p. 79. Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” vol. II. p. 483.

[12] Sahagun. Ramirez. Duran, “Historia de las Indias de Nueva EspaÑa,” vol. I. chap. xx. Leon y Gama, “Las dos Piedras.” Conquistador Anonimo, “Coleccion de Documentos.” Icazbalceta, vol. I. p. 375.

[13] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” vol. I. lib. i. p. 82. Diego Duran, chap. lxvi.

[14] Diego Duran, vol. I. chap. xxix. Ixtlilxochitl, “Historia Chichemeca,” chap. xli., etc.

[15] Orozco y Berra, “Historia Antigua,” vol. II. chap. ix. p. 96. He quotes Joseph de Maistre.

[16] Diego Duran, vol. I. chap. xxix.

[17] Antonio de Leon y Gama, “Descripcion Hist. & Cronologico de las Dos Piedras,” pp. 2 and 5.

[18] Clavigero, “Historia Antigua,” vol. I. p. 242; id. notes, p. 6; id. vol. I. chap. vii.

[19] Geronimo Mendieta, “Historia Ecclesiastica Indiana,” vol. IV. chap. xii.

[20] Between the years 1832-1842, copper-mines were worked successively by an Italian of the name of Chialiva, and others.—Transl.

[21] “Anales del Museo de Mejico,” vol. I.; art. by Don Jesus Sanchez.

[22] “Bernal Diaz del Castillo,” lib. I. cap. xvi.

[23] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” vol. II. p. 560. Ixtlilxochitl, in his fourth Relacion, says that the Toltecs used oblong pieces of copper shaped like hatchets, about the thickness of a real.

[24] Prescott, “History of the Conquest of Mexico. Critical Notes by Jose Ramirez,” vol. II. Cumplido.

[25] Veytia, “Hist. Antigua,” vol. I. chap. i.

[26] Veytia. Ixtlilxochitl says the same thing.

[27] These knots were Chinese; in Peru they were called quipos.

[28] The same as Kab-ul, “the Working Hand,” which we shall see at Izamal.

[29] Guillemin Tarayre, “Archives de la Commission Scientifique du Mexique,” pp. 378, 379.

[30] Veytia, “Hist. Antigua de Mejico,” vol. I. chap. xxv. p. 233.

[31] Sahagun, “Hist. General de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. X. cap. xxix.

[32] Ixtlilxochitl, “Hist. Chichemeca,” cap. II. third and fourth Relaciones

[33] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” vol. I. chap. xiv.

[34] Clavigero, “Hist. Antigua de Mejico,” vol. I. lib. ii. pp. 51, 52.

[35] Veytia, “Hist. Antigua de Mejico,” tome I. cap. xxv. p. 233.

[36] Torquemada, tome II. lib. vi. cap. xxiii.

[37] Veytia, “Hist. Antigua,” tome I. cap. xxvii.

[38] Tezomoc. Duran. Mendieta. Gomara. Sahagun, append. of lib. III. cap. ix. Clavigero, tome I. p. 151.

[39] Torquemada, tome II. lib. vi. cap. xxiii.

[40] Torquemada, cap. xlv. This author follows the writers whom he quotes in their spelling of proper names, and the result is often great variety.

[41] Burgoa. Botturini. Tarabal. Clavigero, “Hist. Ant.,” tome I. p. 152.

[42] Fergusson’s “History of Indian Architecture,” introd. p. 41.

[43] Ixtlilxochitl, fourth “Relacion.”

[44] Sahagun, “Historia de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. VII. cap. x. to xiii.

[45] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. II. cap. xii.

[46] Veytia, tome I. chap, xxxiv.

[47] Veytia, tome I. chap. xxxiv.

[48] Mariano Veytia, tome I. chap, xxviii.

[49] Humboldt, “Vue des CordillÈres,” p. 29.

[50] Id. p. 27.

[51] Clavigero, tome I. lib. vii. p. 224.

[52] Veytia, tome II. chap. i.

[53] Ibid. chap. ii.

[54] Similar spindles, with whorls attached, have been found in Egypt and the Swiss Lakes.

[55] Sahagun, “Hist. de las Cosas de EspaÑa,” lib. IX. cap. v.

[56] Mendieta, “Hist. Eccles. Indiana,” lib. II. cap. v.

[57] Cuauhtitlan’s Annals, translated by Sanchez Solis, “Annals of the Mexican Museum.”

[58] Veytia, tome I. chap. ix.

[59] Juarros, “Compendio de la Hist. de la Ciudad de Guatemala,” tome I. p. 87.

[60] Veytia, tome II. chap. iii.

[61] Sahagun, lib. VI. cap. xix.

[62] Sahagun, lib. VI. cap. xxi.

[63] Sahagun, lib. VI. cap. viii.

[64] Veytia, tome I. chap. xxix.

[65] Veytia, tome I. chap. xxxiii.

[66] Ibid.

[67] Ixtlilxochitl, “Relaciones,” Kingsborough, tome IX. pp. 332 and 333.

[68] Clavigero, tome I. lib. ii. p. 54.

[69] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” tome I. lib. i. cap. xvi.

[70] Ixtlilxochitl, ut supra.

[71] Veytia, tome II. chaps. ii., iii.

[72] Mariano Veytia, tome II. chap. x.

[73] Ibid. chap. xii.

[74] Hostelries.

[75] Sheets of mica were used by Red Indians to cover human bones when falling into dust.

[76] Sahagun, “Hist. de las Cosas de EspaÑa.”

[77] Sahagun, Appendix to lib. III. cap. i.

[78] Sahagun, Appendix to lib. III. cap. i.

[79] Ramirez Manuscript, “Hist. Mexicana,” p. 75.

[80] Father Duran, “Hist. de las Indias,” tome II. Plate xxv.

[81] Juarros, “Hist. de Guatemala,” tome II. p. 249, 1809.

[82] Torquemada, tome II. lib. vi. cap. xxiii.

[83] Stephens, “Incidents of Travels,” vol. II. p. 316.

[84] Diaz del Castillo, tome I. chaps. xxiii. and xxxi.

[85] Herrera, “Hist. General,” Decade III. lib. VII. chap. iii. Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” tome I. lib. iv. chap. xi.

[86] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. i. chap. ix.

[87] Mendieta, “Hist. Ecclesiastica Indiana,” lib. III. cap. xxi.

[88] Ibid.

[89] Herrera, “Hist. Gen.,” Decade III. lib. VII. cap. iii.

[90] Motolinia, “Icazbalceta,” treatise I.. chap. i.

[91] Sahagun, “Hist. General de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. I. cap. v., and lib. II. cap. i.

[92] Bernal Diaz, “Conquest of New Spain,” tome II. chap. clxxiv.

[93] Cogolludo, “Hist. de Yucatan,” tome I. chaps, xiii., xiv., xv.

[94] Bernal Diaz, tome II. chaps, clxxv., clxxvi., clxxvii.

[95] “Origin of American Indians,” book II. chap. i. p. 46. Madrid, 1729.

[96] Juarros, “Compend. de la Hist. de la Ciudad de Guatemala,” tome I. chap. iv.

[97] Ant. Tello, “Hist. de la Nueva Galicia.” “Coleccion Icazbalceta,” tome 11. Mexico, 1866.

[98] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. XIV. cap. xxiv.

[99] Ibid. cap. xxv.

[100] Clavigero, “Hist. Antig. de Mejico y de su Conquista,” tome I. lib. vii. p. 245.

[101] There were fewer in Yucatan, where they were imported.

[102] It was only cultivated towards Bacalar lagoon, nearly 100 leagues from the north coast.

[103] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. 2.

[104] From data obtained from Pablo Moreno, and a letter of the Jesuit Don Domingo, dated 1805, we can give the following list of objects destroyed by Landa:

5,000 idols of various form and dimensions;
13 huge stones, which were used as altars;
22 smaller, of various shapes;
27 manuscripts on deer skins;
197 of all shapes and sizes.

To this should be added the auto-da-fÉ at Mani, in which numerous manuscripts were consumed. Cogolludo, tome I. appendix to book iv. p. 479. Campeche, 1842.

[105] See Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. 42, p. 333 and following.

[106] Lorenzo Bienvenida, in a letter to the King of Spain (1548), says that the monuments were deserted and the pyramids covered with large trees, and that the natives of the place lived in straw huts. The city, therefore, had been destroyed a few years before, as Mayapan had been, of which no trace was visible, whereas the monuments at T-hoo were entire, but its history has been lost.

[107] The types we give are pure Indian and not Meztizas.

[108] “The tribes who from Aztlan established themselves in Yucatan and Guatemala, had reached a certain degree of civilisation.”—Humbolt.

[109] Bernal Diaz, “Hist. de la Conquista de la Nueva EspaÑa,” tome I. chap. iv.

[110] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. xx.

[111] See note at end.

[112] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. ii. caps. v. and vi.

[113] See note at end.

[114] Lizana, “Hist. de Nuestra SeÑora de Izamal,” published by the AbbÉ Brasseur.

[115] Extract from P. Lizana’s “Hist. de Nuestra SeÑora de Izamal,” published by the AbbÉ Brasseur.

[116] Diego Landa, chap. ix. p. 57.

[117] Lizana, “Hist. de Nuestra SeÑora de Izamal,” published by the AbbÉ Brasseur.

[118] Stephens, “Incidents of Travels in Yucatan,” tome II. p. 434.

[119] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. iv. cap. iii.

[120] Landa, vol. XXII. p. 125.

[121] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. xv. p. 91.

[122] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. iv. cap. xiv. Campeche Edition, 1842.

[123] Herrera, “Hist. Gen.,” Decade IV. lib. X. cap. ii.

[124] Ibid. lib. VII. cap. iv.

[125] Landa says nearly the same.

[126] Sahagun, Appendix to book II. p. 196; book VI. chaps. xxxix. to xl.

[127] Clavigero, tome I. lib. vii. pp. 165, 166, 167.

[128] That it was a temple may be inferred from Landa, sec. vi. p. 34, where he says that the main edifice at Chichen was called Cukulcan, after a prince who had come from the west.

[129] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. xlii. p. 343.

[130] Garnier, “Voyage d’Exploration dans l’Indo-Chine,” tome I. chap. iv. p. 71.

[131] By a curious coincidence, a sculptured fish having a human head is found on a Romance capital in the Church of St. Germain-des-PrÉs.

[132] Landa, sec. xlii. p. 344.

[133] The good bishop saw the hand of man in a natural phenomenon not understood in his time.

[134] Landa, sec. lii. p. 346.

[135] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. viii. p. 47.

[136] Ut supra.

[137] Sahagun, “Hist. de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. II. cap. xxxvii.

[138] Sanchez, “Annales du MusÉe de Mexico,” tome I. p. 277.

[139] Clavigero, tome I. lib. vii. p. 228.

[140] Sahagun, lib. VIII. cap. xxxvi.

[141] We looked in vain for the triumphal and solitary arch mentioned by Stephens, a unique specimen of this kind of monument in America. It is 20 feet high by 14 feet wide; and we shall see later that it could only have been erected to commemorate a victory of the sovereign of Kabah. The reader will notice that in this monument the corbel vault is more convex, and recalls that of a ruinous palace at Palenque.

[142] Salisbury, “The Mayas,” p. 25. Worcester, 1877.

[143] Eligio Ancona writes: “The king of Mayapan, whom we will call Cocom, distrusting both his great vassals and their allies, sought the support of foreigners against them. He entered into negotiations with the Aztec military authorities of Tabasco and Xicalango” (he probably means Goatzacoalco, for it is certain that the Aztec dominion did not extend beyond that limit), “and it is said that the Mayapan ruler promised to quarter the troops they should send to his capital. Cocom’s proposals were accepted, and a strong Nahua garrison entered the city. The names of the Mexican leaders given in the Maya MS. are Ahzin-Teyut-Chan Tzumtecum, Taxcal, Ponte-Mit Itztecnat and Kakaltecat.” All the traditions are agreed on the arrival of the Mexicans in the peninsula, and the investigations of Don Juan Kanil show that the witnesses he examined swore that his ancestors had come from Mexico by order of Montezuma the Elder.—C. E. Ancona, “Hist. de Yucatan,” Merida, 1878.

[144] Cogolludo, lib. IV. cap. iii.

[145] Herrera, Decade IV. lib. X. cap. iii.

[146] Herrera, Decade IV. lib. X. cap. ii.

[147] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. x. p. 59.

[148] Compare the striking resemblance between the Aztec warrior in our Temalacatl drawing, chap. iii. p. 42, and the kneeling figure.

[149] Lizana, chap. ii. This author does not take into consideration the abandonment of the cities by the natives at the Conquest.

[150] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. iv. cap. vi.

[151] Stephens, “Incidents of Travels in Yucatan,” tome I. p. 323.

[152] Stephens, “Incidents of Travels in Yucatan,” tome I. p. 324.

[153] Baron Friedrichsthal, app. to Cogolludo, book iv. Campeche, 1842.

[154] Bernal Diaz, tome I. chap. iii.

[155] Villa Gutierre Soto Mayor, “Hist. of the Conquest of Itza and the Lacandones,” chap. v. p. 30.

[156] Ibid. chap. vi. p. 43.

[157] Cogolludo, tome I. lib. xii. cap. viii.

[158] See note at end.

[159] The Hocco, or Powise (Crox alector), is a bird nearly the size of a turkey, and much prized for its delicate flesh.—Transl.

[160] Stephens, second vol. of “Central America and Yucatan.”

[161] Stephens, “Travels in Central America.”

[162] Villa Gutierre Soto Mayor, “History of the Conquest of Itza,” p. 285.

[163] “Boyle’s Ride,” vol. I. pp. 14-17, quoted by Bancroft.

[164] Sahagun, “Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa.”

[165] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. X. cap. xxvi.

[166] Clavigero, “Historia Antigua,” tome I. lib. vi. pp. 154, 171.

[167] Landa, “Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan,” sec. XXVIII. p. 162.

[168] Brinton, “American Hero Myths.” Philadelphia.

[169] Vide also Sahagun, “Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva EspaÑa,” lib. II. cap. i.

[170] Bernal Diaz, “Historia Verdadera de la Conquista de la Nueva EspaÑa.”

[171] Bernal Diaz, vol. II. chap. clxxiii. p. 374.

[172] Villa Gutierre Soto Mayor, “Historia de la Conquista del Itza,” chap. ix.

[173] Gutierre Soto Mayor, vol. I. p. 500. “Their MSS. were written on deer’s skins or the bark of trees prepared into a kind of felt covered over with a white paste. They could be folded like a map and put in a case.”

[174] Remesal, “Historia de la Provincia de Guatemala y Chiapas,” vol. X. chaps. iii., xi., xii.

[175] Cogolludo, vol. II. chap. ix.

[176] Cogolludo, tome II. lib. x. cap. ii.

[177] Villa Gutierre Soto Mayor, “Conquista del Itza,” vol. I.

[178] Maudslay, “Explorations in Guatemala.”

[179] “Incidents of Travels in Central America,” vol. I. p. 153.

[180] Bancroft says that Palacio “had heard of monuments in Yucatan and Tabasco.”

[181] Posole is like cooked hominy; it is mixed in water and forms a cool and nutritious drink.

[182] Orozco y Berra, “Historia de la Conquista de Mejico,” vol. II. p. 377.

[183] Torquemada, “Monarquia Indiana,” lib. III. cap. iii.

[184] Burgoa, “Description GÉographique,” chaps. xxviii., xxxix., and liii.

[185] Burgoa, “Description GÉographique,” chap. lviii.

[186] Burgoa, “Description GÉographique.”

[187] Orozco, “Hist. Antigua de la Conquista de Mejico,” tome II. part II. chap. iv.

Transcriber's Note:
The original contains at least four unpaired double quotation marks which might be typographical errors. They are included in this transcription.

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